Foodborne pathogens and disease最新文献

Purpose: We performed a literature review focusing on case reports and case series studies, aiming to better define the clinical presentation of isolated lateral intraventricular neurocysticercosis (LVNCC) and to discuss the current knowledge of its characteristics, patient demographics, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis, based on the collected data. Methods: Data for this study were gathered by conducting searches on the Medline database and Google Scholar using various combinations of the following terms "intraventricular neurocysticercosis (IVNCC)," "brain ventricle cyst," "cysticercosis of lateral brain ventricles," "cysticercus cyst in brain ventricles," and "intraventricular cystic brain lesion." Articles published in English between January 1980 and March 2023 that reported cases of LVNCC were selected for analysis. Results: This study included 48 patients (mean age 33.1 ± 14.1, range 6-70 years) diagnosed with LVNCC. Most patients were from India. The predominant clinical manifestation was headache (87.8%), followed by nausea/vomiting (51.2%), altered sensorium (51.2%), and focal neurological deficits (29.3%). In most cases, symptoms lasted from 10 d to 20 years (67.6%). The mean age at symptom onset was higher than in those with cysts in the third and fourth ventricles (p = 0.010058), and a greater proportion of vesicular cysts was observed (58.3%). Hydrocephalus was common (81.3%), with a significant percentage showing unilateral ventricular enlargement (38.5%). Surgical excision of the parasite (predominantly endoscopic) was the prevailing type of treatment (72.9%). Postoperatively, anti-helminthics were administered in 37.5% of cases. Most patients (80.5%) had favorable clinical outcomes or improved clinical status; six patients died, while the clinical outcomes of seven individuals were not specified in reports. Conclusion: LVNCC is a rare form of NCC, typically characterized by symptoms lasting >7 d. Invasion of the ventricle by cysticerci occurs mainly in middle-aged individuals. Endoscopy is the preferred treatment option, although the prognosis is influenced by various factors. Mortality is high in untreated patients.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a foodborne mycete that can induce recurrent pneumonia, but the current detection methods have insufficient sensitivity and rapidity. Here, we aim to develop an efficient and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primer set for A. fumigatus detection. First, we designed a novel set of LAMP primers by targeting the Beta-tubulin (β-tub) gene. The LAMP reaction system was optimized by screening reaction temperature and betaine concentration. And then, the specificity of the proposed primers was verified by using 10 interferent microorganism species. The sensitivity of the designed method was compared with that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on pure cultures and complex matrix. The accuracy and response time of the method were examined by simulated samples. Our proposed primer set could accurately detect A. fumigatus from different food matrices with no response to other microorganisms. More intriguingly, this method possessed a low limit of detection (2 copies/reaction, 10-fold less than PCR), a short measuring time (<30 min), and a naked-eye readability. A real sample test demonstrates the good recovery rate and accuracy in apple, corn, milk, and other food matrix. Our proposed β-tub primer set provides great potential for rapid assessment of A. fumigatus contamination in food by integrating portable equipment and microscale reaction system.

Pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are the principal cause of cow mastitis, which primarily impacts milk yield and results in significant financial losses for the animal husbandry industry. Lactic acid bacteria-cell-free supernatant (LAB-CFS) and baicalin (BAI) both have a number of biological effects, including decreasing inflammation. The combined use of LAB-CFS and BAI does not appear to have been used to protective against mastitis, however, and the underlying mechanisms are yet unknown. In this study, in vitro activity of LAB-CFS and BAI alone and in combination was determined (checkerboard experiments, time-kill curves, and flow cytometry to investigate membrane permeability) and examined the protective effects of LAB-CFS and BAI on S. aureus-induced mastitis in mice and the impact of NF-κB signaling pathways on the emergence of mastitis. We discovered that when LAB-CFS and BAI were used together, S. aureus was more effectively treated than when LAB-CFS and BAI were used separately. Flow cytometry demonstrated that LAB-CFS and BAI work together to kill bacteria. In vivo, the usage of LAB-CFS and BAI decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase, as well as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α secretion and the levels of TLR2 and p65 (NF-κB) expression. These findings suggested that LAB-CFS and BAI had a preventive effect against mastitis brought on by S. aureus. Therefore, the NF-κB signaling pathway is thought to be the likely mechanism through which LAB-CFS and BAI reduced S. aureus-induced inflammation in the mammary of cows. For the treatment of cow mastitis, LAB-CFS and BAI are likely to replace antibiotics.

