Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0002
Lee Rainie, B. Wellman
No other information and communication technology in history has spread at the pace of the Internet. Data from the Pew Research Center and NetLab, focused on the North America, shows how the spread of digital technology has reshaped the flow of daily life, vastly expanded the personal and information boundaries of users, and transformed the way people take care of their health, learn new things, and act as citizens. While change continues, Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman discern general social trends, including a large shift from small, tight-knit, locally rooted social groups to larger, more loosely knit, and geographically expanded personal networks, which they call “networked individualism.” This chapter provides an introduction into how digital innovations over the past generation have been adopted by users and how the utility of these tools is reshaping the ways people spend their time, enlighten themselves, and carry on in their daily lives.
历史上没有任何一种信息和通信技术能以互联网的速度传播。皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)和NetLab的数据主要集中在北美，显示了数字技术的传播如何重塑了日常生活的流程，极大地扩展了用户的个人和信息边界，并改变了人们照顾自己的健康、学习新事物和作为公民的方式。随着变化的继续，李·雷尼和巴里·威尔曼发现了总体的社会趋势，包括从小型的、紧密结合的、扎根于当地的社会群体向更大的、更松散的、地理上扩展的个人网络的巨大转变，他们称之为“网络化的个人主义”。本章介绍了过去一代的数字创新是如何被用户采用的，以及这些工具的效用是如何重塑人们消磨时间、启发自我和继续日常生活的方式的。
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Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0024
L. DeNardis
Just as Internet governance has come to be seen as inherently global, for example in supporting cybersecurity (Creese et al., Chapter 9, this volume), there are forces pulling in opposite directions, such as efforts to localize data, and global platforms privatizing governance within business and industry (Casilli and Posada, Chapter 17, this volume). Laura DeNardis focuses on the ways in which social-media platforms are creating new challenges to Internet governance. What will this mean for the privacy of personal data and freedom of expression? Who should regulate and govern the Internet as well as privacy and expression in the digital age?
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Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0013
B. Samantha, N. H. Philip
The Internet and social media were originally viewed as democratizing technologies that would lead to a more vibrant digital public sphere. Following the outcomes of the 2016 US Presidential Election and the UK Brexit referendum, however, social media platforms have faced increasing criticism for allowing fake news, disinformation campaigns, and hate speech to spread. But how much bad information was spread? What can be done to address the problem? This chapter examines how social media algorithms and computational propaganda are reshaping public life. The authors explore how modern citizens are especially susceptible to computational propaganda, due not only to the prevalence of disinformation, but also to a political psychology that is often called “elective affinity” or “selective exposure.” The authors use their findings to discuss the responsibilities of both users and platforms for protecting the digital public sphere.
{"title":"Social Media and Democracy in Crisis","authors":"B. Samantha, N. H. Philip","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet and social media were originally viewed as democratizing technologies that would lead to a more vibrant digital public sphere. Following the outcomes of the 2016 US Presidential Election and the UK Brexit referendum, however, social media platforms have faced increasing criticism for allowing fake news, disinformation campaigns, and hate speech to spread. But how much bad information was spread? What can be done to address the problem? This chapter examines how social media algorithms and computational propaganda are reshaping public life. The authors explore how modern citizens are especially susceptible to computational propaganda, due not only to the prevalence of disinformation, but also to a political psychology that is often called “elective affinity” or “selective exposure.” The authors use their findings to discuss the responsibilities of both users and platforms for protecting the digital public sphere.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129691998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0016
Mark Graham
As access to the Internet spreads to corners of the world previously defined by their lack of connectivity, there has been much talk about the potential for digital media to have transformative and revolutionary effects of access to information, services, and markets. The chapter begins by focusing on some key hopes about what the Internet can effect at the world?s economic margins. Anchored in an extensive case study of how new connectivity was, and was not, used in the remote nodes of the Thai silk industry, the chapter argues that many of our expectations about digital change may never be realized. One reason is that hope about what the Internet can do in some of the world?s economic margins often rests on unrealistic assumptions about what the Internet is. By reframing the Internet itself, Graham sees an opportunity to build more effective strategies for shaping desirable and achievable outcomes.
