Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/paprocki
Henryk Paprocki
{"title":"THE STORY OF PREPARATIONS FOR THE CANONISATION\u0000OF FATHER GRIGOL PERADZE","authors":"Henryk Paprocki","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/paprocki","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/paprocki","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/machai
O. Machai
From the beginning of the formation of Pax Mongolica, the Mongols sought to conquer the settled peoples not only militarily but also diplomatically. The status of ambassador to the Mongols was very high, he was greeted with great honors. The first diplomatic contacts of the Mongols in Georgia began not with the queen, but with the mtavars, who sought to preserve their possessions and get out of the influence of Tbilisi. When the large landowners recognized the power of the Mongols, Queen Rusudan also had to submit to the power of the khan. As a result of establishing contacts with Europe, roads for Catholic missionaries were built in Georgia. The Mongols used the principle of ‘divide and rule’ not only in the relationship with the queen and didebuls, but also with the Bagrations family itself. Thus, in 1249, two kings were put on the throne – David Ulu and David Narin, to whom the khan showed ostentatious compliance. Although such a policy did not prevent anti-Mongol riots, the conflict was resolved thanks to well-planned diplomatic negotiations Kurultai and Mongolian festivals, to which Georgian rulers were invited, contributed to the support of allied relations. Informally, the Mongols tried to show respect for the conquered peoples and the possibility of their peaceful coexistence. Such holidays were often held in honor of Georgian-Mongolian marriages. In order to strengthen the alliance with the Christians, the Mongols showed religious tolerance, performed Christian rituals, and treated the shrines with respect. Such a policy was a key component in building an alliance to fight the Muslim Ulus of Jochi and Syria. Although Georgia was subordinate to Ilkhanate, that did not prevent its leaders from conducting secret diplomacy with Egypt and Ulus of Jochi, which were the Hulaguid’s main rivals. Ilkhan had to carefully eliminate the forces that focused on the Golden Horde. The Georgians, realizing that the Hulaguids depended on them, were often in the khan’s immediate entourage, and, enjoying his trust, the Georgian kings gradually managed to get rid of their influence and recreate the Georgian kingdom. Therefore, the specifics of diplomatic relations between the Mongols and the Georgians stood out with significant compliance, in contrast to their relations with other conquered peoples.
{"title":"DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS OF THE GEORGIANS\u0000WITH THE MONGOLS (1235–1335)","authors":"O. Machai","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/machai","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/machai","url":null,"abstract":"From the beginning of the formation of Pax Mongolica, the Mongols sought to\u0000conquer the settled peoples not only militarily but also diplomatically. The status of\u0000ambassador to the Mongols was very high, he was greeted with great honors. The first\u0000diplomatic contacts of the Mongols in Georgia began not with the queen, but with the\u0000mtavars, who sought to preserve their possessions and get out of the influence of Tbilisi.\u0000When the large landowners recognized the power of the Mongols, Queen Rusudan\u0000also had to submit to the power of the khan. As a result of establishing contacts with\u0000Europe, roads for Catholic missionaries were built in Georgia.\u0000The Mongols used the principle of ‘divide and rule’ not only in the relationship\u0000with the queen and didebuls, but also with the Bagrations family itself. Thus, in 1249,\u0000two kings were put on the throne – David Ulu and David Narin, to whom the khan\u0000showed ostentatious compliance. Although such a policy did not prevent anti-Mongol\u0000riots, the conflict was resolved thanks to well-planned diplomatic negotiations\u0000Kurultai and Mongolian festivals, to which Georgian rulers were invited, contributed\u0000to the support of allied relations. Informally, the Mongols tried to show respect for\u0000the conquered peoples and the possibility of their peaceful coexistence. Such holidays\u0000were often held in honor of Georgian-Mongolian marriages. In order to strengthen the\u0000alliance with the Christians, the Mongols showed religious tolerance, performed Christian\u0000rituals, and treated the shrines with respect. Such a policy was a key component in\u0000building an alliance to fight the Muslim Ulus of Jochi and Syria.\u0000Although Georgia was subordinate to Ilkhanate, that did not prevent its leaders\u0000from conducting secret diplomacy with Egypt and Ulus of Jochi, which were the Hulaguid’s\u0000main rivals. Ilkhan had to carefully eliminate the forces that focused on the\u0000Golden Horde. The Georgians, realizing that the Hulaguids depended on them, were\u0000often in the khan’s immediate entourage, and, enjoying his trust, the Georgian kings\u0000gradually managed to get rid of their influence and recreate the Georgian kingdom.\u0000Therefore, the specifics of diplomatic relations between the Mongols and the Georgians\u0000stood out with significant compliance, in contrast to their relations with other\u0000conquered peoples.","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117042792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/wywiad
{"title":"KSIĄDZ, KTÓREGO PARAFIĄ JEST EUROPA…\u0000Wizyta dr Grzegorza Peradze w „I. K. C”.1","authors":"","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/wywiad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/wywiad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116998599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/a.sangulashvili
Avtandil Songulashvili
Hagiographic literature is of great importance in terms of the study of national identity. The work – Life of Gregory of Khantsta – written by Giorgi Merchule, contains important information for the analysis of the history of the Georgian Church and the political and socio-economic situation in Georgia in the 8th-9th centuries. The Life of Gregory of Khantsta occupies an important place in studying various aspects of this chronological section. Before moving directly to the discussion of the burden of the national idea in the 8th-9th centuries and how the author assesses the national selfconsciousness, we consider it inevitably necessary to describe the political or socioeconomic situation in Georgia of that historical period.
