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Mechanical activation method for obtaining cement-ground piles binder 水泥土桩粘结剂的机械活化制备方法
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-1-114-120
N. Seregin, V. I. Zaprudnov
The physicochemical processes of grinding substances by mechanical activation method are considered. The analysis of the processes occurring in solid bodies during their mechanical processing is carried out. The main types of defects arising in the process of mechanical processing of layered silicates are described. For mechanical activation, the most common types of mills are presented, which include disintegrators and planetary mills. The principles of operation of disintegrators and planetary mills are considered in detail. Classification of mills intended for clinker grinding is given. The dependence of the specific energy consumption for clinker grinding and the strength of the samples on the type of mills is analyzed. The dependence of the specific surface of the crushed clinker and the strength of the samples on the speed of the rotor of the impact-reflective mill is investigated. Recommendations on the choice of the type of clinker grinding mills are given.
考虑了机械活化法研磨物质的物理化学过程。对固体机械加工过程中发生的过程进行了分析。介绍了层状硅酸盐机械加工过程中产生的主要缺陷类型。对于机械活化,介绍了最常见的磨机类型,包括粉碎机和行星磨机。详细论述了粉碎机和行星磨的工作原理。给出了用于熟料研磨的磨机的分类。分析了熟料研磨比能耗和试样强度与磨机类型的关系。研究了破碎后的熟料比表面和试样强度与冲击反射磨转子转速的关系。对熟料磨机的选型提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Use of sorption-stimulating preparations for seed treatment and interaction of soil allelotoxins with plants 刺激吸附制剂在种子处理中的应用及土壤化感毒素与植物的相互作用
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-1-45-52
I. Gorepekin
The influence of soil allelotoxicity on the application efficiency of a sorption-stimulating preparation used for pre-sowing seed treatment was studied. A comparison was also made of the negative effects of allelotoxicity of soils and water extracts from these soils on the seed development. From the analysis of the results, it followed that the development of seeds is influenced only by allelotoxins contained in the soil in the immediate vicinity of plants, entering them, apparently, due to exchange sorption. This mechanism of interaction of soil allelotoxins with plants explains well the effectiveness of stimulating pre-sowing seed treatment with sorption preparations, the sorption capacity of which is several orders of magnitude less than the amount of allelotoxins contained in the soil. A comparison was made that effect of sorption-stimulating preparations during the pre-sowing treatment of seeds and when introducing into the soil 30 times larger quantities. It was found that result of the preparations use does not depend on the method of their application, which confirms the correctness of the proposed mechanism of interaction between soil allelotoxins and plants. Results analysis of the introduction into the soil the sorption-stimulating preparations suggested the existence of a microbiological factor in reducing the allelotoxicity of soils, the use of which made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the sorption-stimulating preparations.
研究了土壤化感毒性对一种用于种子播种前处理的吸附剂施用效率的影响。还比较了土壤化感毒性和土壤水提取物对种子发育的负面影响。从分析结果可以看出,种子的发育只受植物附近土壤中所含的化感毒素的影响,这些化感毒素显然是通过交换吸收进入种子的。这种土壤化感毒素与植物相互作用的机制很好地解释了用吸收制剂刺激播种前种子处理的有效性,其吸收能力比土壤中所含的化感毒素少几个数量级。比较了在种子播前处理和在土壤中添加30倍量的促吸剂的效果。结果表明,土壤化感毒素与植物相互作用机制的正确性与施用方法无关。结果表明,在土壤中引入一种微生物因子,可以降低土壤的化感毒性,使其效果显著提高。
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引用次数: 0
Chafer is a somewhat forgotten, but once again a real threat Chafer有点被遗忘了,但又一次成为了真正的威胁
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-1-67-74
Y. Gninenko, Ya.V. Tsukanov, D. E. Galich, I.Ya. Cheplyanskiy
The article analyzes the significance of the Melolontha hippocastani beetle as a dangerous forest pest in Russia. It is shown that for a long time it was the main obstacle to the successful creation of forest plantations in a number of regions of the country, in particular in the Volga region and in the south of Western Siberia. In addition, it is shown that despite this, the definition of what is the center of mass reproduction of the beetle has not been formulated. Previously, various technologies for the protection against beetles were proposed and widely used, which included both the use of chemicals and forestry measures. This led to a significant reduction in the danger from this pest, and since the end of the 20th century, the chamois has ceased to be a significant reason for forestry workers to carry out protection measures. The article shows that currently favorable conditions are again emerging for the beginning of the formation of large foci of this pest. Definitions for such concepts as «center of mass reproduction» and «center of harmfulness» of Melolontha hippocastani are proposed and the absence of modern drugs and technologies for protection against this pest is indicated.
