Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive method for brain stimulation that artificially modulates oscillatory brain activity in the cortical region directly beneath the electrodes by applying a weak alternating current. Beta (β) oscillatory activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in motor planning and maintenance, whereas gamma (γ) oscillatory activity is involved in the updating of motor plans. However, the effect of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning has not yet been investigated. This study assessed the effects of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning. Forty-two right-handed healthy adults (age 20.6 ± 0.5 years, 24 men and 18 women) were included. Motor learning was assessed using a visuomotor tracking task with pinch tension of the right thumb and right forefinger. Each trial lasted 60 s, and the error rates were measured. Conductive rubber electrodes were attached to the SMA and the left shoulder for tACS. Stimulation was applied at an intensity of 1.0 mA and frequencies of 70 and 20 Hz in the γ-tACS and β-tACS treatment groups, respectively. The sham group was only administered a fade-in/out. The visuomotor tracking task was performed for 10 trials before tACS and 10 trials after tACS. Two trials were conducted on the following day to determine motor skill retention. The average deviation measured during 60 s was considered the error value. Pre-stimulation learning rate was calculated as the change in error rate. Post-stimulation learning rate and retention rate were calculated as the change in error rate after stimulation and on the day after stimulation, respectively. In both the stimulation groups, differences in pre-stimulation learning, post-stimulation learning, and retention rates were not significant. However, in the γ-tACS group, baseline performance and pre-stimulation learning rate were positively correlated with post-stimulation learning rate. Therefore, applying γ-tACS to the SMA can increase post-stimulation learning rate in participants exhibiting low baseline performance and high pre-stimulation learning rate. Our findings suggest that motor learning can be effectively enhanced by applying γ-tACS to the SMA based on an individual’s motor and learning abilities.
经颅交变电流刺激（tACS）是一种非侵入性的脑刺激方法，它通过施加微弱的交变电流，人为地调节电极正下方皮层区域的脑振荡活动。辅助运动区（SMA）的β（β）振荡活动参与运动计划的制定和维持，而γ（γ）振荡活动则参与运动计划的更新。然而，在 SMA 上应用 tACS 对运动学习的影响尚未得到研究。本研究评估了在 SMA 上应用 tACS 对运动学习的影响。研究对象包括 42 名右手健康的成年人（年龄为 20.6 ± 0.5 岁，男性 24 人，女性 18 人）。运动学习是通过右手拇指和右手食指捏紧视觉运动跟踪任务进行评估的。每次试验持续 60 秒，并测量错误率。导电橡胶电极连接到 SMA 和左肩，用于 tACS。γ-tACS治疗组和β-tACS治疗组的刺激强度分别为1.0 mA，频率分别为70 Hz和20 Hz。假治疗组只进行淡入/淡出。视觉运动追踪任务在tACS治疗前进行10次试验，在tACS治疗后进行10次试验。次日进行两次试验，以确定运动技能的保持情况。60 秒内测得的平均偏差被视为误差值。刺激前的学习率按错误率的变化计算。刺激后的学习率和保持率分别按刺激后和刺激后当天的错误率变化计算。在两个刺激组中，刺激前学习率、刺激后学习率和保持率的差异均不显著。然而，在γ-tACS组中，基线成绩和刺激前学习率与刺激后学习率呈正相关。因此，将 γ-tACS 应用于 SMA 可以提高基线表现低和刺激前学习率高的参与者的刺激后学习率。我们的研究结果表明，根据个人的运动和学习能力，在 SMA 上应用 γ-tACS 可以有效提高运动学习能力。
{"title":"Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation to the supplementary motor area on motor learning","authors":"Shunpei Yamamoto, Shota Miyaguchi, Takuma Ogawa, Yasuto Inukai, Naofumi Otsuru, Hideaki Onishi","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1378059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1378059","url":null,"abstract":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive method for brain stimulation that artificially modulates oscillatory brain activity in the cortical region directly beneath the electrodes by applying a weak alternating current. Beta (β) oscillatory activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in motor planning and maintenance, whereas gamma (γ) oscillatory activity is involved in the updating of motor plans. However, the effect of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning has not yet been investigated. This study assessed the effects of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning. Forty-two right-handed healthy adults (age 20.6 ± 0.5 years, 24 men and 18 women) were included. Motor learning was assessed using a visuomotor tracking task with pinch tension of the right thumb and right forefinger. Each trial lasted 60 s, and the error rates were measured. Conductive rubber electrodes were attached to the SMA and the left shoulder for tACS. Stimulation was applied at an intensity of 1.0 mA and frequencies of 70 and 20 Hz in the γ-tACS and β-tACS treatment groups, respectively. The sham group was only administered a fade-in/out. The visuomotor tracking task was performed for 10 trials before tACS and 10 trials after tACS. Two trials were conducted on the following day to determine motor skill retention. The average deviation measured during 60 s was considered the error value. Pre-stimulation learning rate was calculated as the change in error rate. Post-stimulation learning rate and retention rate were calculated as the change in error rate after stimulation and on the day after stimulation, respectively. In both the stimulation groups, differences in pre-stimulation learning, post-stimulation learning, and retention rates were not significant. However, in the γ-tACS group, baseline performance and pre-stimulation learning rate were positively correlated with post-stimulation learning rate. Therefore, applying γ-tACS to the SMA can increase post-stimulation learning rate in participants exhibiting low baseline performance and high pre-stimulation learning rate. Our findings suggest that motor learning can be effectively enhanced by applying γ-tACS to the SMA based on an individual’s motor and learning abilities.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384578
Stewart S. Cox, Brogan J. Brown, Samuel K. Wood, Samantha J. Brown, Angela M. Kearns, Carmela M. Reichel
