Food Science and Technology International最新文献

Given that mung beans constitute a significant nutrient source in many cultures, it is worthwhile to investigate ways to improve their nutritional and functional properties. The effect of fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto was investigated in various reactor designs, including static, shaking flasks, and soft elastic tubular reactors (SETR). The results showed that all three processes might affect the substrate, resulting in changes in the protein and carbohydrate fractions. We noticed an increase in soluble protein and serine levels, which we attribute to the proteases produced during fermentation. Through XRD, FTIR, and DSC analyses, it was also discovered that whereas static and shaking flask fermentation might raise relative crystallinity and peak temperature, fermentation performed on the SETR decreased these values. It was also possible to notice that SETR might induce a change in the particle size distribution of the substrate through a complex impact of mechanical forces, mixing, and microbial activity, which could be helpful to some aspects of the process. To summarize, fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus. subtilis subsp. natto could be an attractive approach for producing a food ingredient with various functional and nutritional properties. Furthermore, the SETR has been shown to be a viable technique for dealing with high solid load substrates, whether as the reactor for the entire process or as a first stage/pre-treatment step, and its applicability in bioprocesses should be explored further.

The effect of UVC (254 nm) treatment on the mould-free shelf-life of par-baked wholemeal, rye and six-grain bread was examined. Currently, these breads are par-baked, wrapped in high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-foil and transported or stored at room temperature for a couple of days before being full-baked and sold/consumed. Generally, after five days, these breads show signs of mould spoilage. A shelf-life increase in one or more days would already offer immense economical and logistic benefits for the baker or retailer. In this study, the parameters fluence rate (irradiation intensity), fluence (UV dose), distance to the UV-lamp (DTL) and number of layers of a common wrapping HDPE-foil (20 µm) were diversified. The breads were subjected to a UVC treatment (0-2502 mJ/cm²), packed and stored at room temperature for a period of 15 days (21.5 ± 0.8 °C). Similar as for the breads, agar plates with mould spores of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus montevidensis and Penicillium roqueforti were UVC treated (0-1664 mJ/cm²) and checked daily for visible mould growth during 15 days (25 °C). Aspergillus niger showed the strongest resistance towards UVC, a fluence of 800 mJ/cm² was needed to inhibit growth during 15 days of storage, whereas for P. roqueforti and A. montevidensis, respectively, UV levels of 291 and 133 mJ/cm² were found sufficient. Furthermore, the shelf-life of wholemeal, rye and six-grain bread can be prolonged from 5 to 6, 8 and 9 days, respectively, using 2502 mJ/cm². The effect of higher UVC dosage on shelf-life reached a maximal level and was strongly impacted by the wide spread on data of mould-free shelf-life. The main factors influencing the potential of UV decontamination were the rough bread surface, differences in DTL, the possibility of post-contamination and UV permeability of packaging materials.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a highly nutritious rhizomatous herbaceous plant with remarkable chemical composition and biologically active compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the turmeric, ginger and lemon blend as a fermentable substrate by lactic acid bacteria to develop a fermented nondairy beverage. Results showed that turmeric blend (turmeric 2% w/v, ginger 1.5% v/v, 5% v/v) was an excellent matrix for lactic acid bacteria growth and fermentation dramatically increased total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidants capacities impacting the color and sensory properties. Moreover, the formulated fermented turmeric blend was stable for more than 90 days at 4 °C with a healthy bacterial population and nutraceutical stability. Turmeric beverage also inhibited the growth of Caco-2 and MOLT 4 cancerous cell lines in a dosage and time-reliant manner. This way, lactic acid fermentation can be considered as an appropriate tool for developing turmeric based novel bio-intervention with enhanced bioactivity and antagonistic efficacy against recurring food-borne pathogen in this post-antibiotic era.