{"title":"NATIONAL IDENTITY AND GEORGIAN\u0000UNITY IN THE 8TH-9TH CENTURIES","authors":"Avtandil Songulashvili","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/a.sangulashvili","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/a.sangulashvili","url":null,"abstract":"Hagiographic literature is of great importance in terms of the study of national\u0000identity. The work – Life of Gregory of Khantsta – written by Giorgi Merchule, contains\u0000important information for the analysis of the history of the Georgian Church and\u0000the political and socio-economic situation in Georgia in the 8th-9th centuries. The Life\u0000of Gregory of Khantsta occupies an important place in studying various aspects of this\u0000chronological section. Before moving directly to the discussion of the burden of the\u0000national idea in the 8th-9th centuries and how the author assesses the national selfconsciousness,\u0000we consider it inevitably necessary to describe the political or socioeconomic\u0000situation in Georgia of that historical period.","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115784119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/jvania/chabashvili/zhvania
Nino Jvania, Eka Chabashvili, T. Zhvania
Artistic research studies the creative process that leads to an artwork. The aim of artistic research is to produce knowledge on the basis of research outcomes and thus to contribute to development of various disciplines of culture. The idea of artistic research is quite new and it is no surprise that the field is still unexplored in Georgia. Though, artistic research has its historical background in the academic field of the country. The authors of the present article were given a unique opportunity to actively participate in the formation of a new research form and to contribute to its development at the international level as their fundamental research “Development of Artistic Research Methodology on the Example of Exploration of the Piano of the 21st Century and its Future Perspectives” was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia. Within the project, they carried out the first research in the field of Georgian academic music which was conceived as purely artistic research. At the same time, having studied and analysed the methodology of artistic researches conducted in different countries worldwide they came to conclusions that form the basis of the philosophy of artistic research. The article presents the essence and philosophy of artistic research formulated by Georgian artistic researchers on the background of historical precedents of art-based research in Georgia. The fact that the researchers were raised in a country with the totalitarian past influenced their view of artistic research as a symbol of freedom of expression. The authors hope the article demonstrates the necessity of developing the artistic research in the fields of art and art education both in Georgia and worldwide.
