Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0007
E. Hargittai, Marina Micheli, Mark Graham, W. Dutton
Given that the Internet is now ubiquitous in high-income nations, do Internet skills still matter? The authors of this chapter synthesize a body of research that shows how Internet skills, defined across ten dimensions, remain critical, especially as the technology becomes ever more significant and embedded into everyday life. Having the requisite skills to use the Internet and related social media is essential to avoid being excluded from key facets of society. This chapter demonstrates the need to build the study of skills into digital inequality scholarship that seeks to address concerns over online experiences tending to follow and reinforce socioeconomic inequalities. Complementing research by Quan-Haase, Zhang, Wellman, and Wang (Chapter 5, this volume), this chapter challenges stereotypes of young people being tech-savvy, showing that youth are not universally knowledgeable about digital tools and media.
{"title":"Internet Skills and Why They Matter","authors":"E. Hargittai, Marina Micheli, Mark Graham, W. Dutton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Given that the Internet is now ubiquitous in high-income nations, do Internet skills still matter? The authors of this chapter synthesize a body of research that shows how Internet skills, defined across ten dimensions, remain critical, especially as the technology becomes ever more significant and embedded into everyday life. Having the requisite skills to use the Internet and related social media is essential to avoid being excluded from key facets of society. This chapter demonstrates the need to build the study of skills into digital inequality scholarship that seeks to address concerns over online experiences tending to follow and reinforce socioeconomic inequalities. Complementing research by Quan-Haase, Zhang, Wellman, and Wang (Chapter 5, this volume), this chapter challenges stereotypes of young people being tech-savvy, showing that youth are not universally knowledgeable about digital tools and media.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122130377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0009
C. Millard
This chapter brings a legal perspective to bear on the topic of data protection on the contemporary Internet in which personal information is increasingly stored and processed in, and accessed from, “the cloud.” The reliance of ever more apps, websites, and services on cloud providers contrasts with earlier days of the Internet in which much more data was stored locally on personal computers. At a time when there is ever more use of cloud computing, this chapter illuminates the complexities over what information in cloud computing environments is protected as personal data, and who is responsible. Will data protection laws, such as those in the EU, protect us, or are there alternative approaches to providing effective protection for personal data in clouds? This chapter airs the question of whether a greater focus should be placed on localizing personal data, as advocated by the Internet pioneer, Tim Berners-Lee.
{"title":"Data Protection in the Clouds","authors":"C. Millard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter brings a legal perspective to bear on the topic of data protection on the contemporary Internet in which personal information is increasingly stored and processed in, and accessed from, “the cloud.” The reliance of ever more apps, websites, and services on cloud providers contrasts with earlier days of the Internet in which much more data was stored locally on personal computers. At a time when there is ever more use of cloud computing, this chapter illuminates the complexities over what information in cloud computing environments is protected as personal data, and who is responsible. Will data protection laws, such as those in the EU, protect us, or are there alternative approaches to providing effective protection for personal data in clouds? This chapter airs the question of whether a greater focus should be placed on localizing personal data, as advocated by the Internet pioneer, Tim Berners-Lee.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124083373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0021
J. Qiu
While Raine and Wellman (Chapter 1, this volume) focus on contemporary uses and impacts of the Internet in the US, this chapter provides a more historical perspective on the evolution of China’s network society since the 1990s. Jack Linchuan Qiu argues that during a time of rapid industrialization and globalization, China’s network society went through three phases—which he characterizes as Asteroids, Bees, and Coliseums—with each phase having a unique pattern of institutional formation, class relationships, and sociopolitical dynamics. The chapter develops a typology of these three phases to capture and explain the formation of China’s network society. The overall trajectory of China’s network society, the author argues, has an important relationship with the growth of civil society in China from the 1990s into the twenty-first century. The turn of the millennium has seen consumerism and nationalism increase dramatically, thereby shaping life online.
{"title":"Three Phases in the Development of China’s Network Society","authors":"J. Qiu","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"While Raine and Wellman (Chapter 1, this volume) focus on contemporary uses and impacts of the Internet in the US, this chapter provides a more historical perspective on the evolution of China’s network society since the 1990s. Jack Linchuan Qiu argues that during a time of rapid industrialization and globalization, China’s network society went through three phases—which he characterizes as Asteroids, Bees, and Coliseums—with each phase having a unique pattern of institutional formation, class relationships, and sociopolitical dynamics. The chapter develops a typology of these three phases to capture and explain the formation of China’s network society. The overall trajectory of China’s network society, the author argues, has an important relationship with the growth of civil society in China from the 1990s into the twenty-first century. The turn of the millennium has seen consumerism and nationalism increase dramatically, thereby shaping life online.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130958082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0014
W. Dutton, Bianca C. Reisdorf, Grant Blank, Elizabeth Dubois, Laleah Fernandez
Concern over filter bubbles, echo chambers, and misinformation on the Internet are not new. However, as noted by Howard and Bradshaw (Chapter 12), events around the 2016 US presidential election and the UK’s Brexit referendum brought these concerns up again to near-panic levels, raising questions about the political implications of the algorithms that drive search engines and social media. To address these issues, the authors conducted an extensive survey of Internet users in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the US, asking respondents how they use search, social media, and other media for getting information about politics, and what difference these media have made for them. Their findings demonstrate that search is one among many media gateways and outlets deployed by those interested in politics, and that Internet users with an interest in politics and search skills are unlikely to be trapped in a filter bubble, or cocooned in a political echo chamber.
