Frontiers in Chemistry最新文献

Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol with notable therapeutic potential, faces clinical limitations due to poor water solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and stability of RES by forming inclusion complexes with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) using three drying methods: spray drying (SD), freeze-drying (FD), and solvent evaporation (SE). Phase solubility analysis confirmed the successful formation of a stable complex (K = 5278 M^-1) at an optimal 1:2 RES: HP-β-CD ratio. Among the dried products, the spray-dried complex (RHSD) demonstrated superior performance in moisture content, yield, and resveratrol content. It achieved the highest solubility enhancement (89-fold increase). In contrast, the freeze-dried complex (RHFD) showed the most potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 14.01 μg/mL). Physicochemical characterization via FTIR confirmed the formation of the inclusion complex. At the same time, XRD and SEM analyses revealed that RHSD possessed an amorphous structure, whereas RHFD and RHSE exhibited semi-crystalline characteristics. Subsequent drug-release studies demonstrated that RHSD followed non-Fickian release kinetics, unlike the diffusion-controlled release of RHFD and RHSE. These findings demonstrate that spray drying produces complexes with optimal physicochemical properties for solubility and dissolution, while freeze drying better preserves antioxidant activity, providing crucial insights for developing resveratrol-cyclodextrin formulations in pharmaceutical applications.

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) powered by renewable energy offers a promising strategy to mitigate climate change while generating valuable fuels and chemicals. Achieving high performance in this process strongly depends on the properties of the electrode materials and the overall electrode architecture. In this context, nanocarbon materials, generally used as supports, are far from being inert; they can actively influence CO₂RR by stabilising adsorbed intermediates and directing reaction pathways through their hydrophobicity, porosity and defective structure. Unlike most reviews that focus exclusively on the active metal phase, this mini-review highlights the emerging dual role of nanocarbons (acting both as substrates and as active components) in determining catalytic activity and selectivity. It summarises recent advances in CO₂RR using nanocarbon-based materials, including both metal-free and hybrid systems, and discusses how doping and interfacial engineering enhance CO₂ activation, product selectivity and process efficiency. Gas-diffusion electrodes incorporating nanocarbon architectures improve mass transport and triple-phase boundary formation (gas-solid-liquid interface), enabling high current densities and multi-carbon product generation. These aspects demonstrate that tuning nanocarbon properties is essential for developing efficient and scalable CO₂RR electrodes, thereby advancing sustainable carbon utilisation technologies.

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) in insulating oil can achieve early warning of local discharge, overheating or arc failure in transformers. It can also quantitatively evaluate the aging degree of insulating equipment, providing a basis for formulating predictive maintenance strategies, so as to improve the reliability of power grid power supply. At present, the existing common offline detection methods take a long time, and the dissolved gases in transformers are usually flammable and explosive, posing potential hazards to on-site maintenance personnel. Therefore, it is urgent to develop online detection methods for DGA. This article introduces the types and milestone research progress of DGA online detection methods in recent years (2019-2025). The instant sensing methods of dissolved gas in transformer oil are summarized and analyzed, including on-line gas chromatography analysis system, spectral analysis, and gas sensor methods. Through summarizing the advantages of different methods in terms of detection limit, response speed, operation and maintenance cost, etc., it puts forward the development trend of promoting intelligent and accurate power equipment status monitoring. This review aims to promote the further development of on-line DGA and contribute to the construction of an intelligent grid protection system by providing important technical insights.

Developing highly sensitive and convenient immunosensor for the detection of biomarker is important for enhancing the effectiveness of melanoma prevention and control measures. In this work, immunosensor was fabricated for sensitive detection of the melanoma biomarker S100B based on enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) via electronic metal-support interactions. CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was selected as to modify the costless indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode due to its high surface area and tunable structure. To improve its conductivity and electron transfer capability, oxygen vacancies (Ov) were introduced on LDH through an alkaline etching process, resulting in the LDH-Ov structure. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt) were then in situ loaded onto the LDH-Ov surface (Pt@LDH-Ov/ITO). The electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) between LDH-Ov and Pt nanoparticles played a critical role in improving the catalytic activity, leading to an enhanced ECL signal in the luminol-dissolved oxygen (DO) system. The immunorecognition interface was fabricated on Pt@LDH-Ov/ITO, enabling selective detection of S100B. The constructed immunosensor exhibited a linear detection range for S100B from 100 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 65 fg/mL. The high performance and enhanced sensitivity of the immunosensor make it a promising tool for the early diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence, and personalized treatment of melanoma.

Introduction: Lung cancer prevalence rate has been rising steadily in recent years, for the prevention and treatment, the detection of tumor marker CYFRA 21-1 DNA demonstrates its significance.

Methods: In this work, an electrochemical biosensor was constructed for sensitive detection of CYFRA 21-1 DNA based on the novel developed Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ magnetic heterogeneous nanorods (MHNRs). Firstly, Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ MHNRs were prepared by hydrothermal-calcination method, and then Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃@Au magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) were obtained though gold-coating. Subsequently, the magnetic self-assembling electrochemical biosensor based on Fe₃O₄/α-Fe₂O₃@Au MNCs was successfully constructed, which was verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To optimize the biosensor's experimental conditions and evaluate its performance, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was conducted.

Results and discussion: The results showed that the detection range of CYFRA 21-1 DNA was 10 pM-10 μM, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 pM. The biosensor exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.01%. The average recovery rate in the spiked diluted human serum samples was 101.4%, and the RSD was ≤5.2%, indicating that the biosensor possessed promising prospect.

An additive-free and ultrasound-assisted approach has been established for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between substituted boronic acid and benzofuran-endowed aryl halides by employing a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh₃)₄. The resulting substituted biaryls were then employed as efficient starting materials to furnish a novel library of arylated benzofuran-triazole hybrids 13(a-i). The method offers a facile, efficient, and less time-consuming approach under non-inert conditions to synthesize the targeted derivatives in a good to excellent yield range of 70%-92%.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1638489.].

Medicinal plants constitute a valuable natural resource of bioactive phytochemicals, which are increasingly studied for their therapeutic potential and broad applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic fields. Rheum officinale, a medicinal rhubarb species, is appreciated for the presence of biologically active compounds with therapeutic relevance. This work analyses the chemical composition, including the phytochemical profile, and pharmacological activities of Rheum officinale Baill. stems in Algeria. The plant extract was analyzed for its notable antioxidant capacity using various assays, including DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, ferric and also cupric reducing power, and metal chelation. The inhibitory potential against cholinesterase and α-amylase was assessed through specific enzymatic assays. LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment highlighted the phytochemical profile within the extract, with quinic acid identified as the major component. Antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, and C. albicans was confirmed via agar diffusion and inhibition zone (C) tests. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with radical scavenging IC₅₀ values less potent than reference antioxidants such as BHT and α-tocopherol (IC₅₀ = 0.42 ± 1.43 μg/mL). Total phenol and flavonoid content were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ methods, yielding high values (373.10 ± 0.055 mg GAE/g and 38.012 ± 0.05 mg QE/g, respectively). Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated significant activity against key enzymes related to Alzheimer's disease (IC₅₀: 28.14 ± 2.22; 73.71 ± 1.48 μg/m) and diabetes (IC₅₀: 36.21 ± 0.56 μg/m). The extract also exhibited antimicrobial effects. Given its bioactive potential, Rheum officinale presents promising opportunities for therapeutic product development, supporting the pharmaceutical industry.