本文分析了在俄罗斯作为森林危险害虫的Melolontha hippocastani甲虫的意义。研究表明,在很长一段时间内,这是在该国一些地区,特别是在伏尔加河地区和西西伯利亚南部成功建立森林种植园的主要障碍。此外,研究表明,尽管如此,甲虫大规模繁殖中心的定义还没有明确。以前,人们提出了各种防治甲虫的技术,并广泛使用,其中包括使用化学品和林业措施。这大大减少了这种害虫的危险,自20世纪末以来,岩羚羊已经不再是林业工人采取保护措施的重要原因。文章表明,目前有利条件再次出现,开始形成该害虫的大疫源地。本文提出了对褐飞虱的“大规模繁殖中心”和“危害中心”等概念的定义,并指出缺乏现代药物和技术来预防这种害虫。
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引用次数: 0
Morphostructural variability parameters of different age generations in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations under constant excessive soil moisture in northern taiga of Arkhangelsk region 阿尔汉格尔斯克北部针叶林土壤水分持续过剩条件下不同年龄世代松树种群形态结构变异参数
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-62-74
S. Tarkhanov, E. Pinaevskaya, A. S. Pakhov
The data is presented for studying the variability of morphostructural parameters of different age (g1 and g2) pine populations under conditions of constant excessive soil moisture of the northern taiga of the Arkhangelsk region. The frequency of occurrence distribution of the age and morphostructural parameters (size of the trunk and crown, self-pruning, length of coarse bark, size and number of side shoots, length and life span of needles) of trees is shown. It has been established that pine trees with smaller trunk and crown sizes, worse self-pruning are more common. Greater height and diameter of the trunk, length and diameter of the crown, better self-pruning, a greater length of the coarse bark is observed in the older generation (g2). This is due to the older age of the trees. It has been established that the relationship between the height of the trunk and the age of the trees is higher in the samples of young generative trees. It was revealed that the young generation (g1) has a significantly greater length and mass of cones, the length, width and height of the apophysis of seed scales compared to the older generation (g2).