{"title":"The Internet at the Global Economic Margins","authors":"Mark Graham","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"As access to the Internet spreads to corners of the world previously defined by their lack of connectivity, there has been much talk about the potential for digital media to have transformative and revolutionary effects of access to information, services, and markets. The chapter begins by focusing on some key hopes about what the Internet can effect at the world?s economic margins. Anchored in an extensive case study of how new connectivity was, and was not, used in the remote nodes of the Thai silk industry, the chapter argues that many of our expectations about digital change may never be realized. One reason is that hope about what the Internet can do in some of the world?s economic margins often rests on unrealistic assumptions about what the Internet is. By reframing the Internet itself, Graham sees an opportunity to build more effective strategies for shaping desirable and achievable outcomes.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122169939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0006
Anabel Quan-Haase, Renwen Zhang, B. Wellman, Hua Wang
Conventional wisdom holds that the Internet is a technology for the young. However, as this chapter shows, older adults are increasingly adopting digital media, and it is therefore critical to know more about how networks of digital communication are changing their lives in such respects as their interaction with family and friends. The authors draw upon a study using in-depth interviews of older adult residents in East York, a locality in Toronto, Canada. These interviews illuminate the roles that digital media play in managing and strengthening the personal networks of elders. Their findings challenge stereotypes about older adults and their use of the Internet. The chapter makes an evidence-based case that the Internet and related digital media help older adults develop a sense of connectedness versus isolation.
{"title":"Older Adults on Digital Media in a Networked Society","authors":"Anabel Quan-Haase, Renwen Zhang, B. Wellman, Hua Wang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional wisdom holds that the Internet is a technology for the young. However, as this chapter shows, older adults are increasingly adopting digital media, and it is therefore critical to know more about how networks of digital communication are changing their lives in such respects as their interaction with family and friends. The authors draw upon a study using in-depth interviews of older adult residents in East York, a locality in Toronto, Canada. These interviews illuminate the roles that digital media play in managing and strengthening the personal networks of elders. Their findings challenge stereotypes about older adults and their use of the Internet. The chapter makes an evidence-based case that the Internet and related digital media help older adults develop a sense of connectedness versus isolation.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122761560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0004
Mark Graham, Sanna Ojanperä, M. Dittus
From the earliest stages of computer-mediated communication, technical change was predicted to undermine the significance of geography and lead to the “death of distance.” This seemed a logical consequence of electronic media enabling people to communicate from anywhere, to anyone, and anytime. However, empirical research, such as that illustrated in this chapter, has challenged this view. The authors argue that the Internet augments everyday places. As such, much like material geographies, the Internet can be spatially mapped. In doing so, the authors uncover significant geographic inequalities that shape how we use, move through, and interact with the world.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0008
Lisa Nakamura
Age is not alone in shaping real and imagined differences in Internet use. Racial and gender-based stereotypes abound and need to be empirically challenged. This chapter explores the relationships between race, gender, sexuality, and digital cultures in one increasingly significant digital domain—gaming. With a review of previous scholarship on race, gender, and gaming, the author shows that we see few signs of a “post-racial” society being brought into being. In fact, gaming is a digital activity where racism and sexism are commonplace. The chapter thus leaves us with questions about why, when the Internet is a potentially powerful leveling tool in the quest for democracy and fairness, does it continue to be defined by egregious sexism and racism?
{"title":"Gender and Race in the Gaming World","authors":"Lisa Nakamura","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Age is not alone in shaping real and imagined differences in Internet use. Racial and gender-based stereotypes abound and need to be empirically challenged. This chapter explores the relationships between race, gender, sexuality, and digital cultures in one increasingly significant digital domain—gaming. With a review of previous scholarship on race, gender, and gaming, the author shows that we see few signs of a “post-racial” society being brought into being. In fact, gaming is a digital activity where racism and sexism are commonplace. The chapter thus leaves us with questions about why, when the Internet is a potentially powerful leveling tool in the quest for democracy and fairness, does it continue to be defined by egregious sexism and racism?","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133567185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0017
Gina Neff
The Internet and digital media are increasingly seen as having enormous potential for solving problems facing healthcare systems. This chapter traces emerging “digital health” uses and applications, focusing on the political economy of data. For many people, the ability to access their own data through social media and connect with people with similar conditions holds enormous potential to empower them and improve healthcare decisions. For researchers, digital health tools present new forms of always-on data that may lead to major discoveries. Technology and telecommunications companies hope their customers? data can answer key health questions or encourage healthier behavior. At the same time, Gina Neff argues that digital health raises policy and social equity concerns regarding sensitive personal data, and runs a risk of being seen as a sort of silver bullet instead of mere technological solutionism.
