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Progress in the use of detection dogs for emerald ash borer monitoring 探测犬在翡翠灰蛀虫监测中的应用进展
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpaa001
U. Hoyer-Tomiczek, G. Hoch
Early detection of infestation by the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis is extremely difficult; hence developing additional methods is desirable. We built on the successful use of canine scent detection for the invasive long-horned beetles Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis and trained six dogs in detection of EAB. A first test series was performed to evaluate detection accuracy of five of these dogs. Seven different experimental settings were tested under single blind conditions: (1) forest nursery, (2) piles of firewood, (3) firewood on the ground, (4) ash logs on the ground, (5) old urban ash trees, (6) urban forest with ash trees and (7) natural forest with ash trees. In total, 214 positive samples were presented to the dogs, out of which 20 remained undetected. The experiments ascertained sensitivity (correct positives of all positives) ranging from 73.3 to 100 percent and specificity (correct negatives of all negatives) from 88.9 to 99.8 percent in the tested settings. This initial study demonstrates that trained dogs are able to detect EAB scent from sources such as larval galleries in bark/wood, frass, living or dead larvae or dead dry beetles. The numbers of tested dogs and test series were limited, and further studies are needed to confirm the initial results. However, the preliminary findings demonstrate the potential of the method particularly for inspection of wood or plants at entry points.
早期发现绿宝石灰螟虫(EAB), Agrilus planipennis的侵扰是极其困难的;因此,开发其他方法是必要的。在犬类气味检测技术成功应用于入侵型光肩天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)和中国天牛(Anoplophora chinensis)的基础上,对6只犬进行了EAB检测训练。进行了第一个系列测试,以评估其中5只狗的检测准确性。在单盲条件下测试了七种不同的实验设置:(1)森林苗圃,(2)柴火堆,(3)地上柴火,(4)地上白蜡树原木,(5)城市老白蜡树,(6)城市白蜡树森林,(7)白蜡树天然林。总共有214个阳性样本提供给狗,其中20个未被检测到。实验确定的灵敏度(所有阳性的正确阳性)范围为73.3%至100%,特异性(所有阴性的正确阴性)范围为88.9%至99.8%。这项初步研究表明,经过训练的狗能够从树皮/木材、杂草、活的或死的幼虫或死的干甲虫等来源中探测到EAB的气味。测试犬的数量和测试系列有限,需要进一步的研究来证实初步结果。然而,初步调查结果表明,该方法具有潜力,特别是在入境点检查木材或植物。
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引用次数: 10
EFSA guidelines for emerald ash borer survey in the EU 欧洲食品安全局在欧盟的祖母绿灰蛀虫调查指南
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz077
G. Schrader, R. Ciubotaru, Makrina Diakaki, S. Vos
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), by request of the European Commission, develops pest survey cards for pests of relevance for the European Union (EU) member states, summarizing key biological, epidemiological and diagnostic information relevant for the detection and identification of these pests by inspectors and laboratory technicians in the EU member states. For three pilot pests, including emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), detailed guidelines are being prepared for the survey planners in the EU member states. Interaction with experts on the relevant organisms and the member states is needed before and after implementation of the surveys to ensure they are fit for purpose and can be harmonized across the EU. An important feature of the survey cards is the identification of risk factors, to focus the surveys on the most likely areas to find the pest if it is present and thus being able to apply a risk-based surveillance. Since 2014, ash wood and bark (from countries where A. planipennis is known to occur) are subjected to specific requirements laid down in Council Directive 2000/29/EC, the beetle is unlikely to enter the EU via this pathway. However, it cannot fully be excluded that introductions have happened before these requirements came into force, without being detected until now. In addition, the beetle could already be present in new third countries without being noticed yet and thus not regulated. Furthermore, firewood from countries adjacent to Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) is not restricted. The beetle could also hitch-hike to the EU by various means of transport, in particular via highways and railroads. Given the above, surveys should focus on these areas.
欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)应欧盟委员会的要求,为欧盟(EU)成员国开发了与有害生物相关的有害生物调查卡,概述了欧盟成员国检查员和实验室技术人员检测和识别这些有害生物的关键生物学、流行病学和诊断信息。对于三种试验害虫,包括绿灰螟(Agrilus planipennis),正在为欧盟成员国的调查规划者准备详细的指导方针。在实施调查之前和之后,需要与相关生物和成员国的专家进行互动,以确保它们适合目的,并可以在整个欧盟范围内进行协调。调查卡的一个重要特点是确定风险因素,将调查重点放在最有可能发现有害生物的地区,如果有害生物存在,从而能够实施基于风险的监测。自2014年以来,灰木和树皮(来自已知存在拟南芥的国家)受到理事会指令2000/29/EC中规定的特定要求的约束,这种甲虫不太可能通过这一途径进入欧盟。但是,不能完全排除在这些规定生效之前就已开始引进,而直到现在才被发现的情况。此外,这种甲虫可能已经出现在新的第三国,但尚未被注意到,因此没有受到监管。此外,来自俄罗斯邻近国家(白俄罗斯、乌克兰)的柴火也不受限制。甲虫也可以通过各种交通工具搭便车到欧盟,特别是通过公路和铁路。鉴于上述情况,调查应侧重于这些领域。
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引用次数: 3
Improving trapping methods for buprestid beetles to enhance monitoring of native and invasive species 改进捕虫方法,加强对本地和外来物种的监测
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz071
Z. Imrei, Zsófia Lohonyai, G. Csóka, József Muskovits, Szabolcs Szanyi, G. Vétek, J. Fail, M. Tóth, M. Domingue
Most of the current understanding of the orientation and communication of jewel beetles arose from research on the Asian emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, which has become one of the most destructive invasive forest insect pests in history following its introduction to North America and European Russia. From a European perspective, a number of jewel beetles have a high invasive risk similar to that of the emerald ash borer, including the potential threat of the bronze birch borer Agrilus anxius, the goldspotted oak borer Agrilus auroguttatus, and the twolined chestnut borer Agrilus bilineatus. Native jewel beetles expanding their geographic range include the cypress jewel beetle Ovalisia festiva and the black-banded oak borer Coraebus florentinus. Other native species are increasing in their importance, including the flathead oak borer Coraebus undatus, the two-spotted oak borer Agrilus biguttatus, the flatheaded beech borer Agrilus viridis and Agrilus cuprescens. Commonly used prism and multi-funnel trap designs and other promising experimental trap designs have been tested and compared in the US and in Europe. One factor considered has been colouration, typically purple and green. Another is olfactory attraction, both to plant volatiles and extracts such as (Z)-3-hexenol, Manuka oil, Phoebe oil and Cubeb oil, and also to pheromones such as (Z)-3-lactone, for emerald ash borer. Field observations have been made of mating and host-finding behaviours of oak buprestids based upon visual stimuli in North America and Europe. By using pinned dead EAB models, visual mating approaches have been observed by males of Agrilus biguttatus, Agrilus sulcicollis and Agrilus angustulus, which is a behaviour similar to that previously observed in EAB. Green plastic-covered branch-traps significantly out-performed other trap designs and caught more Agrilus jewel beetles if an artificial visual decoy that copies a beetle body was included. A higher fidelity decoy offered the same distinctive light-scattering pattern as real resting EAB females and elicited the full sequence of stereotypical male mating flight behaviour of EAB and A. biguttatus from up to 1 m away. An optimization of visual, olfactory and other possible stimuli has likely not yet been achieved. More sophisticated trap designs could lead to more sensitive detection capabilities with increased selectivity.
