ObjectiveDepression may be accompanied by cognitive impairment, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of fluoxetine on behavioral performance and prefrontal cortex neuronal damage in rats with depression-associated cognitive impairment, based on the observation of VGLUT2 protein expression.MethodsForty-five SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15): normal control group (CON), depression group (DD), and fluoxetine group (DD + F). The CON group was reared normally, while the DD and DD + F groups underwent chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with social isolation to induce a depression-related cognitive dysfunction model. After modeling, the DD + F group was treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, ig) for 14 days. Behavioral tests were performed to assess changes in mood, cognition, learning, and social abilities. Histopathological observations were made to examine pathological changes, neuronal apoptosis, ultrastructure, and dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex. The concentration, relative expression level, and mRNA expression of VGLUT2 protein were also measured. Finally, a correlation analysis was performed between the relative expression level and mRNA expression of VGLUT2 protein and the pathological changes in neurons.ResultsCompared to the CON group, the DD group exhibited decreased body weight, anhedonia, increased behavioral despair, reduced locomotor activity and spontaneous exploratory behavior, impaired spatial learning and memory, and decreased social interaction and social cognitive ability. Pathological damage was observed in the prefrontal cortex, with neuronal apoptosis, ultrastructural damage, and reduced neuroplasticity. The concentration, relative expression, and mRNA expression levels of VGLUT2 protein were decreased. Following fluoxetine intervention, the above behavioral phenotypes improved; pathological damage showed varying degrees of recovery; and the concentration, relative expression, and mRNA expression levels of VGLUT2 protein increased. Finally, there was a significant correlation between VGLUT2 protein expression and pathological changes in the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionAfter 28 days of CUMS combined with isolation rearing, rats exhibited impairments in mood, cognition, learning, and social abilities, with neuronal damage and decreased VGLUT2 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex. Following fluoxetine intervention, VGLUT2 protein expression increased, neuronal repair in the prefrontal cortex occurred, depressive-like behavior improved, and cognitive learning and social abilities were restored.
{"title":"VGLUT2 may improve cognitive function in depressed rats by protecting prefrontal cortex neurons","authors":"Longfei Liu, Yongxue Hu, Qing Shan, Peifan Li, Tianpei Ma, Yiming Wang","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1453161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1453161","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveDepression may be accompanied by cognitive impairment, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of fluoxetine on behavioral performance and prefrontal cortex neuronal damage in rats with depression-associated cognitive impairment, based on the observation of VGLUT2 protein expression.MethodsForty-five SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 15): normal control group (CON), depression group (DD), and fluoxetine group (DD + F). The CON group was reared normally, while the DD and DD + F groups underwent chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with social isolation to induce a depression-related cognitive dysfunction model. After modeling, the DD + F group was treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, ig) for 14 days. Behavioral tests were performed to assess changes in mood, cognition, learning, and social abilities. Histopathological observations were made to examine pathological changes, neuronal apoptosis, ultrastructure, and dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex. The concentration, relative expression level, and mRNA expression of VGLUT2 protein were also measured. Finally, a correlation analysis was performed between the relative expression level and mRNA expression of VGLUT2 protein and the pathological changes in neurons.ResultsCompared to the CON group, the DD group exhibited decreased body weight, anhedonia, increased behavioral despair, reduced locomotor activity and spontaneous exploratory behavior, impaired spatial learning and memory, and decreased social interaction and social cognitive ability. Pathological damage was observed in the prefrontal cortex, with neuronal apoptosis, ultrastructural damage, and reduced neuroplasticity. The concentration, relative expression, and mRNA expression levels of VGLUT2 protein were decreased. Following fluoxetine intervention, the above behavioral phenotypes improved; pathological damage showed varying degrees of recovery; and the concentration, relative expression, and mRNA expression levels of VGLUT2 protein increased. Finally, there was a significant correlation between VGLUT2 protein expression and pathological changes in the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionAfter 28 days of CUMS combined with isolation rearing, rats exhibited impairments in mood, cognition, learning, and social abilities, with neuronal damage and decreased VGLUT2 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex. Following fluoxetine intervention, VGLUT2 protein expression increased, neuronal repair in the prefrontal cortex occurred, depressive-like behavior improved, and cognitive learning and social abilities were restored.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1441910
Artem Sinegubov, Vyacheslav Dyachuk
BackgroundMK-801 is a drug widely used in preclinical studies to model schizophrenia in animals. Its distinctive feature is the ability to mimic pathological changes in social interactions. Unlike humans, rodents rely heavily on their sense of smell for social interaction. Since, as previously demonstrated, it also impairs neurogenesis, we set out to determine whether olfactory impairment is associated with chronic administration of the drug.MethodsThe mice were divided into two groups, of which one was administered the drug for 3 weeks, and the other only once. Olfaction and social transfer of food preferences were tested after the drug administration period. At the end of the experiment, an immunofluorescence study was performed to determine differences in neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs.ResultsAn olfactory deficit was observed in animals that received the drug for 3 weeks. These changes were also accompanied by an abnormal lack of food preference in the social transmission test. As a result of a morphological study, a pronounced decrease in the number of new neurons was found in the olfactory bulbs of the animals that had received the drug.ConclusionOur results indicate that at least some of the impairments in social behavior of the animals exposed to NMDA receptor antagonists are likely caused by changes in the sense of smell. These changes are associated with disruptions of neurogenesis.