IntroductionEmpathic behaviors are driven by the ability to understand the emotional states of others along with the motivation to improve it. Evidence points towards forms of empathy, like targeted helping, in many species including rats. There are several variables that may modulate targeted helping, including sex, sensory modalities, and activity of multiple neural substrates.MethodsUsing a model of social contact-independent targeted helping, we first tested whether sex differences exist in helping behavior. Next, we explored sex differences in sensory and affective signaling, including direct visualization and an analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations made between animal pairs. Finally, we examined the neural activity in males and females of multiple regions of interest across time. Here, we aim to examine any behavioral differences in our lab’s social contact independent targeted helping task between males and females.Results and DiscussionThese findings are the first to intimate that, like other prosocial behaviors, males and females may exhibit similar social-independent targeted helping behavior, but the underlying sensory communication in males and females may differ. In addition, this is the first set of experiments that explore the neural correlates of social-independent targeted helping in both males and females. These results lay the groundwork for future studies to explore the similarities and differences that drive targeted helping in both sexes.
{"title":"Neuronal, affective, and sensory correlates of targeted helping behavior in male and female Sprague Dawley rats","authors":"Stewart S. Cox, Brogan J. Brown, Samuel K. Wood, Samantha J. Brown, Angela M. Kearns, Carmela M. Reichel","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384578","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionEmpathic behaviors are driven by the ability to understand the emotional states of others along with the motivation to improve it. Evidence points towards forms of empathy, like targeted helping, in many species including rats. There are several variables that may modulate targeted helping, including sex, sensory modalities, and activity of multiple neural substrates.MethodsUsing a model of social contact-independent targeted helping, we first tested whether sex differences exist in helping behavior. Next, we explored sex differences in sensory and affective signaling, including direct visualization and an analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations made between animal pairs. Finally, we examined the neural activity in males and females of multiple regions of interest across time. Here, we aim to examine any behavioral differences in our lab’s social contact independent targeted helping task between males and females.Results and DiscussionThese findings are the first to intimate that, like other prosocial behaviors, males and females may exhibit similar social-independent targeted helping behavior, but the underlying sensory communication in males and females may differ. In addition, this is the first set of experiments that explore the neural correlates of social-independent targeted helping in both males and females. These results lay the groundwork for future studies to explore the similarities and differences that drive targeted helping in both sexes.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1376021
Mara Palumbo, Sara Palumbo
{"title":"Emotional dyscontrol in multiple sclerosis: an opinion article","authors":"Mara Palumbo, Sara Palumbo","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1376021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1376021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this review extends beyond the traditional triune brain model, aiming to elucidate the evolutionary aspects of alpha rhythms in vertebrates. The forebrain, comprising the telencephalon (pallium) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), is a common feature in the brains of all vertebrates. In mammals, evolution has prioritized the development of the forebrain, especially the neocortex, over the midbrain (mesencephalon) optic tectum, which serves as the prototype for the visual brain. This evolution enables mammals to process visual information in the retina-thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)-occipital cortex pathway. The origin of posterior-dominant alpha rhythms observed in mammals in quiet and dark environments is not solely attributed to cholinergic pontine nuclei cells functioning as a 10 Hz pacemaker in the brainstem. It also involves the ability of the neocortex’s cortical layers to generate traveling waves of alpha rhythms with waxing and waning characteristics. The utilization of alpha rhythms might have facilitated the shift of attention from external visual inputs to internal cognitive processes as an adaptation to thrive in dark environments. The evolution of alpha rhythms might trace back to the dinosaur era, suggesting that enhanced cortical connectivity linked to alpha bands could have facilitated the development of nocturnal awakening in the ancestors of mammals. In fishes, reptiles, and birds, the pallium lacks a cortical layer. However, there is a lack of research clearly observing dominant alpha rhythms in the pallium or organized nuclear structures in fishes, reptiles, or birds. Through convergent evolution, the pallium of birds, which exhibits cortex-like fiber architecture, has not only acquired advanced cognitive and motor abilities but also the capability to generate low-frequency oscillations (4-25 Hz) resembling alpha rhythms. This suggests that the origins of alpha rhythms might lie in the pallium of a common ancestor of birds and mammals.