目前对宝石甲虫的定位和交流的认识大多来自于对亚洲祖母绿灰螟(Agrilus planipennis)的研究,该昆虫自引入北美和欧洲俄罗斯以来已成为历史上最具破坏性的入侵森林害虫之一。从欧洲的角度来看,许多宝石甲虫具有与祖母绿灰螟虫相似的高入侵风险,包括青铜桦树螟虫Agrilus焦虑症,金斑橡树螟虫Agrilus auroguttatus和双线栗树螟虫Agrilus bilineatus的潜在威胁。扩大其地理范围的本地宝石甲虫包括柏树宝石甲虫Ovalisia festiva和黑带橡树蛀虫Coraebus florentinus。其他本地物种的重要性也在增加,包括平头橡树螟虫Coraebus undatus、双斑橡树螟Agrilus biguttatus、平头山毛榉螟Agrilus viridis和Agrilus cuprescens。常用的棱镜和多漏斗捕集器设计和其他有前途的实验捕集器设计已经在美国和欧洲进行了测试和比较。考虑的一个因素是颜色,通常是紫色和绿色。另一个是嗅觉吸引力,对植物挥发物和提取物,如(Z)-3-己烯醇、麦卢卡油、菲比油和cubbeb油,以及信息素,如祖母绿灰螟的(Z)-3-内酯都有吸引力。在北美和欧洲进行了基于视觉刺激的柞蚕交配和寄主寻找行为的实地观察。通过钉死的EAB模型,我们观察到了biguttatus Agrilus sulcicollis和Agrilus angustulus雄性Agrilus的视觉交配方式,这种行为与之前在EAB中观察到的行为相似。绿色塑料覆盖的树枝陷阱明显优于其他陷阱设计,如果包括复制甲虫身体的人工视觉诱饵,则捕获更多的Agrilus宝石甲虫。一个高保真度的诱饵提供了与真正休息的EAB雌性相同的独特光散射模式,并诱导了EAB和biguttatus在1米外的典型雄性交配飞行行为的完整序列。视觉、嗅觉和其他可能的刺激的优化可能还没有实现。更复杂的陷阱设计可以带来更灵敏的探测能力和更高的选择性。
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引用次数: 9
Differences in urban forest visitor preferences for emerald ash borer-impacted areas 城市森林游客对翡翠灰蛀虫影响地区的偏好差异
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz072
A. Arnberger, I. Schneider, R. Eder, A. Choi
Emerald ash borer (EAB), an invasive forest insect from Asia, has impacted vast areas in the United States and European Russia. To proactively understand the social impact of an EAB invasion in Europe and the USA, this study analyzed visitors’ preferences and preference heterogeneity for EAB-impacted forest scenarios in Vienna, Austria (n = 510) and Minneapolis, USA (n = 307). An image-based discrete choice experiment with latent-class analysis among on-site completed questionnaires in Vienna indicated four different visitor segments based on trade-offs among biophysical, social and viewscape elements. Within the forested environment, two segments placed greater importance on (bio)physical attributes and two on social aspects. Although all segments preferred a non-impacted ash forest, only one of the four identified the attribute describing EAB impacts and forest management as the most important attribute. Rather, visitor numbers and background viewscapes were more important than EAB impact and management to differentiate landscape preferences for three of the four segments. Differences in preferences were found between the Vienna and Minneapolis samples. Vienna respondents showed a higher preference for more natural conditions, disliked more the initial stage of EAB impact and placed more importance on background viewscapes and visitor numbers. Forest managers and greenspace planners need to consider the entirety of the forested condition, social and visual, for effective management and address that visitors differ in their preferences for all of these conditions.
