Frontiers in Chemistry最新文献

Developing highly sensitive and convenient immunosensor for the detection of biomarker is important for enhancing the effectiveness of melanoma prevention and control measures. In this work, immunosensor was fabricated for sensitive detection of the melanoma biomarker S100B based on enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) via electronic metal-support interactions. CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was selected as to modify the costless indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode due to its high surface area and tunable structure. To improve its conductivity and electron transfer capability, oxygen vacancies (Ov) were introduced on LDH through an alkaline etching process, resulting in the LDH-Ov structure. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt) were then in situ loaded onto the LDH-Ov surface (Pt@LDH-Ov/ITO). The electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) between LDH-Ov and Pt nanoparticles played a critical role in improving the catalytic activity, leading to an enhanced ECL signal in the luminol-dissolved oxygen (DO) system. The immunorecognition interface was fabricated on Pt@LDH-Ov/ITO, enabling selective detection of S100B. The constructed immunosensor exhibited a linear detection range for S100B from 100 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 65 fg/mL. The high performance and enhanced sensitivity of the immunosensor make it a promising tool for the early diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence, and personalized treatment of melanoma.

Introduction: Lung cancer prevalence rate has been rising steadily in recent years, for the prevention and treatment, the detection of tumor marker CYFRA 21-1 DNA demonstrates its significance.

Methods: In this work, an electrochemical biosensor was constructed for sensitive detection of CYFRA 21-1 DNA based on the novel developed Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ magnetic heterogeneous nanorods (MHNRs). Firstly, Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ MHNRs were prepared by hydrothermal-calcination method, and then Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃@Au magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) were obtained though gold-coating. Subsequently, the magnetic self-assembling electrochemical biosensor based on Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃@Au MNCs was successfully constructed, which was verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To optimize the biosensor's experimental conditions and evaluate its performance, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was conducted.

Results and discussion: The results showed that the detection range of CYFRA 21-1 DNA was 10 pM-10 μM, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 pM. The biosensor exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.01%. The average recovery rate in the spiked diluted human serum samples was 101.4%, and the RSD was ≤5.2%, indicating that the biosensor possessed promising prospect.

An additive-free and ultrasound-assisted approach has been established for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between substituted boronic acid and benzofuran-endowed aryl halides by employing a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh₃)₄. The resulting substituted biaryls were then employed as efficient starting materials to furnish a novel library of arylated benzofuran-triazole hybrids 13(a-i). The method offers a facile, efficient, and less time-consuming approach under non-inert conditions to synthesize the targeted derivatives in a good to excellent yield range of 70%-92%.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1638489.].

Medicinal plants constitute a valuable natural resource of bioactive phytochemicals, which are increasingly studied for their therapeutic potential and broad applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic fields. Rheum officinale, a medicinal rhubarb species, is appreciated for the presence of biologically active compounds with therapeutic relevance. This work analyses the chemical composition, including the phytochemical profile, and pharmacological activities of Rheum officinale Baill. stems in Algeria. The plant extract was analyzed for its notable antioxidant capacity using various assays, including DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, ferric and also cupric reducing power, and metal chelation. The inhibitory potential against cholinesterase and α-amylase was assessed through specific enzymatic assays. LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment highlighted the phytochemical profile within the extract, with quinic acid identified as the major component. Antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, and C. albicans was confirmed via agar diffusion and inhibition zone (C) tests. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with radical scavenging IC₅₀ values less potent than reference antioxidants such as BHT and α-tocopherol (IC₅₀ = 0.42 ± 1.43 μg/mL). Total phenol and flavonoid content were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ methods, yielding high values (373.10 ± 0.055 mg GAE/g and 38.012 ± 0.05 mg QE/g, respectively). Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated significant activity against key enzymes related to Alzheimer's disease (IC₅₀: 28.14 ± 2.22; 73.71 ± 1.48 μg/m) and diabetes (IC₅₀: 36.21 ± 0.56 μg/m). The extract also exhibited antimicrobial effects. Given its bioactive potential, Rheum officinale presents promising opportunities for therapeutic product development, supporting the pharmaceutical industry.

Polyurethane (PU) pyrolysis characteristics were investigated using reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the product distribution and thermal decomposition mechanisms. A PU molecular model was constructed and simulated its pyrolysis process at 1,500-3,000 K, analyzing potential energy changes, product species, carbon-containing component distribution, main gas products, main intermediate products and initial cleavage pathways. At 1,500 K, PU mainly decomposes into NHCOO and CH₂ fragments, with concurrent gas release. At 1,800-2,100 K, aromatic amines, olefins, and gases (including CO₂, CO, and NH₃) are formed through radical recombination. At higher temperatures (2,400-3,000 K), carbon rearrangement is promoted, yielding dense C₄₀ ⁺ species alongside persistent gases. The results show that PU pyrolysis initiates with the C-O-C bond cleavage of the NHCOOCH₂ group, generating NHCOO and CH₂ fragments, and this cleavage occurs via a homolytic pathway. The dynamic competition between main chain scission and radical recombination drives the complex pyrolysis network, with temperature governing product diversity. This work provides microscopic insights into PU thermal degradation, supporting applications in fire safety assessment and material recycling.