Vegetables, especially those eaten raw, have been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. Since multiple vegetable matrices and hazards are involved, risk managers have to prioritize those with the greatest impact on public health to design control strategies. In this study, a scientific-based risk ranking of foodborne pathogens transmitted by leafy green vegetables in Argentina was performed. The prioritization process included hazard identification, evaluation criteria identification and definition, criteria weighting, expert survey design and selection and call for experts, hazard score calculation, hazard ranking and variation coefficient, and result analysis. Regression tree analysis determined four risk clusters: high (Cryptosporidum spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Norovirus), moderate (Giardia spp., Listeria spp., Shigella sonnei), low (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Ascaris spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella spp., Rotavirus, Enterovirus) and very low (Campylobacter jejuni, hepatitis A virus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis). Diseases caused by Norovirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii do not require mandatory notification. Neither viruses nor parasites are included as microbiological criteria for foodstuff. The lack of outbreak studies did not allow to accurately identify vegetables as a source of Norovirus disease. Information on listeriosis cases or outbreaks due to vegetable consumption was not available. Shigella spp. was the main responsible for bacterial diarrhea, but it has not been epidemiologically associated with vegetable consumption. The quality of the available information for all hazards studied was very low and low. The implementation of good practice guidelines throughout the entire vegetable production chain could prevent the presence of the identified hazards. The current study allowed the identification of vacancy areas and could help reinforce the need for performing epidemiological studies on foodborne diseases potentially associated with vegetable consumption in Argentina.

An increased interest has been observed in the application of soybean protein isolate (SPI) into O/W emulsion because of the amphipathic characteristics of SPI. However, at pH around 4.5, SPI was almost lost its hydrophilic characteristic, thus greatly limiting its application in emulsion under an acidic environment. Therefore, this drawback of SPI needs to be urgently solved. This study aims to investigate the effect of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on physicochemical properties of SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion. The results suggested that the interaction between γ-PGA and SPI improved the SPI solubility in solution, and increased emulsifying properties of SPI in the pH range of 4.0-5.0 via electrostatic interaction. Meanwhile, the charge neutralisation between SPI emulsions with γ-PGA was confirmed via ζ-potentiometry. With the presence of γ-PGA in emulsion at pH 4.0 and 5.0, the electrostatic complexation between SPI and anionic γ-PGA exhibited decreased the viscosity of SPI emulsion, which might be related to the phenomenon as indicated by the confocal laser scanning microscope measurements. Therefore, the electrostatic complexation between SPI and γ-PGA suggested that the promising potential of γ-PGA to be used in SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion under an acidic environment.

Mead is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of a diluted honey solution by the action of yeast. Recently, research has shown the potential of S. boulardii for brewing beer and in the development of probiotic alcoholic beverages and, to date, no research has examined for mead production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth conditions of S. boulardii for the development of potentially probiotic mead. The findings show that initial wort soluble solids conditions of 30 °Brix and initial concentration of 0.030 g/L of S. boulardii obtain potentially probiotic mead with viable yeast cells of 6.53 Log₁₀ CFU/mL, alcohol content of 5.05%, and has the presence of total phenolics (17.72 mg GAE/100 mL) and natural antioxidants (62.79 and 1.37 µmol TE/100 mL for ABTS and FRAP methods, respectively). In conclusion, S. boulardii has a potential for the development of probiotic mead.

Foodborne pathogens may cause foodborne illness, which is among the major health problems worldwide. Since the therapeutic options for the treatment of the disease are becoming limited as a result of antibacterial resistance, there is an increasing interest to search for new alternatives of antibacterial. Bioactive essential oils from Curcuma sp become potential sources of novel antibacterial substances. The antibacterial activity of Curcuma heyneana essential oil (CHEO) was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, and Bacillus cereus. The principal constituents of CHEO are ar-turmerone, β-turmerone, α-zingiberene, α-terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. CHEO exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli with a MIC of 3.9 µg/mL, which is comparable to that of tetracycline. The combination of CHEO (0.97 µg/mL) and tetracycline (0.48 µg/mL) produced a synergistic effect with a FICI of 0.37. Time-kill assay confirmed that CHEO enhanced the activity of tetracycline. The mixture disrupted membrane permeability of E. coli and induced cell death. CHEO at MIC of 3.9 and 6.8 µg/mL significantly reduced the formation of biofilm in E. coli. The findings suggest that CHEO has the potential to be an alternative source of antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogens, particularly E. coli.