{"title":"Evolutionary origin of alpha rhythms in vertebrates","authors":"Takashi Shibata, Noriaki Hattori, Hisao Nishijo, Satoshi Kuroda, Kaoru Takakusaki","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384340","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review extends beyond the traditional triune brain model, aiming to elucidate the evolutionary aspects of alpha rhythms in vertebrates. The forebrain, comprising the telencephalon (pallium) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), is a common feature in the brains of all vertebrates. In mammals, evolution has prioritized the development of the forebrain, especially the neocortex, over the midbrain (mesencephalon) optic tectum, which serves as the prototype for the visual brain. This evolution enables mammals to process visual information in the retina-thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)-occipital cortex pathway. The origin of posterior-dominant alpha rhythms observed in mammals in quiet and dark environments is not solely attributed to cholinergic pontine nuclei cells functioning as a 10 Hz pacemaker in the brainstem. It also involves the ability of the neocortex’s cortical layers to generate traveling waves of alpha rhythms with waxing and waning characteristics. The utilization of alpha rhythms might have facilitated the shift of attention from external visual inputs to internal cognitive processes as an adaptation to thrive in dark environments. The evolution of alpha rhythms might trace back to the dinosaur era, suggesting that enhanced cortical connectivity linked to alpha bands could have facilitated the development of nocturnal awakening in the ancestors of mammals. In fishes, reptiles, and birds, the pallium lacks a cortical layer. However, there is a lack of research clearly observing dominant alpha rhythms in the pallium or organized nuclear structures in fishes, reptiles, or birds. Through convergent evolution, the pallium of birds, which exhibits cortex-like fiber architecture, has not only acquired advanced cognitive and motor abilities but also the capability to generate low-frequency oscillations (4-25 Hz) resembling alpha rhythms. This suggests that the origins of alpha rhythms might lie in the pallium of a common ancestor of birds and mammals.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1381852
Ehud Fonio, Ofer Feinerman
The physicality of the world in which the animal acts—its anatomical structure, physiology, perception, emotional states, and cognitive capabilities—determines the boundaries of the behavioral space within which the animal can operate. Behavior, therefore, can be considered as the subspace that remains after secluding all actions that are not available to the animal due to constraints. The very signature of being a certain creature is reflected in these limitations that shape its behavior. A major goal of ethology is to expose those constraints that carve the intricate structure of animal behavior and reveal both uniqueness and commonalities between animals within and across taxa. Exploratory behavior in an empty arena seems to be stochastic; nevertheless, it does not mean that the moving animal is a random walker. In this study, we present how, by adding constraints to the animal’s locomotion, one can gradually retain the ‘mousiness’ that characterizes the behaving mouse. We then introduce a novel phenomenon of high mirror symmetry along the locomotion of mice, which highlights another constraint that further compresses the complex nature of exploratory behavior in these animals. We link these findings to a known neural mechanism that could explain this phenomenon. Finally, we suggest our novel finding and derived methods to be used in the search for commonalities in the motion trajectories of various organisms across taxa.