本文研究了阿尔汉格尔斯克北部针叶林不同年龄(g1和g2)松树种群在持续土壤水分过高条件下形态结构参数的变异。显示了树木的年龄和形态结构参数(树干和树冠的大小、自修剪、粗皮的长度、侧芽的大小和数量、针叶的长度和寿命)的发生频率分布。已经确定,树干和树冠尺寸较小,自修剪能力较差的松树更为常见。树干的高度和直径更大,树冠的长度和直径更大,自修剪能力更好,在老一代中观察到更长的粗树皮(g2)。这是由于树木的年龄较大。已经确定,在幼树的样本中,树干高度与树木年龄之间的关系更高。结果表明,幼代(g1)球果的长度、质量、种鳞突的长度、宽度和高度均显著大于老代(g2)。
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引用次数: 0
Heavy metals in phytosubstrates as indicators of anthropogenic air pollution in industrial region 植物基质中重金属作为工业区人为空气污染的指标
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-5-13
A. S. Alemasova, A. Safonov
The ecotopic difference in the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb) by botanical objects of indicator significance has been proven. To assess air pollution in Donbass, it is recommended to use the species Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid and Bryum argenteum Hedw. to check the accumulation of pollutants in gametophytes and Populus nigra L. on the specific content of the dendroindicator seeds in chalase capillary bristles. The studies were carried out in the the registration sites of the monitoring network in the central Donbass. The plants in the zones of technogenic and particular anthropogenic impacts (industrial enterprises of the metallurgical complex, dumps of coal mines, places of transport load on ecosystems, residential ecotopes) were studied in comparison with the territories of minimal transformation in the zones of the natural reserve fund in the Donetsk region. For the bryophytes of 11 species of the regional natural flora, taxonomic specificity in the accumulation of heavy metals was established, the facts of hyper- and hypoaccumulation in the thalli of bryobionts were noted. Based on the actual accumulation of heavy metals, the facts of the phytogeochemical migration activity of elements in the surface layer of the atmosphere of an industrially intense region were established. Accumulation of heavy metals in bryophytes occurs during precipitation, and in black poplar seeds freely floating in the air, as a result of active capture of dust particles, which causes a difference in accumulation by different phytosubstrates. The facts of the pollen content in other species of poplar fluff have been established, which is also considered in the context of a possible increase in the seasonal allergenic effect in the population. Accumulation of heavy metals in bryophytes occurs with precipitation, and in black poplar seeds freely floating in the air as a result of active capture of dust particles, which causes a difference in accumulation by different phytosubstrates. Pollen content in other species in poplar fluff have been established, which is also considered in the context of a possible increase in the seasonal allergic reactions.
植物对象对重金属(Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Cd、Pb)积累的生态差异具有指示意义。为了评估顿巴斯的空气污染,建议使用角蜥(hew .)。白百合和银百合。研究了配子体和黑杨树中污染物的积累对酶毛管刚毛中树木指示剂种子具体含量的影响。这些研究是在顿巴斯中部监测网的登记地点进行的。在技术和特殊人为影响区域(冶金综合体的工业企业,煤矿垃圾场,生态系统运输负荷的地方,住宅生态)的工厂与顿涅茨克地区自然保护区的最小变化区域进行了比较研究。对区域自然植物区系中11种苔藓植物的重金属积累进行了分类特异性分析,并指出苔藓生物菌体中重金属积累的高富集和低富集现象。根据重金属的实际积累,建立了某工业密集区大气表层元素植物地球化学迁移活动的事实。在降水过程中,苔藓植物和空气中自由漂浮的黑杨树种子都存在重金属的积累,这是由于尘埃颗粒的主动捕获造成的,不同植物基质对重金属的积累存在差异。其他杨树绒毛中花粉含量的事实已经确定,这也被认为是在种群中季节性过敏原效应可能增加的背景下。在苔藓植物中,重金属的积累是随降水发生的,而在空气中自由漂浮的黑杨树种子中,由于灰尘颗粒的主动捕获,导致不同植物基质对重金属的积累存在差异。杨树绒毛中其他物种的花粉含量已经确定,这也被认为是季节性过敏反应可能增加的背景。
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引用次数: 1
Practice of improving Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds and European spruce (Picea abies L.) progeny 改良苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)种子和欧洲云杉(Picea abies L.)后代的实践
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-75-91
O. Tyukavina, N. Demina
The article notes that the efficiency of reforestation in the Russian Federation is insufficient, the main problems are shortage and high cost of planting material. Techniques for presowing treatment of seeds in order to increase germination energy and germination of seeds are analyzed. A review of literature sources has been conducted to assess the application effectiveness of plant growth regulators in soaking seeds in order to increase their progenity and increase the resistance of seedlings to adverse factors. Soaking seeds does not require much effort and is the easiest way to treat seeds. A review of preparations (plant growth regulators) for seed processing from the «State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals» showed that mainly preparations are designed to stimulate the germination of seeds of agricultural plants, fruit and berry crops. Research is actively conducted to find effective preparations and their optimal concentrations for the treatment of coniferous seeds. Based on the review of research, a list of effective preparations for the treatment of Scots pine seeds has been established. Along with ready-made preparations of active substances, a promising way to influence the germination of seeds and increase the resistance of emerging plants to adverse factors may be plant raw materials in the form of wood wastes, parts of shrubs and trees, fall, herbaceous vegetation, including weeds, etc. A review of chemical, biological, physiological methods for improving seed quality showed that they can all be effective. The main principle of choosing the method of treating seeds should be the availability, economic feasibility and high efficiency of the preparation and devices.