{"title":"Chronic exposure to MK-801 leads to olfactory deficits and reduced neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs of adult male mice","authors":"Artem Sinegubov, Vyacheslav Dyachuk","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1441910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1441910","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundMK-801 is a drug widely used in preclinical studies to model schizophrenia in animals. Its distinctive feature is the ability to mimic pathological changes in social interactions. Unlike humans, rodents rely heavily on their sense of smell for social interaction. Since, as previously demonstrated, it also impairs neurogenesis, we set out to determine whether olfactory impairment is associated with chronic administration of the drug.MethodsThe mice were divided into two groups, of which one was administered the drug for 3 weeks, and the other only once. Olfaction and social transfer of food preferences were tested after the drug administration period. At the end of the experiment, an immunofluorescence study was performed to determine differences in neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs.ResultsAn olfactory deficit was observed in animals that received the drug for 3 weeks. These changes were also accompanied by an abnormal lack of food preference in the social transmission test. As a result of a morphological study, a pronounced decrease in the number of new neurons was found in the olfactory bulbs of the animals that had received the drug.ConclusionOur results indicate that at least some of the impairments in social behavior of the animals exposed to NMDA receptor antagonists are likely caused by changes in the sense of smell. These changes are associated with disruptions of neurogenesis.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1457894
Mazyar Abdollahi Nejat, Oliver Stiedl, August B. Smit, Ronald E. van Kesteren
Locomotor activity can serve as a readout to identify discomfort and pain. Therefore, monitoring locomotor activity following interventions that induce potential discomfort may serve as a reliable method for evaluating animal health, complementing conventional methods such as body weight measurement. In this study, we used the digital ventilated cage (DVC®) system for the assessment of circadian locomotor activity, in addition to body weight monitoring, following intracranial stereotaxic surgery in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model (C57BL/6J/APPswe/PSEN1dE9). Stereotaxic surgery did not affect the organization of circadian locomotor activity of both 7–8-week-old and 19–21-week-old mice. However, we observed that both young and old mice exhibited a significant decrease in activity during the dark phase. Also, our study shows that changes in locomotor activity exhibit higher sensitivity in detecting alterations indicative of animal health compared to measuring body weight. In contrast to 7–8-week-old mice, where we observed no genotypic differences in locomotor activity, 19–21-week-old APP/PS1 mice showed increased locomotor activity compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that a subset of the 7–8-week-old mice showed increased locomotor activity during the initial peak of the dark phase. One mouse experienced sudden death early in life, possibly due to epileptic seizures. Altogether, our findings affirm continuous activity measurements as used in the DVC® as a highly valuable objective method for post-surgical welfare monitoring. Its discerning capacity not only facilitates circadian locomotor rhythm assessment but also enables the identification of individual aberrant activity patterns, possibly indicative of epileptic seizures.