绿灰螟(EAB)是一种来自亚洲的入侵森林昆虫,已经影响了美国和欧洲俄罗斯的大片地区。为了主动了解EAB入侵对欧洲和美国的社会影响,本研究分析了奥地利维也纳(n = 510)和美国明尼阿波利斯(n = 307)游客对EAB影响森林情景的偏好和偏好异质性。一项基于图像的离散选择实验对维也纳现场完成的问卷进行了潜在类分析,发现基于生物物理、社会和景观因素的权衡,有四种不同的游客群体。在森林环境中,两个部分更重视(生物)物理属性,两个部分更重视社会方面。尽管所有的调查对象都倾向于不受影响的白蜡林,但四个调查对象中只有一个认为描述EAB影响和森林管理的属性是最重要的属性。相反,游客数量和背景景观比EAB影响和管理更重要,以区分四个部分中的三个部分的景观偏好。在维也纳和明尼阿波利斯的样本中发现了偏好的差异。维也纳的受访者对更自然的条件表现出更高的偏好,更不喜欢EAB影响的初始阶段,更重视背景景观和游客数量。森林管理者和绿地规划者需要考虑森林的整体状况,社会和视觉,以有效管理和解决游客对所有这些条件的不同偏好。
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引用次数: 3
A collaborative approach to preparing for and reacting to emerald ash borer: a case study from Colorado 准备和应对祖母绿灰蛀虫的合作方法:来自科罗拉多州的案例研究
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz070
K. Alexander, Micaela Truslove, Rob Davis, Sky Stephens, Ralph Zentz
Collaboration has been the key to success for urban forest management in Colorado, not only collaboration amongst agencies at all levels of government but also in engaging industry allies, coordinating education and outreach efforts and in fostering community support. A unique interagency team, the Emerging Pests in Colorado (EPIC) Workgroup, was formed in 2009 to address the immediate threat from Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnut and to plan for the arrival of other invasive urban forest pests to Colorado. When the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB) was detected in Boulder, Colorado in 2013, it marked the westernmost occurrence of EAB in the US, threatening millions of planted and naturalized ash trees representing over 25 percent of the tree canopy throughout Colorado’s urban and riparian forests. The detection in Boulder prompted the development of a second multi-agency group, the Colorado EAB Response Team (CORT). The preparedness and established working relationships between stakeholders and responsible authorities allowed for a quick, decisive and unified response. We review as a case study: (1) the formation and history of collaborative interagency groups in Colorado; (2) how the interagency collaborative planning and post-detection EAB response have supported community forestry programmes throughout the state; (3) development of the post-detection EAB management plan and economics behind the strategy in Boulder, Colorado; and (4) the proactive EAB planning and outreach efforts underway in Denver, Colorado.
合作是科罗拉多州城市森林管理取得成功的关键,不仅是各级政府机构之间的合作,还包括与行业盟友的合作、协调教育和推广工作以及促进社区支持。2009年成立了一个独特的跨部门小组,科罗拉多新出现的害虫(EPIC)工作组,以解决核桃千疮病(TCD)的直接威胁,并为其他入侵城市森林害虫的到来制定计划。当2013年在科罗拉多州博尔德发现翠绿灰螟(Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB)时,它标志着EAB在美国最西端的发生,威胁着数百万棵种植和归化的灰树,占科罗拉多州城市和河岸森林树冠的25%以上。在博尔德的发现促使了第二个多机构小组的发展,科罗拉多EAB反应小组(CORT)。做好准备并在利益攸关方和主管当局之间建立了工作关系,从而能够迅速、果断和统一地作出反应。我们回顾了一个案例研究:(1)科罗拉多州协作跨部门小组的形成和历史;(2)机构间协作规划和发现后的EAB响应如何支持整个州的社区林业项目;(3)科罗拉多州博尔德市检测后EAB管理计划的制定及其背后的经济效益;(4)科罗拉多州丹佛市正在进行的积极主动的EAB规划和推广工作。
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引用次数: 6
The invasive ACGW Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Spain: native parasitoid recruitment and association with oak gall inducers in Catalonia 西班牙入侵的干蛾(膜翅目:姬蜂科):加泰罗尼亚本地寄生蜂的招募及其与橡树瘿诱导剂的关联
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz061
J. Jara-Chiquito, R. Askew, J. Pujade-Villar
The Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), is an invasive pest that affects chestnut trees. The first record of this pest in Spain was in 2012, in Catalonia, and it is now distributed in virtually every chestnut growing area in the country. In this study, we present an overview of parasitoid recruitment by ACGW in Catalonia over a 4-year period (2013–2016) comparing parasitoid communities attacking galls on oak and chestnut trees at the same sites. A total of 22 species of native parasitoids that normally attack oak cynipids emerged from ACGW galls, together with the non-native Torymus sinensis. The most abundant species were Bootanomyia dorsalis, Torymus flavipes, Ormyrus pomaceus and Eupelmus urozonus. The study also found that 20 of the 22 native parasitoids in ACGW galls were also reared from galls of 13 species of oak gall inducer (12 Cynipidae, 1 Cecidomyiidae).