{"title":"ARTISTIC RESEARCH\u0000PHILOSOPHY AND GEORGIA","authors":"Nino Jvania, Eka Chabashvili, T. Zhvania","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/jvania/chabashvili/zhvania","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/jvania/chabashvili/zhvania","url":null,"abstract":"Artistic research studies the creative process that leads to an artwork. The aim of\u0000artistic research is to produce knowledge on the basis of research outcomes and thus to\u0000contribute to development of various disciplines of culture. The idea of artistic research\u0000is quite new and it is no surprise that the field is still unexplored in Georgia. Though,\u0000artistic research has its historical background in the academic field of the country. The\u0000authors of the present article were given a unique opportunity to actively participate\u0000in the formation of a new research form and to contribute to its development at the\u0000international level as their fundamental research “Development of Artistic Research\u0000Methodology on the Example of Exploration of the Piano of the 21st Century and its\u0000Future Perspectives” was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation\u0000of Georgia. Within the project, they carried out the first research in the field of Georgian\u0000academic music which was conceived as purely artistic research. At the same\u0000time, having studied and analysed the methodology of artistic researches conducted in\u0000different countries worldwide they came to conclusions that form the basis of the philosophy\u0000of artistic research. The article presents the essence and philosophy of artistic\u0000research formulated by Georgian artistic researchers on the background of historical\u0000precedents of art-based research in Georgia. The fact that the researchers were raised in\u0000a country with the totalitarian past influenced their view of artistic research as a symbol\u0000of freedom of expression. The authors hope the article demonstrates the necessity\u0000of developing the artistic research in the fields of art and art education both in Georgia\u0000and worldwide.","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"12 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117263645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/burgadze
Lana Burkadze
The subject we address in the article covers one of the most important periods in the history of Colchis. The ancient period, which, according to the written records and archeological materials, seems to be quite active and varied in Colchis, is attracting more and more interest of scholars every year. Contacts with the ancient world date back to Greek colonization, when Greeks and Colchians coexisted side by side. The Romans began expressing their interest in the Caucasus, including Colchis, from the 1st century BC as the area seemed attractive to them as a protective barrier from the tribes coming from the north, but also for them it was a potential market for trade and economic activities. Like in other countries conquered by the Romans, they began to set up garrisons in Colchis to make it easier for them to fight the piracy that prevailed in Colchis at the time and at the same time to make it easier to control the northern frontier. The fact is that the process, which aimed at the deployment of Roman garrisons and the conquest of new territories, began from the 1st century AD and continued until the 3rd century, until the Romans settled up in the most extreme point in Colchis for them at that time, Bichvinta. The process of “appropriation” of territories may have spread deeper into central Colchis, as well as into other eastern provinces, had it not been for the problems of the Roman Empire that eventually led to its partition. To confirm the written sources we can cite the archaeological discoveries that date from the 19th century to the present day, and every year new discoveries are being recorded, which complement not only the history and archaeology of Colchis, but also the history of Rome and the world in general.
{"title":"ROMAN MILITARY SETTLEMENTS IN COLCHI 1ST – 4TH CENTURY AD (ACCORDING TO WRITER SOURCES\u0000AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS)","authors":"Lana Burkadze","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/burgadze","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/burgadze","url":null,"abstract":"The subject we address in the article covers one of the most important periods in\u0000the history of Colchis. The ancient period, which, according to the written records and\u0000archeological materials, seems to be quite active and varied in Colchis, is attracting\u0000more and more interest of scholars every year.\u0000Contacts with the ancient world date back to Greek colonization, when Greeks and\u0000Colchians coexisted side by side. The Romans began expressing their interest in the\u0000Caucasus, including Colchis, from the 1st century BC as the area seemed attractive to\u0000them as a protective barrier from the tribes coming from the north, but also for them\u0000it was a potential market for trade and economic activities. Like in other countries\u0000conquered by the Romans, they began to set up garrisons in Colchis to make it easier\u0000for them to fight the piracy that prevailed in Colchis at the time and at the same time to\u0000make it easier to control the northern frontier.\u0000The fact is that the process, which aimed at the deployment of Roman garrisons and\u0000the conquest of new territories, began from the 1st century AD and continued until the\u00003rd century, until the Romans settled up in the most extreme point in Colchis for them\u0000at that time, Bichvinta. The process of “appropriation” of territories may have spread\u0000deeper into central Colchis, as well as into other eastern provinces, had it not been for\u0000the problems of the Roman Empire that eventually led to its partition.\u0000To confirm the written sources we can cite the archaeological discoveries that date\u0000from the 19th century to the present day, and every year new discoveries are being\u0000recorded, which complement not only the history and archaeology of Colchis, but also\u0000the history of Rome and the world in general.","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/giorgobiani/kvitashvili
Ketevan Giorgobiani, Nino Kvitashvili