{"title":"Continuous locomotor activity monitoring to assess animal welfare following intracranial surgery in mice","authors":"Mazyar Abdollahi Nejat, Oliver Stiedl, August B. Smit, Ronald E. van Kesteren","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1457894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1457894","url":null,"abstract":"Locomotor activity can serve as a readout to identify discomfort and pain. Therefore, monitoring locomotor activity following interventions that induce potential discomfort may serve as a reliable method for evaluating animal health, complementing conventional methods such as body weight measurement. In this study, we used the digital ventilated cage (DVC<jats:sup>®</jats:sup>) system for the assessment of circadian locomotor activity, in addition to body weight monitoring, following intracranial stereotaxic surgery in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model (C57BL/6J/APPswe/PSEN1dE9). Stereotaxic surgery did not affect the organization of circadian locomotor activity of both 7–8-week-old and 19–21-week-old mice. However, we observed that both young and old mice exhibited a significant decrease in activity during the dark phase. Also, our study shows that changes in locomotor activity exhibit higher sensitivity in detecting alterations indicative of animal health compared to measuring body weight. In contrast to 7–8-week-old mice, where we observed no genotypic differences in locomotor activity, 19–21-week-old APP/PS1 mice showed increased locomotor activity compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that a subset of the 7–8-week-old mice showed increased locomotor activity during the initial peak of the dark phase. One mouse experienced sudden death early in life, possibly due to epileptic seizures. Altogether, our findings affirm continuous activity measurements as used in the DVC<jats:sup>®</jats:sup> as a highly valuable objective method for post-surgical welfare monitoring. Its discerning capacity not only facilitates circadian locomotor rhythm assessment but also enables the identification of individual aberrant activity patterns, possibly indicative of epileptic seizures.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BackgroundA rodent autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model based on prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is widely recognized as a prominent model. Social behavior in rodent ASD models has primarily been evaluated through a three-chamber approach test. However, in this study, we focused on social attention in the VPA model of ASD.MethodsIn male C57BL/6 J mice, attentional behaviors toward conspecifics were examined through reaching tasks around 9–11 weeks of age. On embryonic day 12.5, pregnant mice underwent a subcutaneous injection of 600 mg/kg VPA sodium salt dissolved in 0.9% saline solution (VPA group) or saline solution alone (Sal group) into their neck fat. Thirty-six mice—nine each in the VPA and saline groups, and 18 partners—underwent training in reaching behavior. Subsequently, we examined whether the VPA or Sal group demonstrated focused attention toward their partners during reaching tasks. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (condition [VPA/Sal] × situation [face-to-face (attention)/not paying attention (not attention)]) was conducted on the average success rate of the situation. Additionally, we measured the duration of sniffing behavior between pairs of mice in an open field twice in total at 4 and 8 weeks of age before reaching task. The pairs were constructed by pairing a VPA or Sal group mouse with its partner, with the objective of facilitating initial encounters between the mice. A one-way ANOVA was conducted on the average duration of sniffing behavior data from 4 weeks and a second one-way ANOVA on data from 8 weeks.ResultsThe analysis revealed a significant interaction between condition and situation in the reaching task [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (1, 28) = 6.75, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.015, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.19]. The simple main effect test exhibited that the “not paying attention” rate was significantly higher than that of the “face-to-face” in the VPA group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01). The results revealed a not significant difference in the average duration of sniffing behavior at 4 weeks [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (3, 32) = 2.71, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.06, <jats:italic>n.s.</jats:italic>, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.20], but significant difference at 8 weeks [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (3, 32) = 4.12, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.28]. Multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method revealed significant differences in the sniffing duration at 8 weeks between from the partner toward the VPA mouse and from the partner toward the Sal mouse (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05).ConclusionThe VPA rodent model of ASD exhibited differences in social attention compared to the saline group. By focusing on social attention and exploring various ASD models, insights can be gained from the neural mechanisms underlying gaze abnormalities during social interact
