Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.8
L. Bosi, D. Porta, S. Malthaner
In this chapter we take a closer look at organizational and institutional approaches that study political violence from a social movement studies (SMS) perspective. The first section discusses the way “classic” approaches—such as those focusing on resource mobilization theory (RMT) and political opportunity structures (POS)—have been applied to the study of political violence. In the subsequent section we present a relational approach, focusing on organizational dynamics and inter-organizational interactions, as well as suggesting mechanisms that shape processes of conflict escalation or de-escalation, in three different arenas of interactions: between armed groups and the state; intra-movement and movement–counter-movement; organizational dynamics of armed groups.
{"title":"Organizational and Institutional Approaches","authors":"L. Bosi, D. Porta, S. Malthaner","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we take a closer look at organizational and institutional approaches that study political violence from a social movement studies (SMS) perspective. The first section discusses the way “classic” approaches—such as those focusing on resource mobilization theory (RMT) and political opportunity structures (POS)—have been applied to the study of political violence. In the subsequent section we present a relational approach, focusing on organizational dynamics and inter-organizational interactions, as well as suggesting mechanisms that shape processes of conflict escalation or de-escalation, in three different arenas of interactions: between armed groups and the state; intra-movement and movement–counter-movement; organizational dynamics of armed groups.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122013477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.23
B. J. Phillips
Most terrorism is carried out by organizations with particular political motivations, mobilization issues, and other characteristics that affect their behavior, including their attacks. Group dynamics are often overlooked when research focuses on units of analysis such as countries or individuals. However, understanding the organizational dynamics of terrorism can shed light on this type of violence in important ways. This chapter begins by discussing definitions of key concepts, and then analyzes recent literature on several prominent topics: outbidding, internal group dynamics, and organizational longevity or failure. It concludes by noting potential avenues for future research, including more work on strategic interactions between terrorist organizations and states, as well as increased dialogue with research on related topics such as civil conflict.
{"title":"Terrorist Organizational Dynamics","authors":"B. J. Phillips","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"Most terrorism is carried out by organizations with particular political motivations, mobilization issues, and other characteristics that affect their behavior, including their attacks. Group dynamics are often overlooked when research focuses on units of analysis such as countries or individuals. However, understanding the organizational dynamics of terrorism can shed light on this type of violence in important ways. This chapter begins by discussing definitions of key concepts, and then analyzes recent literature on several prominent topics: outbidding, internal group dynamics, and organizational longevity or failure. It concludes by noting potential avenues for future research, including more work on strategic interactions between terrorist organizations and states, as well as increased dialogue with research on related topics such as civil conflict.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123856024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.43
R. Jackson
This chapter provides a personal reflection on the author’s intellectual and emotional journey towards being one of the founding scholars of critical terrorism studies (CTS). It explains some of the formative influences and life experiences which eventually led to the decision, along with others, to hold a conference on CTS, launch a CTS working group within the British International Studies Association (BISA), start a new journal, and publish a series of books and articles outlining the CTS approach to the study of terrorism. As such, it provides greater understanding of the role of academic entrepreneurs in developing new fields, as well as the particular focus and approach of CTS to the study of terrorism and counterterrorism.
{"title":"Revising the Field of Terrorism","authors":"R. Jackson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a personal reflection on the author’s intellectual and emotional journey towards being one of the founding scholars of critical terrorism studies (CTS). It explains some of the formative influences and life experiences which eventually led to the decision, along with others, to hold a conference on CTS, launch a CTS working group within the British International Studies Association (BISA), start a new journal, and publish a series of books and articles outlining the CTS approach to the study of terrorism. As such, it provides greater understanding of the role of academic entrepreneurs in developing new fields, as well as the particular focus and approach of CTS to the study of terrorism and counterterrorism.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114523985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.27
Rashmi Singh
Since the phenomenon of modern suicide terrorism first emerged in Lebanon in the early 1980s it has increased exponentially in both number and geographical range. However, despite this spike and the concomitant surge in its study, there is still no real clear consensus on key issues. As a result, explanations remain imprecise and unevenly developed and datasets continue to remain incomplete and/or incompatible. This chapter outlines some key controversies that plague the study of suicide terrorism including the debates surrounding the use of terminology as well as key definitional issues. Having outlined these main controversies, this chapter then sheds light on what is perhaps the central puzzle for scholars studying this phenomenon, i.e. the rationality underpinning a suicide attack
{"title":"Suicide Terrorism","authors":"Rashmi Singh","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Since the phenomenon of modern suicide terrorism first emerged in Lebanon in the early 1980s it has increased exponentially in both number and geographical range. However, despite this spike and the concomitant surge in its study, there is still no real clear consensus on key issues. As a result, explanations remain imprecise and unevenly developed and datasets continue to remain incomplete and/or incompatible. This chapter outlines some key controversies that plague the study of suicide terrorism including the debates surrounding the use of terminology as well as key definitional issues. Having outlined these main controversies, this chapter then sheds light on what is perhaps the central puzzle for scholars studying this phenomenon, i.e. the rationality underpinning a suicide attack","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121628329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.36
A. Bianchi
This chapter is an attempt at assessing the overall response provided by the international community, and the main normative strategies pursued by international law in countering international terrorism. To find concrete ways in which the coordination of norms and institutional policies can lead to the implementation of an effective holistic approach to fighting terrorism is the challenge lying ahead for the international community. The chapter argues that respect for human rights and the rule of law may play a central role in this process, by contributing to its legitimacy and increasing its chances of efficacy and stability in the long term. The other new challenge and the real paradigm shift, particularly at times of increasing terrorist violence, lies in thinking of counterterrorism as a precondition for economic growth and sustainable development.