Salvia miltiorrhiza: is a widely used Chinese medicinal herb whose quality is significantly influenced by geographical origin. Establishing reliable methods for origin identification is therefore crucial for quality assurance. In this study, 67 batches of Salvia miltiorrhiza samples from Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, and Sichuan provinces were analyzed using near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques. Six preprocessing methods were applied to optimize spectral data, and PLS-DA models were constructed based on the optimized results. To further improve model performance, uninformative variable elimination (UVE), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and random forest (RF) were employed for variable selection. Discriminant models were then established using NIR, MIR, and fused (NIR + MIR) data, with performance evaluated by accuracy. Results showed that in NIR, the 2nd-RF-PLS-DA model achieved the best performance with 96.72% accuracy, while in MIR, the SG-UVE-PLS-DA model reached 98.33% accuracy. After integrating NIR and MIR data, the 2nd-UVE-PLS-DA model achieved 100% accuracy, demonstrating the strongest discriminative capability. These findings demonstrate that combining NIR and MIR spectroscopy with appropriate preprocessing and variable selection strategies fully exploits complementary spectral information, enabling the construction of rapid, reliable, and efficient discriminant models. This approach provides an effective tool for origin tracing of Salvia miltiorrhiza and serves as a methodological reference for advancing quality evaluation of other Chinese herbal medicines.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.710250.].

Tetrazoles are nitrogen-rich heterocycles that have attracted interest because of their numerous applications in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. Four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom make up these five-membered rings, which have special physicochemical and electrical characteristics, including acidity, resonance stabilization, and aromaticity. This article highlights the structure, spectroscopic characteristics, and physical and chemical characteristics of tetrazoles. It also describes how overlapping mechanisms, such as DNA replication inhibition, protein synthesis disruption, and oxidative stress induction, as well as similar therapeutic targets, enable inhibitors to serve as both antibacterial and anticancer agents. Tetrazole moieties have been fused with a range of pharmacophores, such as indoles, pyrazoles, quinolines, and pyrimidines, yielding fused derivatives that display substantial inhibitory activity against bacterial, fungal, and cancer cell lines, with certain compounds exhibiting efficacy comparable to or exceeding that of established therapeutic agents. The rational design of more efficacious tetrazole-based therapies is facilitated by structure-activity relationship analysis, which further highlights significant functional groups and scaffolds that contribute to increasing activity. We investigate the relationship between microbial inhibition and anticancer efficacy, opening up new avenues for the creation of multifunctional therapeutic agents. We hope that this study will offer significant guidance and serve as a valued resource for medicinal and organic researchers working on drug development and discovery in multifunctional therapeutics. The review involves a thorough investigation of tetrazole in recent years.

Introduction: A major challenge in nanomedicine is developing multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of achieving synergistic cancer therapy.

Methods: In the present study, we developed a CD44-targeted nanocomposite, named UiO-SNO@CuS/HA, for efficacy evaluation in combination therapy including photothermal therapy (PTT), nitric oxide (NO) gas therapy and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) The nanoplatform was produced through the preparation of UiO-66-SH metal-organic framework (MOF) followed by the post-synthetic nitrosation of S-thiols to give S-nitrosothiols (SNO) as the NO donor. Afterward, in situ growth of ultrasmall CuS nanoparticles on the MOF surface led to the eventual coating of the hybrids with hyaluronic acid (HA) for active tumor targeting.

Results: Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, the CuS component mediated effective PTT with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 41.4%. The generated photothermal heat also leads to the release of a considerable amount of the gas NO (135 μM, pH 4.6) and promotes the release the ions Cu² + in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The Cu²⁺ that was released was reduced to Cu⁺ by glutathione, achieving GSH depletion of around 80%. This not only triggered a Fenton-like reaction with H₂O₂ to produce reactive hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for CDT, but also stimulated further production of NO from SNO moieties, forming a self-propagating therapeutic cycle. The series of events led to an increase of 4.2 times generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), severe mitochondrial dysfunction with a decrease of 85% in membrane potential, and finally 78.4% apoptosis was induced in HeLa cells.

Discussion: The triple-combination therapy generated by UiO-SNO@CuS/HA was demonstrated to have much higher cancer cell killing efficacy in vitro than either single or dual therapies, and very good biocompatibility with normal cells. This study reports a rationally designed feedback-amplified nanosystem that enables potent and specific triple-synergistic tumor therapy, representing a practical strategy for advanced combinatorial cancer therapy.