{"title":"The Political Economy of Digital Health","authors":"Gina Neff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet and digital media are increasingly seen as having enormous potential for solving problems facing healthcare systems. This chapter traces emerging “digital health” uses and applications, focusing on the political economy of data. For many people, the ability to access their own data through social media and connect with people with similar conditions holds enormous potential to empower them and improve healthcare decisions. For researchers, digital health tools present new forms of always-on data that may lead to major discoveries. Technology and telecommunications companies hope their customers? data can answer key health questions or encourage healthier behavior. At the same time, Gina Neff argues that digital health raises policy and social equity concerns regarding sensitive personal data, and runs a risk of being seen as a sort of silver bullet instead of mere technological solutionism.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116568399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0003
L. Shifman
Shifman illuminates the roles of a central cultural phenomenon in the digital age—the meme. She introduces the concept of the Internet meme, and traces the rise of memes over the past decade till they have become a prevalent mode of communication across the globe. The chapter provides insights on memes in digital communication cultures, explaining why they matter economically, socially, and politically. Shifman argues that memes are nothing less than new ways of expressing and constructing values. While there are many different kinds of memes, Shifman argues that the content of Internet memes tends to go well beyond the overt values expressly conveyed to incorporate a set of more latent, or covert, values, which are intrinsic to the significance of memes as communicative formats. Her chapter clarifies why the study of memes is an important new area for research on digital communication.
{"title":"Internet Memes and the Twofold Articulation of Values","authors":"L. Shifman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Shifman illuminates the roles of a central cultural phenomenon in the digital age—the meme. She introduces the concept of the Internet meme, and traces the rise of memes over the past decade till they have become a prevalent mode of communication across the globe. The chapter provides insights on memes in digital communication cultures, explaining why they matter economically, socially, and politically. Shifman argues that memes are nothing less than new ways of expressing and constructing values. While there are many different kinds of memes, Shifman argues that the content of Internet memes tends to go well beyond the overt values expressly conveyed to incorporate a set of more latent, or covert, values, which are intrinsic to the significance of memes as communicative formats. Her chapter clarifies why the study of memes is an important new area for research on digital communication.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122324744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0020
M. David
As noted by Greg Taylor in Chapter 18 of this volume, scarcity is a problematic concept in the digital age. The possibility of post-scarcity is not only a challenge to classical economics—the science of allocating scarce resources. The proliferation of what are called non-rivalrous informational goods is also a challenge to a capitalist economic system in which scarcity becomes a basis for price setting. This chapter by Matthew David provides an alternative perspective on the possibility of a post-scarcity, sharing-based economy in non-rivalrous informational goods, such as music. He explores the dimensions of incentive, efficiency, and efficacy by which property and market mechanisms have traditionally been justified in capitalist societies. David examines the distinction between two forms of sharing that he calls reciprocal peer co-production, and generalized peer-to-peer redistribution. The chapter conveys a valuable understanding of the rewards and incentives associated with sharing-based alternatives to more traditional market mechanisms.
{"title":"Incentives to Share in the Digital Economy","authors":"M. David","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"As noted by Greg Taylor in Chapter 18 of this volume, scarcity is a problematic concept in the digital age. The possibility of post-scarcity is not only a challenge to classical economics—the science of allocating scarce resources. The proliferation of what are called non-rivalrous informational goods is also a challenge to a capitalist economic system in which scarcity becomes a basis for price setting. This chapter by Matthew David provides an alternative perspective on the possibility of a post-scarcity, sharing-based economy in non-rivalrous informational goods, such as music. He explores the dimensions of incentive, efficiency, and efficacy by which property and market mechanisms have traditionally been justified in capitalist societies. David examines the distinction between two forms of sharing that he calls reciprocal peer co-production, and generalized peer-to-peer redistribution. The chapter conveys a valuable understanding of the rewards and incentives associated with sharing-based alternatives to more traditional market mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":123339,"journal":{"name":"Society and the Internet","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128942027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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