In recent years, the wild deer population in Japan has grown exponentially, causing severe feeding damage to the agricultural and forestry industries. Therefore, the game meat industry is being promoted for effective utilization of hunted animals. Wild animals are not hygienically controlled and can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. However, epidemiological information on wild animals in Japan remains insufficient. Recently, food poisoning-like cases have occurred because of raw venison infection with Sarcocystis spp. As the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in sika deer is very high in Japan and even fawns are infected, this study attempted to verify the vertical infection of Sarcocystis spp. in sika deer in Japan. Genetic detection of Sarcocystis 18S ribosomal RNA in fetal and maternal tissues from early to late gestation in sika deer revealed Sarcocystis Types 1-5 and Sarcocystis fayeri in the mother and fetus. Types 1, 2, 4, and 5 were detected in the maternal tissues of Ezo sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Hokkaido, whereas Types 1 and 2 and S. fayeri were detected in fetuses. Types 1-5 were detected in Honshu sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) in Mie Prefecture but not in the fetuses. Types 1, 2, and 4 were detected in the udder and milk samples. This indicates that Sarcocystis Types 1 and 2 and S. fayeri have the ability to pass through the placenta of sika deer and invade fetal tissues and Types 1, 2, and 4 may be transmitted orally via milk. These findings suggest that there is transplacental and transmammary transmission of Sarcocystis spp. in sika deer.

Salmonella enterica is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption of contaminated porcine, dairy, and avian products. Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea, responsible for ∼150 million cases and 60,000 deaths annually. The main goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and to establish the virulence profile (VP) from genes (avrA, invE, ssaD, sseF, ssaQ, ttrC) and plasmid genes (pefA, spvB, spvC) in isolates obtained from cheese, chicken, and pork sold in food markets in Barrancabermeja, Colombia. A survey was conducted on 100 samples each matrix. The detection of Salmonella spp. followed the ISO 6579:2017 standards modified, and isolates were confirmed using the invA gene. In addition, single polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to detect the nine virulence genes. Salmonella spp. was found in 62%, 32%, and 14% of pork, chicken, and cheese samples, respectively. A total of 277 isolates were biochemically, serologically, and molecularly compatible with Salmonella spp. The most representative serogroups were C and B. Forty-seven combinations of virulence gene were detected; 53.5% of the pork isolates, 46.2% of the cheese isolates, and 39% of the chicken isolates were distributed among VP1, VP2, and VP3 suggesting a higher pathogenic potential. In addition, seven isolates harbored plasmid-encoded virulence genes (spvB and spvC), which are associated with increased invasiveness. The results revealed a higher prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pork and chicken compared with other studies conducted in Colombia. The serogroups identified include serovars that more frequently affect humans Salmonella Enteriditis, Salmonella Newport, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The isolations have the majority of the virulence genes studied. These findings highlight the need to improve control measures and educate food handlers to minimize the presence of Salmonella spp. and its potential transmission.

Flagella are essential for bacterial motility and biofilm formation by aiding bacterial attachment to surfaces. However, the impact of flagella on bacterial behavior, particularly biofilm formation, remains unclear. This study constructed two flagellar mutation strains of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), namely, SE-ΔflhD and SE-ΔflgE, and confirmed the loss of flagellar structures and motility in these strains. The mutant strains exhibited growth comparable with the wild-type (WT) strain but had higher sedimentation rates. Biofilm biomass did not differ significantly between the WT and mutant strains, except for SE-ΔflgE at 3 d. SE-ΔflgE showed increased susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite compared to the WT. The co-sedimentation rate of flagella-deficient strains was lower than the WT, and the biomass of dual-species biofilm formed by Bacillus paramycoides B5 with SE-ΔflhD or SE-ΔflgE was significantly lower than with the WT. These findings emphasize the significance of SE flagella in biofilm formation and interspecies interactions, offering insights into targeted biofilm prevention and control measures.

Focusing on the global epidemiology and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in camelids (camels and alpacas), the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Utilizing relevant keywords, a thorough search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) with no time constraints up to April 1, 2024. Total estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were subsequently calculated using a random-effects model. Finally, 11 studies with 18 datasets provided the required data. The global prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in camelids was estimated at 22%, with a 95% CI of 17.2-27.6%. Among 1061 camels, the pooled prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 21.6% (95% CI: 16.6-27.6%) across 5 countries, which was lower than the 23.5% (95% CI: 12.2-43.1%) found in 449 tested alpacas across 3 countries. Camels were found to carry 15 genetically diverse subtypes (STs) of Blastocystis sp. (ST1-ST7, ST10, ST14, ST15, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26, and ST30). Among these, ST10 exhibited the highest pooled prevalence [five datasets, 38.3% (95% CI: 22.4-57.1%)], followed by ST1 [three datasets, 24% (95% CI: 6-61.2%)] and ST14 [four datasets, 15.2% (95% CI: 6.7-31%)]. Alpacas exhibited three distinct STs (ST5, ST10, and ST14). Among these, ST10 [four datasets, 50.3% (95% CI: 33.3-67.3%)] had the greatest weighted frequency, with ST14 [four datasets, 40.2% (95% CI: 23.8-59.1%)] following closely behind. Of note, 9 zoonotic STs (ST1-ST7, ST10, and ST14) have been identified in camels and 3 in alpacas (ST5, ST10, and ST14) out of the 16 zoonotic STs (ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35, and ST41) of Blastocystis sp. reported to date. Overall, camelids (camels and alpacas) can serve as a diverse reservoir for various Blastocystis sp. STs, potentially contributing to infections in humans, animals, and water sources. Nevertheless, research in this area is somewhat restricted, necessitating careful interpretation of the findings.