{"title":"The Internet and Access to Information about Politics","authors":"W. Dutton, Bianca C. Reisdorf, Grant Blank, Elizabeth Dubois, Laleah Fernandez","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Concern over filter bubbles, echo chambers, and misinformation on the Internet are not new. However, as noted by Howard and Bradshaw (Chapter 12), events around the 2016 US presidential election and the UK’s Brexit referendum brought these concerns up again to near-panic levels, raising questions about the political implications of the algorithms that drive search engines and social media. To address these issues, the authors conducted an extensive survey of Internet users in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the US, asking respondents how they use search, social media, and other media for getting information about politics, and what difference these media have made for them. Their findings demonstrate that search is one among many media gateways and outlets deployed by those interested in politics, and that Internet users with an interest in politics and search skills are unlikely to be trapped in a filter bubble, or cocooned in a political echo chamber.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121274361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0012
H. Margetts, Scott A. Hale, P. John
This chapter argues that social media drives change by allowing new “tiny acts” of political participation in support of a social or political cause, such as sharing, liking, viewing, or following. While most of these “microdonations” of time and effort rapidly decay, they occasionally and unpredictably scale up to massive support for a political or social movement campaigning for policy change. Drawing on their computational social science research, the authors see that such mobilizations bring turbulence to contemporary politics. The findings reveal social media platforms as important actors in contemporary politics, shaping political behavior and the practice of politics, challenging political institutions and requiring new political science concepts and research methods.
{"title":"Political Turbulence","authors":"H. Margetts, Scott A. Hale, P. John","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that social media drives change by allowing new “tiny acts” of political participation in support of a social or political cause, such as sharing, liking, viewing, or following. While most of these “microdonations” of time and effort rapidly decay, they occasionally and unpredictably scale up to massive support for a political or social movement campaigning for policy change. Drawing on their computational social science research, the authors see that such mobilizations bring turbulence to contemporary politics. The findings reveal social media platforms as important actors in contemporary politics, shaping political behavior and the practice of politics, challenging political institutions and requiring new political science concepts and research methods.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133978804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0023
E. Noam
Media economics provides a basis for Eli Noam in setting out the logic behind a series of expectations he shares about how the transition from regular linear TV to online video will lead to major changes in culture, politics, and society. His perspective on the dramatic implications of this shift suggests comparisons with the fundamental changes brought about by the introduction of first-generation TV over seventy years ago, with both exciting advances and also disturbing problems. Noam is able to raise serious questions about new and enduring cultural, consumer-oriented, political, economic, educational, and other social implications of what might sound like a mere technical shift to a new style of video.
{"title":"Looking Ahead at Internet Video and its Societal Impacts","authors":"E. Noam","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Media economics provides a basis for Eli Noam in setting out the logic behind a series of expectations he shares about how the transition from regular linear TV to online video will lead to major changes in culture, politics, and society. His perspective on the dramatic implications of this shift suggests comparisons with the fundamental changes brought about by the introduction of first-generation TV over seventy years ago, with both exciting advances and also disturbing problems. Noam is able to raise serious questions about new and enduring cultural, consumer-oriented, political, economic, educational, and other social implications of what might sound like a mere technical shift to a new style of video.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124945044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0010
S. Creese, R. Shillair, Maria Bada, W. Dutton
Threats to and attacks on the security of the Internet—unauthorized access to digital resources, such as computer hardware, software, data, and data centers—have become a major global issue in the twenty-first century. One consequence is that policy-makers are focusing more attention on global strategies, given that nations without the capacity to maintain security can be exploited by malevolent actors in ways that undermine other states. And this strategy presents policy-makers with an opportunity to become more proactive in building national capacity to withstand threats to the security of the Internet, rather than addressing security breaches only after they occur. Bringing together data from multiple sources in 138 countries, this chapter provides an overview of global cybersecurity capacity building and examines whether these efforts actually enhance security for end users of the Internet.