板栗瘿蜂(Dryocosmus kuriphilus,膜翅目:板栗瘿蜂科)是一种危害板栗的外来害虫。这种害虫在西班牙的第一次记录是在2012年的加泰罗尼亚,现在它几乎分布在该国所有的栗子种植区。在这项研究中,我们概述了4年期间(2013-2016年)在加泰罗尼亚ACGW中寄生蜂的招募情况,比较了寄生蜂群落对同一地点橡树和栗树瘿虫的攻击。在ACGW虫瘿中共发现了22种通常攻击栎木的本地寄生蜂,以及非本地的中华桃蚜。最丰富的种类是背肉蝇、黄桃蝇、鸭梨桃蝇和绿绒桃蝇。研究还发现,在ACGW的22种原生寄生蜂中,有20种也是由13种栎瘿诱变剂(12种栎瘿科,1种柞蚕科)的瘿中饲养的。
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引用次数: 6
Joining up optimisation of wood supply chains with forest management: a case study of North Karelia in Finland 将木材供应链优化与森林管理相结合:芬兰北卡累利阿的案例研究
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz058
Hyvönen Pekka, Lempinen Reetta, Lappi Juha, Laitila Juha, Packalen Tuula
This paper presents a spatially explicit methodology for integrated forest management and wood supply chain optimization over time in the context of a Finnish forest strategy anticipating new investments and renewal of business in the wood processing industry. The Finnish MELA simulator was used to generate multiple treatment schedules over time at the management unit level – each treatment schedule providing unique estimates of extracted wood volumes by different assortment categories for each time period. The J linear programming (LP) software was used to analyse different regional forest strategies in terms of wood supply and transportation costs to multiple market destinations. The analysis revealed clear differences both in wood flows and forest resources between strategies maximizing wood supply or optimizing wood supply to market destinations. In addition, the wood flows appeared responsive to new mill and increased demand. Further, the changes in factory price had a heavier impact on pulpwood supply than on sawlog supply. The same methodology can be applied for analysing the impact of new factories on wood flows from forest to factories and between factories or to support forest enterprises in planning their wood supply over multiple time periods and multiple destinations.
本文提出了一种空间明确的方法,在芬兰森林战略的背景下,随着时间的推移,综合森林管理和木材供应链优化,预计木材加工业的新投资和业务更新。芬兰MELA模拟器用于在管理单位级别生成多个处理计划,每个处理计划提供每个时间段内不同分类类别提取木材量的独特估计。利用线性规划(LP)软件分析了不同区域森林策略在木材供应和运输成本方面的影响。分析表明,在木材流量和森林资源方面,木材供应最大化策略和优化市场目的地木材供应策略存在明显差异。此外,木材流量似乎对新工厂和增加的需求作出反应。此外,出厂价的变化对纸浆木材供应的影响比对锯木供应的影响更大。同样的方法也可用于分析新工厂对从森林到工厂和工厂之间木材流动的影响,或用于支持森林企业在多个时期和多个目的地规划其木材供应。
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引用次数: 6
A comparison of UAV laser scanning, photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning for precision inventory of small-forest properties 无人机激光扫描、摄影测量和机载激光扫描在小森林属性精确清查中的比较
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpz057
S. Puliti, Jonathan P. Dash, M. Watt, J. Breidenbach, Grant D. Pearse
This study addresses the use of multiple sources of auxiliary data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for inference on key biophysical parameters in small forest properties (5–300 ha). We compared the precision of the estimates using plot data alone under a design-based inference with model-based estimates that include plot data and the following four types of auxiliary data: (1) terrain-independent variables from UAV photogrammetric data (UAV-SfM); (2) variables obtained from UAV photogrammetric data normalized using external terrain data (UAV-SfMDTM); (3) UAV-LS and (4) ALS data. The inclusion of remotely sensed data increased the precision of DB estimates by factors of 1.5–2.2. The optimal data sources for top height, stem density, basal area and total stem volume were: UAV-LS, UAV-SfM, UAV-SfMDTM and UAV-SfMDTM. We conclude that the use of UAV data can increase the precision of stand-level estimates even under intensive field sampling conditions.