{"title":"Counterterrorism and International Law","authors":"A. Bianchi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is an attempt at assessing the overall response provided by the international community, and the main normative strategies pursued by international law in countering international terrorism. To find concrete ways in which the coordination of norms and institutional policies can lead to the implementation of an effective holistic approach to fighting terrorism is the challenge lying ahead for the international community. The chapter argues that respect for human rights and the rule of law may play a central role in this process, by contributing to its legitimacy and increasing its chances of efficacy and stability in the long term. The other new challenge and the real paradigm shift, particularly at times of increasing terrorist violence, lies in thinking of counterterrorism as a precondition for economic growth and sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116190109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.5
Warren C. Brown
This chapter explores the instrumental use of terror in the region that first produced the concept “terrorism,” Europe, in a period before the conditions that produced it existed, the Middle Ages. For much of this thousand-year period, Europeans did not make the distinctions on which most modern definitions of terrorism depend, such as between state and non-state actors, civilian and military targets, civil and criminal offenses, or political and religious orders; nor did they restrict the legitimate use of force to a state. It is only towards the end of the period that European ideas about proper order and about the legitimate use of violence began to evolve in ways that set the stage for modern terrorism both as a concept and as a practice.
{"title":"The Pre-History of Terrorism","authors":"Warren C. Brown","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the instrumental use of terror in the region that first produced the concept “terrorism,” Europe, in a period before the conditions that produced it existed, the Middle Ages. For much of this thousand-year period, Europeans did not make the distinctions on which most modern definitions of terrorism depend, such as between state and non-state actors, civilian and military targets, civil and criminal offenses, or political and religious orders; nor did they restrict the legitimate use of force to a state. It is only towards the end of the period that European ideas about proper order and about the legitimate use of violence began to evolve in ways that set the stage for modern terrorism both as a concept and as a practice.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127301124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.48
L. D. L. Calle, Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca
This chapter deals with the incidence of terrorism in Europe since the 1950s. It is argued that Europe is the homegrown purest form of terrorism, where the actor and the action senses of the term fully overlap. Most terrorism in Europe has been featured by underground, urban groups that, because of the constraints imposed by secrecy, committed the kind of asymmetric attacks that are usually associated with terrorism. The two dominant types of terrorism (ideological and nationalist) are examined, including data on lethality, length of the campaigns, and target selection. In the second part of the chapter, it is shown that the determinants of these two types of terrorism are different. Whereas ideological terrorism is related to the left–right cleavage and its historical evolution, nationalist terrorism depends on the accommodating or repressive stance of central elites to peripheral ones.
{"title":"Terrorism in Western Europe","authors":"L. D. L. Calle, Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.48","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the incidence of terrorism in Europe since the 1950s. It is argued that Europe is the homegrown purest form of terrorism, where the actor and the action senses of the term fully overlap. Most terrorism in Europe has been featured by underground, urban groups that, because of the constraints imposed by secrecy, committed the kind of asymmetric attacks that are usually associated with terrorism. The two dominant types of terrorism (ideological and nationalist) are examined, including data on lethality, length of the campaigns, and target selection. In the second part of the chapter, it is shown that the determinants of these two types of terrorism are different. Whereas ideological terrorism is related to the left–right cleavage and its historical evolution, nationalist terrorism depends on the accommodating or repressive stance of central elites to peripheral ones.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130787245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.24
Evan Perkoski
Terrorist innovation poses a significant challenge to armed forces and civilian populations around the globe. New methods of attack challenge state defenses and increase the odds of successful, high-casualty operations. This chapter presents an overview of the causes and consequences of terrorist innovation. It begins by examining some of the most well-known innovations that have shaped terrorists’ operational patterns, and it considers ways to distinguish between major tactical innovations (e.g. suicide bombings) and minor tactical innovations (e.g. the continual refinement of improvised explosive devices). Then, the benefits and drivers of innovation are reviewed, as well the group and country-level factors that make innovation likely. This includes organizational structures, access to resources, peer competition, and safety from governmental repression. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing some of the challenges that prevent the identification of potential innovators as well as suggestions for future research.