{"title":"Impairments of social interaction in a valproic acid model in mice","authors":"Masatoshi Ukezono, Yoshiyuki Kasahara, Chihiro Yoshida, Yuki Murakami, Takashi Okada, Yuji Takano","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1430267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1430267","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundA rodent autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model based on prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is widely recognized as a prominent model. Social behavior in rodent ASD models has primarily been evaluated through a three-chamber approach test. However, in this study, we focused on social attention in the VPA model of ASD.MethodsIn male C57BL/6 J mice, attentional behaviors toward conspecifics were examined through reaching tasks around 9–11 weeks of age. On embryonic day 12.5, pregnant mice underwent a subcutaneous injection of 600 mg/kg VPA sodium salt dissolved in 0.9% saline solution (VPA group) or saline solution alone (Sal group) into their neck fat. Thirty-six mice—nine each in the VPA and saline groups, and 18 partners—underwent training in reaching behavior. Subsequently, we examined whether the VPA or Sal group demonstrated focused attention toward their partners during reaching tasks. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (condition [VPA/Sal] × situation [face-to-face (attention)/not paying attention (not attention)]) was conducted on the average success rate of the situation. Additionally, we measured the duration of sniffing behavior between pairs of mice in an open field twice in total at 4 and 8 weeks of age before reaching task. The pairs were constructed by pairing a VPA or Sal group mouse with its partner, with the objective of facilitating initial encounters between the mice. A one-way ANOVA was conducted on the average duration of sniffing behavior data from 4 weeks and a second one-way ANOVA on data from 8 weeks.ResultsThe analysis revealed a significant interaction between condition and situation in the reaching task [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (1, 28) = 6.75, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.015, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.19]. The simple main effect test exhibited that the “not paying attention” rate was significantly higher than that of the “face-to-face” in the VPA group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). The results revealed a not significant difference in the average duration of sniffing behavior at 4 weeks [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (3, 32) = 2.71, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.06, <jats:italic>n.s.</jats:italic>, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.20], but significant difference at 8 weeks [<jats:italic>F</jats:italic> (3, 32) = 4.12, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05, η<jats:sub>p</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.28]. Multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method revealed significant differences in the sniffing duration at 8 weeks between from the partner toward the VPA mouse and from the partner toward the Sal mouse (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).ConclusionThe VPA rodent model of ASD exhibited differences in social attention compared to the saline group. By focusing on social attention and exploring various ASD models, insights can be gained from the neural mechanisms underlying gaze abnormalities during social interact","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1444596
Teneisha Myers, Elizabeth A. Birmingham, Brigham T. Rhoads, Anna G. McGrath, Nylah A. Miles, Carmen B. Schuldt, Lisa A. Briand
Adolescence is a critical period for brain development in humans and stress exposure during this time can have lasting effects on behavior and brain development. Social isolation and loneliness are particularly salient stressors that lead to detrimental mental health outcomes particularly in females, although most of the preclinical work on social isolation has been done in male animals. Our lab has developed a model of post-weaning adolescent social isolation that leads to increased drug reward sensitivity and altered neuronal structure in limbic brain regions. The current study utilized this model to determine the impact of adolescent social isolation on a three-chamber social interaction task both during adolescence and adulthood. We found that while post-weaning isolation does not alter social interaction during adolescence (PND45), it has sex-specific effects on social interaction in young adulthood (PND60), potentiating social interaction in male mice and decreasing it in female mice. As early life stress can activate microglia leading to alterations in neuronal pruning, we next examined the impact of inhibiting microglial activation with daily minocycline administration during the first 3 weeks of social isolation on these changes in social interaction. During adolescence, minocycline dampened social interaction in male mice, while having no effect in females. In contrast, during young adulthood, minocycline did not alter the impact of adolescent social isolation in males, with socially isolated males exhibiting higher levels of social interaction compared to their group housed counterparts. In females, adolescent minocycline treatment reversed the effect of social isolation leading to increased social interaction in the social isolation group, mimicking what is seen in naïve males. Taken together, adolescent social isolation leads to sex-specific effects on social interaction in young adulthood and adolescent minocycline treatment alters the effects of social isolation in females, but not males.