{"title":"High mirror symmetry in mouse exploratory behavior","authors":"Ehud Fonio, Ofer Feinerman","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1381852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1381852","url":null,"abstract":"The physicality of the world in which the animal acts—its anatomical structure, physiology, perception, emotional states, and cognitive capabilities—determines the boundaries of the behavioral space within which the animal can operate. Behavior, therefore, can be considered as the subspace that remains after secluding all actions that are not available to the animal due to constraints. The very signature of being a certain creature is reflected in these limitations that shape its behavior. A major goal of ethology is to expose those constraints that carve the intricate structure of animal behavior and reveal both uniqueness and commonalities between animals within and across taxa. Exploratory behavior in an empty arena seems to be stochastic; nevertheless, it does not mean that the moving animal is a random walker. In this study, we present how, by adding constraints to the animal’s locomotion, one can gradually retain the ‘mousiness’ that characterizes the behaving mouse. We then introduce a novel phenomenon of high mirror symmetry along the locomotion of mice, which highlights another constraint that further compresses the complex nature of exploratory behavior in these animals. We link these findings to a known neural mechanism that could explain this phenomenon. Finally, we suggest our novel finding and derived methods to be used in the search for commonalities in the motion trajectories of various organisms across taxa.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1388886
S. Nazzari, Fatemeh Darvehei, Ellie Nicole Jensen, Samuele Lucchin, Anastasiia Samoukina, L. Provenzi
{"title":"In the heat of connection: using infrared thermal imaging to shed new light into early parent-infant co-regulation patterns","authors":"S. Nazzari, Fatemeh Darvehei, Ellie Nicole Jensen, Samuele Lucchin, Anastasiia Samoukina, L. Provenzi","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1388886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1388886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140736851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1399780
Áine M. Kelly, Denise Manahan-Vaughan, Jee Hyun Kim
{"title":"Editorial: Insights in learning and memory: 2022","authors":"Áine M. Kelly, Denise Manahan-Vaughan, Jee Hyun Kim","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1399780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1399780","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1373556
Mona Buhusi, Colten K. Brown, Catalin V. Buhusi
The neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is widely expressed and has important physiological functions in the nervous system across the lifespan, from axonal growth and guidance to spine and synaptic pruning, to organization of proteins at the nodes of Ranvier. NrCAM lies at the core of a functional protein network where multiple targets (including NrCAM itself) have been associated with schizophrenia. Here we investigated the effects of chronic unpredictable stress on latent inhibition, a measure of selective attention and learning which shows alterations in schizophrenia, in NrCAM knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type littermate controls (WT). Under baseline experimental conditions both NrCAM KO and WT mice expressed robust latent inhibition (p = 0.001). However, following chronic unpredictable stress, WT mice (p = 0.002), but not NrCAM KO mice (F < 1), expressed latent inhibition. Analyses of neuronal activation (c-Fos positive counts) in key brain regions relevant to latent inhibition indicated four types of effects: a single hit by genotype in IL cortex (p = 0.0001), a single hit by stress in Acb-shell (p = 0.031), a dual hit stress x genotype in mOFC (p = 0.008), vOFC (p = 0.020), and Acb-core (p = 0.032), and no effect in PrL cortex (p > 0.141). These results indicating a pattern of differential effects of genotype and stress support a complex stress × genotype interaction model and a role for NrCAM in stress-induced pathological behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
神经细胞粘附分子（NrCAM）在神经系统中广泛表达，并在整个生命周期中发挥着重要的生理功能，包括轴突生长和引导、脊柱和突触修剪以及在兰维尔结点组织蛋白质。NrCAM 位于功能蛋白网络的核心，该网络中的多个靶点（包括 NrCAM 本身）与精神分裂症有关。在这里，我们研究了慢性不可预测压力对 NrCAM 基因敲除（KO）小鼠及其野生型同窝对照（WT）的潜伏抑制的影响。在基线实验条件下，NrCAM KO 小鼠和 WT 小鼠都表现出了很强的潜在抑制能力（p = 0.001）。然而，在长期不可预测的压力下，WT 小鼠（p = 0.002）表达了潜伏抑制，而 NrCAM KO 小鼠（F < 1）则没有。对潜伏抑制相关关键脑区的神经元激活（c-Fos 阳性计数）的分析表明有四种类型的影响：IL 皮层基因型的单一影响（p = 0.0001），Acb-shell（p = 0.031）中压力的单一影响，mOFC（p = 0.008）、vOFC（p = 0.020）和 Acb-core （p = 0.032）中压力 x 基因型的双重影响，以及 PrL 皮层的无影响（p > 0.141）。这些结果表明了基因型和应激的不同影响模式，支持复杂的应激×基因型相互作用模型，以及NrCAM在与精神分裂症和其他精神疾病有关的应激诱发病理行为中的作用。
{"title":"NrCAM-deficient mice exposed to chronic stress exhibit disrupted latent inhibition, a hallmark of schizophrenia","authors":"Mona Buhusi, Colten K. Brown, Catalin V. Buhusi","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1373556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1373556","url":null,"abstract":"The neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is widely expressed and has important physiological functions in the nervous system across the lifespan, from axonal growth and guidance to spine and synaptic pruning, to organization of proteins at the nodes of Ranvier. NrCAM lies at the core of a functional protein network where multiple targets (including NrCAM itself) have been associated with schizophrenia. Here we investigated the effects of chronic unpredictable stress on latent inhibition, a measure of selective attention and learning which shows alterations in schizophrenia, in NrCAM knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type littermate controls (WT). Under baseline experimental