{"title":"Building the Cybersecurity Capacity of Nations","authors":"S. Creese, R. Shillair, Maria Bada, W. Dutton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Threats to and attacks on the security of the Internet—unauthorized access to digital resources, such as computer hardware, software, data, and data centers—have become a major global issue in the twenty-first century. One consequence is that policy-makers are focusing more attention on global strategies, given that nations without the capacity to maintain security can be exploited by malevolent actors in ways that undermine other states. And this strategy presents policy-makers with an opportunity to become more proactive in building national capacity to withstand threats to the security of the Internet, rather than addressing security breaches only after they occur. Bringing together data from multiple sources in 138 countries, this chapter provides an overview of global cybersecurity capacity building and examines whether these efforts actually enhance security for end users of the Internet.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131039814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0011
Ralph Schroeder
Business and industry, governments, and academia are increasingly using “big data,” such as data derived from social media that is unprecedented in its scale and scope in yielding insights into people’s attitudes or behavior. Increasingly, big data has been promoted as a new tool for evidence-based decisions and policy-making. In this chapter, Ralph Schroeder outlines contrasting theoretical perspectives on big data. He compares Marxists, who demonstrate the ways that big data can be deployed to exploit users of digital media, and free-market thinkers (following Hayek), who believe that in an age of more data, capitalism will continue to lead to more growth. He then contrasts those perspectives with those of the sociologist Max Weber. By contrasting these theoretical perspectives, the author argues that there is a middle ground between Marx and Hayek. From a Weberian point of view, big data need neither be endorsed as an unquestionably positive development, nor necessarily critiqued as inherently exploitative.
{"title":"Big Data","authors":"Ralph Schroeder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Business and industry, governments, and academia are increasingly using “big data,” such as data derived from social media that is unprecedented in its scale and scope in yielding insights into people’s attitudes or behavior. Increasingly, big data has been promoted as a new tool for evidence-based decisions and policy-making. In this chapter, Ralph Schroeder outlines contrasting theoretical perspectives on big data. He compares Marxists, who demonstrate the ways that big data can be deployed to exploit users of digital media, and free-market thinkers (following Hayek), who believe that in an age of more data, capitalism will continue to lead to more growth. He then contrasts those perspectives with those of the sociologist Max Weber. By contrasting these theoretical perspectives, the author argues that there is a middle ground between Marx and Hayek. From a Weberian point of view, big data need neither be endorsed as an unquestionably positive development, nor necessarily critiqued as inherently exploitative.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115235285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0005
Bianca C. Reisdorf, Grant Blank, W. Dutton
The attitudes and values of Internet users and non-users have frequently been studied, but they have rarely been used to identify broader patterns that could define general cultural orientations to the Internet. This chapter describes these orientations and how they might shape digital divides, such as why some people choose not to use the Internet. Specifically, the authors describe cultural values concerning the Internet in seven nations, and how these patterns of beliefs and values about the Internet can explain digital inequalities in Internet access and patterns of use. Their analysis explains why they believe that “cultures of the Internet” are as important as individual-level factors, such as age, education, and Internet skills, if not more so, in predicting patterns of (non)use of the Internet across all seven countries.
{"title":"Internet Cultures and Digital Inequalities","authors":"Bianca C. Reisdorf, Grant Blank, W. Dutton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The attitudes and values of Internet users and non-users have frequently been studied, but they have rarely been used to identify broader patterns that could define general cultural orientations to the Internet. This chapter describes these orientations and how they might shape digital divides, such as why some people choose not to use the Internet. Specifically, the authors describe cultural values concerning the Internet in seven nations, and how these patterns of beliefs and values about the Internet can explain digital inequalities in Internet access and patterns of use. Their analysis explains why they believe that “cultures of the Internet” are as important as individual-level factors, such as age, education, and Internet skills, if not more so, in predicting patterns of (non)use of the Internet across all seven countries.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"35 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133105981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0025
David A. Bray, PhD, V. Cerf
Vinton Cerf is internationally recognized as “an Internet pioneer”—one of the “fathers of the Internet”—regarding his work with Bob Kahn in co-inventing Internet protocol (TCP/IP). David Bray is Executive Director for the People-Centered Internet Coalition and a champion of positive “change agents” in turbulent environments. For this concluding chapter, we asked Vinton Cerf and David Bray to provide a future-focused perspective on the Internet’s role in shaping media and information. Arguably, over the past twenty years, there has been no greater development shaping global information technology, policy, and practices than the rise of the Internet and related communication technologies such as the Web, social media, and mobile Internet. Looking to the future, will the Internet play as central a role? Their answer is yes, noting that much work remains to be done if the Internet is to remain an uplifting force for both individuals and communities.
{"title":"The Unfinished Work of the Internet","authors":"David A. Bray, PhD, V. Cerf","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Vinton Cerf is internationally recognized as “an Internet pioneer”—one of the “fathers of the Internet”—regarding his work with Bob Kahn in co-inventing Internet protocol (TCP/IP). David Bray is Executive Director for the People-Centered Internet Coalition and a champion of positive “change agents” in turbulent environments. For this concluding chapter, we asked Vinton Cerf and David Bray to provide a future-focused perspective on the Internet’s role in shaping media and information. Arguably, over the past twenty years, there has been no greater development shaping global information technology, policy, and practices than the rise of the Internet and related communication technologies such as the Web, social media, and mobile Internet. Looking to the future, will the Internet play as central a role? Their answer is yes, noting that much work remains to be done if the Internet is to remain an uplifting force for both individuals and communities.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124671719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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