The article refers to the coverage of scientific issues in the newspaper “Iveria”, founded and edited by the well-known public figure, writer and publicist Ilia Chavchavadze. Coverage of scientific issues is important for studying the history of Georgian scientific journalism of the 19th century. The introduction includes a small excursion about the process of formation/development of scientific communication and scientific journalism. Science journalism originates from the publication of the Digdarshan magazine, with the first copy published in 1818 in Bengal, India, which published articles on important scientific issues. It should be noted that it was released in Bengali, Hindi, and English languages. Besides, one of the first articles published by a science correspondent in the history of the mass media was William Crookes’ article “Storm in the Bay of Biscay” published on January 18, 1871, in “The Times” newspaper. However, in 1928 particularly, the history of science journalism began after the appointment of James Crowther as a science correspondent for “The Guardian” newspaper. However, the transition to truly open science i.e. wide coverage of scientific issues and problems by means of mass information eventually commenced at least in the 19th and 20th centuries. Society showed a higher interest in science and its issues. Such interest and relationship were two-way: the sense of responsibility and accountability of scientists to the society increased, on the one hand, and the level of public awareness and education increased on the other hand and being just curiosity at the beginning, afterward, there was a desire for science as a force and institution for the public good. It became necessary to inform the public about the current events in the field of science, which turned out to be mutually beneficial. Science acknowledged that relations with other social institutions are vital and the mass media began to widely cover scientific topics. Since the beginning of the 19th century, after the publication of the first Georgian newspaper, the periodicals of that time, regardless of the social and political trends, paid considerable attention to science, and lots of materials were published about this issue. The introductory letter of the Iveria newspaper published in 1877 under Ilia Chavchavadze’s editorship states that Iveria aimed to promote scientific knowledge (scientific achievements) in society. “Learning, knowledge, science – are efforts which cannot be confronted by any obstacle nowadays: neither a fist, nor a sword, nor the number of troops” – as Ilia writes. Ilia published the newspaper “Iveria” in 1877. The first issue was released on March 3 in the format of a political and literary newspaper, although the outcome exceeded expectations due to the truly phenomenal abilities and encyclopedic knowledge of the founder and editor-in-chief, Ilia Chavchavadze. Thus, as a result of the thematic-genre research and analysis of materials publ
{"title":"SCIENCTIFIC ISSUES\u0000IN ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE’S “IVERIA”","authors":"Ketevan Giorgobiani, Nino Kvitashvili","doi":"10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/giorgobiani/kvitashvili","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/giorgobiani/kvitashvili","url":null,"abstract":"The article refers to the coverage of scientific issues in the newspaper “Iveria”,\u0000founded and edited by the well-known public figure, writer and publicist Ilia\u0000Chavchavadze. Coverage of scientific issues is important for studying the history of\u0000Georgian scientific journalism of the 19th century. The introduction includes a small\u0000excursion about the process of formation/development of scientific communication\u0000and scientific journalism.\u0000Science journalism originates from the publication of the Digdarshan magazine,\u0000with the first copy published in 1818 in Bengal, India, which published articles on important\u0000scientific issues. It should be noted that it was released in Bengali, Hindi, and\u0000English languages. Besides, one of the first articles published by a science correspondent\u0000in the history of the mass media was William Crookes’ article “Storm in the Bay of\u0000Biscay” published on January 18, 1871, in “The Times” newspaper. However, in 1928\u0000particularly, the history of science journalism began after the appointment of James\u0000Crowther as a science correspondent for “The Guardian” newspaper.\u0000However, the transition to truly open science i.e. wide coverage of scientific issues\u0000and problems by means of mass information eventually commenced at least in the 19th\u0000and 20th centuries. Society showed a higher interest in science and its issues. Such\u0000interest and relationship were two-way: the sense of responsibility and accountability\u0000of scientists to the society increased, on the one hand, and the level of public awareness\u0000and education increased on the other hand and being just curiosity at the beginning, afterward,\u0000there was a desire for science as a force and institution for the public good. It\u0000became necessary to inform the public about the current events in the field of science,\u0000which turned out to be mutually beneficial. Science acknowledged that relations with other social institutions are vital and the mass media began to widely cover scientific\u0000topics.\u0000Since the beginning of the 19th century, after the publication of the first Georgian\u0000newspaper, the periodicals of that time, regardless of the social and political trends,\u0000paid considerable attention to science, and lots of materials were published about this\u0000issue. The introductory letter of the Iveria newspaper published in 1877 under Ilia\u0000Chavchavadze’s editorship states that Iveria aimed to promote scientific knowledge\u0000(scientific achievements) in society. “Learning, knowledge, science – are efforts which\u0000cannot be confronted by any obstacle nowadays: neither a fist, nor a sword, nor the\u0000number of troops” – as Ilia writes.\u0000Ilia published the newspaper “Iveria” in 1877. The first issue was released on\u0000March 3 in the format of a political and literary newspaper, although the outcome exceeded\u0000expectations due to the truly phenomenal abilities and encyclopedic knowledge\u0000of the founder and editor-in-chief, Ilia Chavchavadze.\u0000Thus, as a result of the thematic-genre research and analysis of materials publ","PeriodicalId":124291,"journal":{"name":"Pro Georgia","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129262589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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