Laboratory-based surveillance for enteric pathogens causing diarrhea is foundational for monitoring foodborne diseases in the United States. However, diarrheal illnesses are not always confirmed by laboratory testing, so estimates of the true number of illnesses must adjust for underdiagnosis, including underdiagnosis due to ill persons not seeking medical care or submitting a stool sample for laboratory testing. We assessed these factors among persons with an acute diarrheal illness who responded to the most recent Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Population Survey (2018-2019). Multiple modes of administration (telephone, web-based) and multiple sampling frames were used to ask survey respondents in English or Spanish about diarrhea and other symptoms experienced in the 30 days before the interview and to ask if they had sought medical care or submitted a stool sample. Of 1018 respondents with an acute diarrheal illness, 22.0% had sought medical care and 4.7% submitted a stool sample. On multivariable analysis, older adults (aged 65 years and over), male respondents, and persons with a household income of ≥$40,000 per annum were significantly more likely to seek medical care, as were respondents reporting cough, fever, vomiting, recent international travel, or duration of diarrhea for ≥3 days. Older adults and persons with five or more loose stools in 24 h who sought medical care were significantly more likely to submit a stool sample. Ill respondents with a concurrent cough were less likely to submit a stool sample. Sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms, and international travel influence whether a patient with an acute diarrheal illness will seek care or submit a stool specimen. Accounting for these factors when analyzing surveillance data will likely produce more precise estimates of the true number of foodborne illnesses.

The study was conducted to determine the proportion and concentration of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and six non-O157 (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) serogroups and identify seasonal and processing plant differences in feces and on hides of cull dairy cattle processed in commercial slaughterhouses in the United States. Approximately 60 rectal and 60 hide-on samples from matched carcasses were collected in each of three processing plants, in two periods; summer of 2017 and spring of 2018. Samples before enrichment were spiral plated to quantify EHEC, and postenriched samples underwent culture methods that included immuno-magnetic separation, plating on selective media, and PCR assays for identification and serogroup confirmation of putative isolates. An isolate was considered EHEC O157 positive if it harbored serogroup-specific (rfbE), Shiga toxin (stx1 and/or stx2), and intimin (eae) genes and EHEC non-O157 positive if at least one of the non-O157 serogroup-specific, stx1 and/or stx2, and eae genes was identified. Generalized linear mixed models were fitted to estimate overall proportion of positives for EHEC O157 and non-O157 EHEC serogroups, as well as seasonal and processing plant differences in fecal and hide-on proportion of positives. The fecal EHEC proportion at the sample level was 1.8% (95% CI = 0.0-92.2%) and 4.2% (95% CI = 0.0-100.0%) for EHEC O157 and EHEC non-O157, respectively. Hide sample level proportion of positives was 3.0% (95% CI = 0.0-99.9%) for EHEC O157 and 1.6% (95% CI = 0.0-100.0%) for EHEC non-O157. The proportion of EHEC O157 and non-O157 significantly differed by processing plant and sample type (hide vs. feces), but not by season. The association between proportion of EHEC serogroups in feces with the proportion on hides collected from matched cattle was 7.8% (95% CI = 0.6-53.3%) and 3.8% (95% CI = 0.3-30.8%) for EHEC O157 and non-O157, respectively. Taken together, our findings provide evidence of a low proportion of EHEC serogroups in the feces and on hides of cull dairy cattle and that their proportion varies across processing plants.

Between 2017 and 2019, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was replaced by whole genome sequencing (WGS) for identifying enteric disease clusters in Canada. The number and characteristics of all clusters of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Shigella spp. between 2015 and 2021 were analyzed. Following the transition to WGS, an increase in the number of Salmonella, STEC, and Shigella clusters was noted, whereas the number of clusters of L. monocytogenes decreased. Unlike previous subtyping methods, WGS provided increased resolution to identify discrete clusters of Salmonella Enteritidis. This led to the identification of a number of outbreaks linked to frozen raw breaded chicken products and ultimately a change in food safety policy to reduce the number of illnesses associated with these products. Other pathogens did not experience a similar increase in the number of outbreaks detected. Although WGS did provide increased confidence in the genetic relatedness of cases and isolates, challenges remained in collecting epidemiological data to link these illnesses to a common source.