文章指出,俄罗斯联邦的再造林效率不足,主要问题是造林材料短缺和成本高。分析了提高种子发芽率和提高种子发芽率的播前处理技术。本文综述了植物生长调节剂在浸种中的应用效果,以提高种子的成活率,提高幼苗对不利因素的抗性。浸泡种子不需要太多的努力,是最简单的处理种子的方法。对《国家农药和农用化学品目录》中用于种子加工的制剂(植物生长调节剂)的回顾表明,制剂主要用于刺激农业植物、水果和浆果作物的种子发芽。为寻找针叶树种子处理的有效制剂及其最佳浓度,正在积极开展研究。在综述研究成果的基础上,建立了一套处理苏格兰松种子的有效制剂清单。除了现成的活性物质制剂外,影响种子发芽和增加新兴植物对不利因素的抵抗力的一种很有希望的方法可能是以木材废料、灌木和树木的部分、秋季、草本植被(包括杂草)等形式存在的植物原料。通过对化学、生物、生理方法的综述,表明它们都是有效的改良种子品质的方法。种子处理方法的选择应以制备和装置的可获得性、经济可行性和高效性为主要原则。
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引用次数: 0
Retrospective analysis of landscape-ecological approach for disturbed landscapes recultivation 干扰景观修复的景观生态学方法回顾分析
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-48-54
A. Kulagin
Conducting a retrospective analysis of a landscape-ecological approach to the recultivation of disturbed lands showed that the recultivation technologies have developed from an agricultural direction to a landscape-ecological one, taking into account natural and climatic features and the focus on reducing environmental risks. The forest-oriented recultivation seems to be a promising way to eliminate the accumulated environmental damage formed during the development of mineral deposits. It is shown that successful forest recultivation of disturbed lands has local feautures and is associated with the restoration of the structural and functional integrity of landscape and ecological complexes. Pilot work on reforestation on dumps is recommended to be carried out with minimal costs for the technical stage of recultivation. It has been determined that woody plants deposit toxic chemical elements and reduce the level of secondary environmental pollution. The preference for forest reclamation of anthropogenic landscapes is associated with the restoration of their biological productivity and restrictions on the agricultural use of disturbed lands.
通过对景观生态复垦方法的回顾分析,表明复垦技术已经从农业方向发展到景观生态方向,考虑了自然和气候特征,注重降低环境风险。以森林为导向的复垦似乎是消除矿床开发过程中积累的环境破坏的一条很有前途的途径。研究表明,受干扰地成功的森林复垦具有局地特色,与景观和生态复合体结构和功能完整性的恢复有关。建议在再开垦的技术阶段以最低的费用进行在垃圾场重新造林的试点工作。木本植物具有沉积有毒化学元素,降低环境二次污染的作用。对人为景观的森林复垦的偏好与恢复其生物生产力和限制对受干扰土地的农业利用有关。
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引用次数: 0
Betula pendula L. wood delignification by mycodestruction and sulfite alkafide process 真菌破坏和亚硫酸盐碱化对白桦木材脱木质素的影响
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-141-147
E. Zagrebin, K. Vedernikov
The results of a study on the delignification of birch wood (Betula pendula L.) by cultivating mushrooms from the genus Pleurotus in laboratory conditions for three time intervals are presented. The results of extraction of lignin from wood by chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite in different concentrations, as well as at different processing times, are presented. Difficulties in washing raw materials using highly concentrated solutions have been identified. Data on the study of changes in the content of the main structural and non-structural components of wood, as well as the density of wood in the process of delignification are presented.