本研究解决了使用来自无人机(uav)和机载激光扫描(ALS)数据的多个辅助数据来源来推断小型森林属性(5-300公顷)的关键生物物理参数的问题。我们比较了在基于设计的推理下仅使用地块数据的估计精度与包含地块数据和以下四种辅助数据的基于模型的估计精度:(1)来自无人机摄影测量数据(UAV- sfm)的地形无关变量;(2)利用外部地形数据(UAV- sfmdtm)归一化的无人机摄影测量数据得到的变量;(3) UAV-LS和(4)ALS数据。遥感数据的加入使DB估计的精度提高了1.5-2.2倍。茎高、茎密度、基部面积和茎总积的最佳数据源为:UAV-LS、UAV-SfM、UAV-SfMDTM和UAV-SfMDTM。我们得出结论,即使在密集的野外采样条件下,使用无人机数据也可以提高林分水平估计的精度。
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引用次数: 42
Forest Products and Wood Science 林产品与木材科学
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-02-14 DOI: 10.1002/9781119426400
J. Haygreen, J. Bowyer
Introduces wood as an industrial raw material and explains the physical and chemical nature of wood, important wood properties, and the nature of major wood products
介绍木材作为工业原料,并解释木材的物理和化学性质,重要的木材性能,以及主要木制品的性质
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引用次数: 808
How much are US households prepared to pay to manage and protect whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.)? 美国家庭准备支付多少钱来管理和保护白皮松(Pinus albicaulis Engelm)?
IF 2.8 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-09-20 DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpy030
Helen T Naughton, Kendall A Houghton, Eric D Raile, Elizabeth A Shanahan, Michael P Wallner

The whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) tree species faces precipitously declining populations in many locations. It is a keystone species found primarily in high-elevation forests across the Western US. The species is an early responder to climate change and qualifies for endangered species protection. We use contingent valuation to estimate the public's willingness to pay for management of the whitebark pine species. In contrast, previous work centres on valuing broader aspects of forest ecosystems or threats to multiple tree species. While only approximately half of the survey respondents have seen whitebark pine, the mean willingness to pay for whitebark pine management is $135 per household. When aggregated across all households from the three sampled states, willingness to pay totals $163 million. This information is valuable to forest managers who must make difficult decisions in times of resource constraints and climate change.

白皮松(Pinus albicaulis Engelm.)树种在许多地方面临着急剧下降的种群。这是一种主要在美国西部高海拔森林中发现的关键物种。该物种是气候变化的早期反应者,符合濒危物种保护的条件。我们使用条件估值来估计公众愿意支付管理白皮松物种。相比之下,以前的工作集中在评估森林生态系统的更广泛方面或对多种树种的威胁。虽然只有大约一半的调查受访者见过白皮松,但平均每户愿意支付白皮松管理费用为135美元。当将三个抽样州的所有家庭加起来时,支付意愿总计为1.63亿美元。这些信息对森林管理者很有价值,因为他们在资源紧张和气候变化的情况下必须做出艰难的决定。
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引用次数: 4
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