{"title":"Post-weaning social isolation alters sociability in a sex-specific manner","authors":"Teneisha Myers, Elizabeth A. Birmingham, Brigham T. Rhoads, Anna G. McGrath, Nylah A. Miles, Carmen B. Schuldt, Lisa A. Briand","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1444596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1444596","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence is a critical period for brain development in humans and stress exposure during this time can have lasting effects on behavior and brain development. Social isolation and loneliness are particularly salient stressors that lead to detrimental mental health outcomes particularly in females, although most of the preclinical work on social isolation has been done in male animals. Our lab has developed a model of post-weaning adolescent social isolation that leads to increased drug reward sensitivity and altered neuronal structure in limbic brain regions. The current study utilized this model to determine the impact of adolescent social isolation on a three-chamber social interaction task both during adolescence and adulthood. We found that while post-weaning isolation does not alter social interaction during adolescence (PND45), it has sex-specific effects on social interaction in young adulthood (PND60), potentiating social interaction in male mice and decreasing it in female mice. As early life stress can activate microglia leading to alterations in neuronal pruning, we next examined the impact of inhibiting microglial activation with daily minocycline administration during the first 3 weeks of social isolation on these changes in social interaction. During adolescence, minocycline dampened social interaction in male mice, while having no effect in females. In contrast, during young adulthood, minocycline did not alter the impact of adolescent social isolation in males, with socially isolated males exhibiting higher levels of social interaction compared to their group housed counterparts. In females, adolescent minocycline treatment reversed the effect of social isolation leading to increased social interaction in the social isolation group, mimicking what is seen in naïve males. Taken together, adolescent social isolation leads to sex-specific effects on social interaction in young adulthood and adolescent minocycline treatment alters the effects of social isolation in females, but not males.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionThe vestibular system’s contribution to spatial learning and memory abilities may be clarified using the virtual Morris Water Maze Task (vMWMT). This is important because of the connections between the vestibular system and the hippocampus area. However, there is ongoing debate over the role of the vestibular system in developing spatial abilities. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Dynamic Visual Acuity (DVA) across three planes and spatial abilities.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 50 healthy adults aged 18 to 55 with normal stress levels and mental health and no neurological, audiological, or vestibular complaints. The Trail-Making Test (TMT) Forms A and B for the assessment of executive functions, the DVA test battery for the evaluation of visual motor functions, and the Virtual Morris Water Maze Test (vMWMT) for the assessment of spatial learning and spatial memory were performed. All participants also underwent the Benton Face Recognition Test (BFRT) and Digit Symbol Substitution Tests (DSST) to assess their relation with spatial memory.ResultsDVA values in horizontal (H-DVA), vertical (V-DVA), and sagittal (S-DVA) planes ranged from (−0.26) to 0.36 logMAR, (−0.20) to 0.36 logMAR, and (−0.28) to 0.33 logMAR, respectively. The latency of three planes of DVA was affected by vMWMT (Horizontal, Vertical, and Sagittal; Estimate: 22.733, 18.787, 13.341, respectively p < 0.001). Moreover, a moderately significant correlation was also found, with a value of 0.571 between the Virtual MWM test and BFRT and a value of 0.539 between the DSST (p < 0.001).ConclusionSpatial abilities in healthy adults were significantly influenced by dynamic visual functions across horizontal, vertical, and sagittal planes. These findings are expected to trigger essential discussions about the mechanisms that connect the vestibular-visual system to the hippocampus. The original vMWMT protocol is likely to serve as a model for future studies utilizing this technology.
{"title":"Spatial memory and learning: investigating the role of dynamic visual acuity","authors":"Burak Kabiş, Emre Gürses, Ayşe Ýlksen Çolpak Işıkay, Songül Aksoy","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1429069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1429069","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe vestibular system’s contribution to spatial learning and memory abilities may be clarified using the virtual Morris Water Maze Task (vMWMT). This is important because of the connections between the vestibular system and the hippocampus area. However, there is ongoing debate over the role of the vestibular system in developing spatial abilities. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Dynamic Visual Acuity (DVA) across three planes and spatial abilities.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 50 healthy adults aged 18 to 55 with normal stress levels and mental health and no neurological, audiological, or vestibular complaints. The Trail-Making Test (TMT) Forms A and B for the assessment of executive functions, the DVA test battery for the evaluation of visual motor functions, and the Virtual Morris Water Maze Test (vMWMT) for the assessment of spatial learning and spatial memory were performed. All participants also underwent the Benton Face Recognition Test (BFRT) and Digit Symbol Substitution Tests (DSST) to assess their relation with spatial memory.ResultsDVA values in horizontal (H-DVA), vertical (V-DVA), and sagittal (S-DVA) planes ranged from (−0.26) to 0.36 logMAR, (−0.20) to 0.36 logMAR, and (−0.28) to 0.33 logMAR, respectively. The latency of three planes of DVA was affected by vMWMT (Horizontal, Vertical, and Sagittal; <jats:italic>Estimate</jats:italic>: 22.733, 18.787, 13.341, respectively <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Moreover, a moderately significant correlation was also found, with a value of 0.571 between the Virtual MWM test and BFRT and a value of 0.539 between the DSST (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).ConclusionSpatial abilities in healthy adults were significantly influenced by dynamic visual functions across horizontal, vertical, and sagittal planes. These findings are expected to trigger essential discussions about the mechanisms that connect the vestibular-visual system to the hippocampus. The original vMWMT protocol is likely to serve as a model for future studies utilizing this technology.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1443364