{"title":"Terrorist Technological Innovation","authors":"Evan Perkoski","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorist innovation poses a significant challenge to armed forces and civilian populations around the globe. New methods of attack challenge state defenses and increase the odds of successful, high-casualty operations. This chapter presents an overview of the causes and consequences of terrorist innovation. It begins by examining some of the most well-known innovations that have shaped terrorists’ operational patterns, and it considers ways to distinguish between major tactical innovations (e.g. suicide bombings) and minor tactical innovations (e.g. the continual refinement of improvised explosive devices). Then, the benefits and drivers of innovation are reviewed, as well the group and country-level factors that make innovation likely. This includes organizational structures, access to resources, peer competition, and safety from governmental repression. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing some of the challenges that prevent the identification of potential innovators as well as suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.38
J. Bird
Terrorists force us to change long-established lifestyles. The reactions of civil society, nations, regional organizations and the UN constitute a broad-ranging counterterrorism effort. Relations between civil groups and governments can be tricky for both sides but are essential; nations must provide public reassurance, avoid alienating society or reinforcing stereotypes, and tackle both terrorist attacks and their underlying causes. Small groups of nations or regional organizations struggle to avoid duplication and ensure coordination. Practical results can be hard to assess. The UN, burdened by multitudinous bodies and relationships, finds implementation uphill work. Promisingly, the bottom-up (civil society) approach is now meeting the global top-down (UN) drive. The future should bring not only incremental improvements but new thinking to meet long-term challenges including trusted data-sharing, metrics for projects, matching needs and offers of support and, importantly, societal awareness of the deeper issues surrounding terrorism.
{"title":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","authors":"J. Bird","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorists force us to change long-established lifestyles. The reactions of civil society, nations, regional organizations and the UN constitute a broad-ranging counterterrorism effort. Relations between civil groups and governments can be tricky for both sides but are essential; nations must provide public reassurance, avoid alienating society or reinforcing stereotypes, and tackle both terrorist attacks and their underlying causes. Small groups of nations or regional organizations struggle to avoid duplication and ensure coordination. Practical results can be hard to assess. The UN, burdened by multitudinous bodies and relationships, finds implementation uphill work. Promisingly, the bottom-up (civil society) approach is now meeting the global top-down (UN) drive. The future should bring not only incremental improvements but new thinking to meet long-term challenges including trusted data-sharing, metrics for projects, matching needs and offers of support and, importantly, societal awareness of the deeper issues surrounding terrorism.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134368695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.11
S. Malešević
Terrorism is often understood to be a cultural phenomenon involving different and competing ideological perceptions of social and political realities. Hence the terrorists themselves, those who fight terrorism, and the mass media all tend to invoke cultural variables to make a sense of violent terrorist actions. In this context one often encounters references to “the clash of civilizations” or “religious wars.” Nevertheless social scientists have largely discredited such simplistic accounts and have made clear that culture plays a much more complex role in terrorism. In this chapter I critically review the three leading cultural and anthropological perspectives on terrorism: the neo-Durkhemian perspectives, interactionism, and the anti-foundationalist approaches. I argue that culturalist perspectives contribute substantially towards understanding of terrorism but they also show some explanatory weaknesses. To remedy these pitfalls I provide an outline for the alternative, longue durée, historical-sociological model of terrorism analysis.
{"title":"Cultural and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Terrorism","authors":"S. Malešević","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism is often understood to be a cultural phenomenon involving different and competing ideological perceptions of social and political realities. Hence the terrorists themselves, those who fight terrorism, and the mass media all tend to invoke cultural variables to make a sense of violent terrorist actions. In this context one often encounters references to “the clash of civilizations” or “religious wars.” Nevertheless social scientists have largely discredited such simplistic accounts and have made clear that culture plays a much more complex role in terrorism. In this chapter I critically review the three leading cultural and anthropological perspectives on terrorism: the neo-Durkhemian perspectives, interactionism, and the anti-foundationalist approaches. I argue that culturalist perspectives contribute substantially towards understanding of terrorism but they also show some explanatory weaknesses. To remedy these pitfalls I provide an outline for the alternative, longue durée, historical-sociological model of terrorism analysis.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124520620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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