conditions both NrCAM KO and WT mice expressed robust latent inhibition (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.001). However, following chronic unpredictable stress, WT mice (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002), but not NrCAM KO mice (<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> &lt; 1), expressed latent inhibition. Analyses of neuronal activation (c-Fos positive counts) in key brain regions relevant to latent inhibition indicated four types of effects: a single hit by genotype in IL cortex (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0001), a single hit by stress in Acb-shell (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.031), a dual hit stress x genotype in mOFC (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.008), vOFC (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.020), and Acb-core (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.032), and no effect in PrL cortex (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.141). These results indicating a pattern of differential effects of genotype and stress support a complex stress × genotype interaction model and a role for NrCAM in stress-induced pathological behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140314871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1391782
Tatjana Krama, Māris Munkevics, Ronalds Krams, Tatjana Grigorjeva, Giedrius Trakimas, Priit Jõers, Sergejs Popovs, Krists Zants, Didzis Elferts, Markus J Rantala, Eriks Sledevskis, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Benjamin L de Bivort, Indrikis A Krams
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301.].
{"title":"Corrigendum: Development under predation risk increases serotonin-signaling, variability of turning behavior and survival in adult fruit flies <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Tatjana Krama, Māris Munkevics, Ronalds Krams, Tatjana Grigorjeva, Giedrius Trakimas, Priit Jõers, Sergejs Popovs, Krists Zants, Didzis Elferts, Markus J Rantala, Eriks Sledevskis, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Benjamin L de Bivort, Indrikis A Krams","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1391782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1391782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10995732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140854765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prion diseases, such as scrapie, entail the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) within the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the pattern recognition system. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a central role in orchestrating host innate immune responses. The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) were not well-defined. To establish a model of prion diseases in BALB/C mice, the 22L strain was employed. The features of the 22L strain were analyzed, and the cerebellum exhibited severe pathological changes. TLR1-13 levels in the cerebellum were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at time points of 60, 90, 120, and the final end point (145 days post-infection). During the pathogenesis, the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 increased in a time-dependent manner. This trend mirrored the expression patterns of PrPSc (the pathological isoform of the prion protein) and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Notably, at the end point, TLR1-13 levels were significantly elevated. Protein level of TLR7 and TLR9 showed increasing at the end point of the 22L-infected mice. A deeper understanding of the increased Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in prion diseases could shed light on their role in initiating immune responses at various stages during pathogenesis. This insight is particularly relevant when considering TLRs as potential therapeutic targets for prion diseases.
{"title":"Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease","authors":"Xiangyu Liao, Wufei Zhu, Xingyu Liao, Wensen Liu, Yiwei Hou, Jiayu Wan","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1341901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1341901","url":null,"abstract":"Prion diseases, such as scrapie, entail the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) within the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the pattern recognition system. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a central role in orchestrating host innate immune responses. The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) were not well-defined. To establish a model of prion diseases in BALB/C mice, the 22L strain was employed. The features of the 22L strain were analyzed, and the cerebellum exhibited severe pathological changes. TLR1-13 levels in the cerebellum were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at time points of 60, 90, 120, and the final end point (145 days post-infection). During the pathogenesis, the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 increased in a time-dependent manner. This trend mirrored the expression patterns of PrPSc (the pathological isoform of the prion protein) and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Notably, at the end point, TLR1-13 levels were significantly elevated. Protein level of TLR7 and TLR9 showed increasing at the end point of the 22L-infected mice. A deeper understanding of the increased Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in prion diseases could shed light on their role in initiating immune responses at various stages during pathogenesis. This insight is particularly relevant when considering TLRs as potential therapeutic targets for prion diseases.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140611260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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