Andrew C. Harris, Peter Muelken, Shirelle X. Liu, John R. Smethells, Mark G. LeSage, Jonathan C. Gewirtz
IntroductionSex differences in vulnerability to opioid use disorder (OUD) have been reported in some clinical and preclinical studies, but findings are mixed and further research is needed in this area. The goal of this study was to compare elasticity of demand (reinforcement efficacy) in an i.v. morphine self-administration (SA) model in male and female rats using a translationally relevant behavioral economics approach. Rate of acquisition and predictors of individual differences in demand (e.g., cumulative morphine infusions during acquisition) were also evaluated in both sexes.Materials, methods, and resultsAcquisition of morphine SA (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement was slower and infusions earned were lower in females than in males (n = 30–31/sex), but infusions earned did not differ between sexes during the FR 2 and FR 3 phases of acquisition. Increases in the FR response requirement across sessions during demand testing (FR 1–FR 96) resulted in a progressive reduction in morphine infusions in both sexes. Morphine consumption was well-described by an exponential demand function in both sexes and was associated with considerable individual vulnerability. There were no sex differences in elasticity of demand (rate of decline in morphine consumption with increasing price) or intensity of demand (consumption at zero price). A higher number of infusions earned during the FR 2 and FR 3 phases of acquisition and greater maximum response rates during demand testing were associated with lower demand elasticity (i.e., greater reinforcing efficacy) in both males and females, whereas other relationships were sex-specific (e.g., higher intensity of demand was associated with lower elasticity of demand in males but not in females).ConclusionOur findings indicate similar elasticity of demand and predictors of individual differences in demand for morphine in male and female rats, although sex differences were observed in initial rate of acquisition and in some correlations between morphine SA measures. These data are consistent with findings of similar OUD vulnerability in males and females in some human and animal studies.
{"title":"Magnitude and predictors of elasticity of demand for morphine are similar in male and female rats","authors":"Andrew C. Harris, Peter Muelken, Shirelle X. Liu, John R. Smethells, Mark G. LeSage, Jonathan C. Gewirtz","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1443364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1443364","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionSex differences in vulnerability to opioid use disorder (OUD) have been reported in some clinical and preclinical studies, but findings are mixed and further research is needed in this area. The goal of this study was to compare elasticity of demand (reinforcement efficacy) in an i.v. morphine self-administration (SA) model in male and female rats using a translationally relevant behavioral economics approach. Rate of acquisition and predictors of individual differences in demand (e.g., cumulative morphine infusions during acquisition) were also evaluated in both sexes.Materials, methods, and resultsAcquisition of morphine SA (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement was slower and infusions earned were lower in females than in males (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 30–31/sex), but infusions earned did not differ between sexes during the FR 2 and FR 3 phases of acquisition. Increases in the FR response requirement across sessions during demand testing (FR 1–FR 96) resulted in a progressive reduction in morphine infusions in both sexes. Morphine consumption was well-described by an exponential demand function in both sexes and was associated with considerable individual vulnerability. There were no sex differences in elasticity of demand (rate of decline in morphine consumption with increasing price) or intensity of demand (consumption at zero price). A higher number of infusions earned during the FR 2 and FR 3 phases of acquisition and greater maximum response rates during demand testing were associated with lower demand elasticity (i.e., greater reinforcing efficacy) in both males and females, whereas other relationships were sex-specific (e.g., higher intensity of demand was associated with lower elasticity of demand in males but not in females).ConclusionOur findings indicate similar elasticity of demand and predictors of individual differences in demand for morphine in male and female rats, although sex differences were observed in initial rate of acquisition and in some correlations between morphine SA measures. These data are consistent with findings of similar OUD vulnerability in males and females in some human and animal studies.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1478382
Hanna K Isotalus, Will J Carr, Jonathan Blackman, George G Averill, Oliver Radtke, James Selwood, Rachel Williams, Elizabeth Ford, Liz McCullagh, James McErlane, Cian O'Donnell, Claire Durant, Ullrich Bartsch, Matt W Jones, Carlos Muñoz-Neira, Alfie R Wearn, John P Grogan, Elizabeth J Coulthard
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1096720.].