本文介绍了在实验室条件下培养白桦(Betula pendula L.)白桦(Betula pendula L.)蘑菇三个时间间隔的脱木质素研究结果。用不同浓度的氢氧化钠和亚硫酸钠对木材进行化学处理,并在不同处理时间对木质素进行提取。已经确定了使用高浓度溶液洗涤原料的困难。介绍了木材主要结构和非结构成分含量变化的研究数据,以及木材在脱木质素过程中的密度。
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引用次数: 0
Pollen viability of some woody plants species in Donetsk agglomeration 顿涅茨克地区木本植物花粉活力的研究
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-55-61
N.S. Mirnenko
Data on the sterility and viability of woody plants pollen grains in the Donetsk urban agglomeration are presented. The study object was pollen samples of woody plant species used in landscaping in Donetsk such as black poplar (Populus nigra L.), white willow (Salix alba L.), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). On the studied sites, it has been established that the sterility of pollen grains ranges from 16 to 44 %, and the viability ranges from 49 to 96%, which is a critical indicator indicating the inability to restore reproductive function in some of the studied species. It is statistically determined that the correlation of the studied parameters (selection points, sterility, viability) characterizes the Donetsk agglomeration as an unfavorable environment for plant life. The data obtained indicate a high degree of adaptation and resistance of tree species to technogenic impact. Indicative signs of atmospheric air pollution are determined, which are typical for the Donetsk agglomeration. Under conditions of intense technogenic load, a pattern appears in the quality change of pollen grains forming pollen anomalies. An indicator that characterizes the anatomical and morphological structure of pollen grains can be used in Donetsk conditions as a complement to other characteristics when a significant level of environmental pollution is detected.
在顿涅茨克城市群木本植物花粉粒的不育性和活力的数据提出。研究对象为顿涅茨克地区园林绿化木本植物黑杨(Populus nigra L.)、白柳(Salix alba L.)、七叶树(Aesculus hippocastanum L.)、白桦(Betula pendula Roth)的花粉样本。在研究点上,花粉粒的不育性在16% ~ 44%之间,生存力在49% ~ 96%之间,这是某些研究种无法恢复生殖功能的重要指标。从统计上确定,所研究参数(选择点、不育性、生存能力)的相关性将顿涅茨克集聚区定性为不利于植物生命的环境。所获得的数据表明,树种对技术冲击具有高度的适应性和抗性。大气污染的指示性迹象被确定,这是典型的顿涅茨克集聚。在强技术负荷条件下,花粉粒的质量变化出现一定规律,形成花粉异常。在顿涅茨克条件下,当检测到严重的环境污染时,可以使用表征花粉粒解剖和形态结构特征的指标作为其他特征的补充。
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引用次数: 1
Recovery features of disturbed plant communities in Komi Republic north 科米共和国北部受干扰植物群落恢复特征
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-24-32
Yu.O. Bushueva, T. Egoshina, Yu V Gudovskikh, A. V. Yaroslavtsev, E. A. Luginina
The paper presents the studied conducted in 17 plant communities with different stages of recovery in northern taiga ecosystems in Usinsk district of the Komi Republic. Habitats of rare and protected orchid species — Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó were marked. Stages of phytocoenoses recovery and level of human disturbance were defined. To estimate the communities’ resilience towards human impact, hemeroby index was determined and hemeroby spectra for each studied community compiled.
本文介绍了在科米共和国乌辛斯克地区北部针叶林生态系统中17个不同恢复阶段的植物群落进行的研究。珍稀保护兰花的生境——黄斑蕨(Dactylorhiza maculata, L.)Soó标记。确定了植物群落恢复的阶段和人为干扰的程度。为了评估群落对人类影响的恢复能力,我们确定了血红指数,并编制了每个研究群落的血红光谱。
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引用次数: 0
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Forestry Bulletin
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