Different commercial fibres from bamboo (BAM), cocoa (COC), psyllium (PSY), chokeberry (ARO) and citrus (CIT) were characterized for technological (oil- and water-holding capacity, solubility and bulk density) and physical (moisture, colour and particle size) features and added to a cookie recipe. The doughs were prepared using sunflower oil and white wheat flour was substituted with 5% (w/w) of the selected fibre ingredient. The attributes of the resulting doughs (colour, pH, water activity and rheological tests) and cookies (colour, water activity, moisture content, texture analysis and spread ratio) were compared to control doughs and to cookies made with refined flour and whole flour formulation. The selected fibres consistently impacted dough rheology and, consequently on, the spread ratio and the texture of the cookies. While the viscoelastic behaviour of the control dough made with refined flour was maintained in all sample doughs, adding fibre decreased loss factor (tan δ), except for ARO-added dough. Substitution of wheat flour with fibre decreased the spread ratio except for the PSY addition. The lowest spread ratio values were observed for CIT-added cookie, which were similar to whole flour cookies. The addition of phenolic-rich fibres positively affected the in vitro antioxidant activity of the final products.

Radio frequency (RF) is a dielectric heating technology that allows rapid and volumetric heating of milk powder, outperforming the heating uniformity of conventional powder heating methods. Typically, RF milk powder processing consists of a fast RF heating phase, followed by an oven heating phase in temperatures around 90 °C. This methodology can result in milk powder quality deterioration due to non-uniform temperature distributions and local overheating. Radio frequency-only processes with a more gradual heating rate are alternative solutions to minimise the impact on milk powder quality. This study investigated the effect of the heating rate on the microbial inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated in skimmed milk powder, as well as the effect of each process on two quality characteristics, colour and solubility. Overall, a slower heating profile resulted in sufficient inactivation rates of Salmonella in skimmed milk powder, while still providing a high-quality end product. A 4-log reduction was achieved by treating the skimmed milk powder up to 95 °C using a slower, longer heating rate. No statistically significant changes were observed in the solubility of skimmed milk powder and only the harshest treatment to 95 °C led to a slight increase in the yellowness of the skimmed milk powder colour.

Mopane worm (Imbrasia belina) has high protein content, unsaturated fatty acids and minerals. This study was carried out to determine the influence of incorporating mopane worm flour on the nutritional quality and technological and sensory properties of wheat flour biscuits. Wheat flour was partially replaced with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of mopane worm flour. The protein, fat and ash content of mopane worm flour was higher than wheat flour. Biscuits enriched with mopane protein flour had significantly higher protein, fat and ash content than the control biscuits. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the moisture of control and biscuits added with 5% to 20% mopane worm flour. Nevertheless, the moisture of biscuits added with 20% to 30% mopane worm flour significantly increased, ranging from 3.92% to 3.99%. The incorporation of mopane worm flour increased the amounts of leucine, phenylalanine and lysine in biscuits. Results obtained for colour analysis showed that there was a decrease in L* (56.41-41.10), a*(13.00-8.47) and b* (31.35-24.17) values of biscuits with the addition of mopane worm flour. Nevertheless, the diameter, thickness and weight of enriched biscuits decreased. Spread ratio (2.70-5.87) and hardness (26.83-37.17 g) of enriched biscuits increased. Sensory scores showed that the panellists accepted biscuits enriched with 5% to 15% mopane worm flour. The results of this study show that mopane worm flour improved the nutritional quality of biscuits, and its usage in bakery products should be encouraged.