[此处更正了文章 DOI：10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1096720.]。
{"title":"Corrigendum: L-DOPA increases slow-wave sleep duration and selectively modulates memory persistence in older adults.","authors":"Hanna K Isotalus, Will J Carr, Jonathan Blackman, George G Averill, Oliver Radtke, James Selwood, Rachel Williams, Elizabeth Ford, Liz McCullagh, James McErlane, Cian O'Donnell, Claire Durant, Ullrich Bartsch, Matt W Jones, Carlos Muñoz-Neira, Alfie R Wearn, John P Grogan, Elizabeth J Coulthard","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1478382","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1478382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1096720.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1478382"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11387667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1434489
Rebecca K. Golden, Ryan N. Dilger
The novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm is a cognitive test that has been used with many species to detect differences in ability. Various iterations of the paradigm have been implemented, making it difficult to compare results both within and across species. Interpretations of the results are equally diverse, threatening the integrity of the paradigm. These inconsistencies have prompted a deeper dive into the variability of the resultant data. For the purposes of this meta-analysis, data originated from 12 studies involving 367 pigs that were subjected to the same NOR paradigm beginning between postnatal days 21 and 24. The main cognitive measure from the NOR paradigm is recognition index (RI), which was the focus of most of the analyses in this meta-analysis. RI was chosen as the main outcome as it determines a pig’s preference for novelty, an innate behavior of cognitively intact pigs. A histogram of RI values (range 0 to 1) showed a bimodal distribution skewed to the right, suggesting that the interpretation of positive performance on the task may need to be stricter. Correlational analyses proved that the number of investigations and investigation time with both the novel and familiar objects were the strongest predictors of resultant RI values. Objective data inclusion criteria were then considered to eliminate non-compliant pigs. Results indicated that requiring at least 5 s of investigation over a minimum of 3 investigations with the novel object reduced overall variability for RI with a concomitant increase in the mean. Further analyses showed that pigs preferred to spend more time with and interact more with the novel object across the entire testing trial, especially in the first minute. Together, these findings suggest that future interpretations of NOR should consider applying stricter statistical analyses as well as additional data processing, such as binning, with emphasis on novel object and familiar object investigation. Overall, modifications to the existing iterations of the NOR paradigm are necessary to improve paradigm reliability.
新颖物体识别（NOR）范式是一种认知测试，已被许多物种用于检测能力差异。该范式已进行了多次迭代，因此很难对物种内和物种间的结果进行比较。对结果的解释也同样多种多样，威胁着该范式的完整性。这些不一致性促使我们深入研究结果数据的可变性。就本次荟萃分析而言，数据来源于 12 项研究，涉及 367 头猪，这些猪在出生后第 21 到 24 天开始接受相同的 NOR 范式。NOR 范式的主要认知测量指标是识别指数（RI），这也是本次荟萃分析中大部分分析的重点。之所以选择 RI 作为主要结果，是因为它决定了猪对新奇事物的偏好，而这是认知能力完好的猪与生俱来的行为。RI 值（范围 0 到 1）的柱状图显示出向右倾斜的双峰分布，这表明对任务中积极表现的解释可能需要更加严格。相关分析表明，对新物体和熟悉物体的调查次数和调查时间是预测 RI 值的最有力因素。然后考虑了客观数据纳入标准，以剔除不符合要求的猪。结果表明，在对新物体进行至少 3 次调查的过程中，要求调查时间至少为 5 秒，这降低了 RI 的总体变异性，同时增加了平均值。进一步的分析表明，在整个测试过程中，猪更愿意花更多的时间与新物体进行互动，尤其是在第一分钟。这些发现共同表明，未来对 NOR 的解释应考虑应用更严格的统计分析和额外的数据处理（如分选），并强调对新物体和熟悉物体的调查。总之，有必要对现有的 NOR 范式进行修改，以提高范式的可靠性。
{"title":"Determining underlying influences of data variability in the novel object recognition paradigm as used with young pigs","authors":"Rebecca K. Golden, Ryan N. Dilger","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1434489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1434489","url":null,"abstract":"The novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm is a cognitive test that has been used with many species to detect differences in ability. Various iterations of the paradigm have been implemented, making it difficult to compare results both within and across species. Interpretations of the results are equally diverse, threatening the integrity of the paradigm. These inconsistencies have prompted a deeper dive into the variability of the resultant data. For the purposes of this meta-analysis, data originated from 12 studies involving 367 pigs that were subjected to the same NOR paradigm beginning between postnatal days 21 and 24. The main cognitive measure from the NOR paradigm is recognition index (RI), which was the focus of most of the analyses in this meta-analysis. RI was chosen as the main outcome as it determines a pig’s preference for novelty, an innate behavior of cognitively intact pigs. A histogram of RI values (range 0 to 1) showed a bimodal distribution skewed to the right, suggesting that the interpretation of positive performance on the task may need to be stricter. Correlational analyses proved that the number of investigations and investigation time with both the novel and familiar objects were the strongest predictors of resultant RI values. Objective data inclusion criteria were then considered to eliminate non-compliant pigs. Results indicated that requiring at least 5 s of investigation over a minimum of 3 investigations with the novel object reduced overall variability for RI with a concomitant increase in the mean. Further analyses showed that pigs preferred to spend more time with and interact more with the novel object across the entire testing trial, especially in the first minute. Together, these findings suggest that future interpretations of NOR should consider applying stricter statistical analyses as well as additional data processing, such as binning, with emphasis on novel object and familiar object investigation. Overall, modifications to the existing iterations of the NOR paradigm are necessary to improve paradigm reliability.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1451283
Jackson R. Ham, Sergio M. Pellis, Vivien C. Pellis
Social interactions are often analyzed by scoring segments of predefined behavior and then statistically assessing numerical and sequential patterns to identify the structure of the encounters. However, this approach can miss the dynamics of the animals’ relationship over the course of the encounter, one that often involves invariant bonds, say a nose-to-nose orientation, with many different movements performed by both partners acting to counteract each other’s attempts to break or maintain the relationship. Moreover, these invariant bonds can switch from one configuration to another during an interaction, leading from one stable configuration to another. It is this stepwise sequence of configurational stabilities that lead to functional outcomes, such as mating, aggression, or predation. By focusing on the sequence of invariant relational configurations, the deep structure of interactions can be discerned. This deep structure can then be used to differentiate between compensatory movements, no matter how seemingly stereotyped they may appear, from movement patterns which are restricted to a particular form when more than one option is available. A dynamic perspective requires suitable tools for analysis, and such tools are highlighted as needed in describing particular interactions.
{"title":"Oppositions, joints, and targets: the attractors that are the glue of social interactions","authors":"Jackson R. Ham, Sergio M. Pellis, Vivien C. Pellis","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1451283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1451283","url":null,"abstract":"Social interactions are often analyzed by scoring segments of predefined behavior and then statistically assessing numerical and sequential patterns to identify the structure of the encounters. However, this approach can miss the dynamics of the animals’ relationship over the course of the encounter, one that often involves invariant bonds, say a nose-to-nose orientation, with many different movements performed by both partners acting to counteract each other’s attempts to break or maintain the relationship. Moreover, these invariant bonds can switch from one configuration to another during an interaction, leading from one stable configuration to another. It is this stepwise sequence of configurational stabilities that lead to functional outcomes, such as mating, aggression, or predation. By focusing on the sequence of invariant relational configurations, the deep structure of interactions can be discerned. This deep structure can then be used to differentiate between compensatory movements, no matter how seemingly stereotyped they may appear, from movement patterns which are restricted to a particular form when more than one option is available. A dynamic perspective requires suitable tools for analysis, and such tools are highlighted as needed in describing particular interactions.","PeriodicalId":12368,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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