Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.49
M. Farrell, Michael G. Findley, Joseph K. Young
With the rise of quantitative approaches to studying terrorism, which has largely occurred in the post-9/11 period, scholarship on the cross-national study of terrorism has begun to incorporate high-resolution geographic information. A rise in both method and application of geographic tools has led to new research approaches, which are still not fully exploited. Indeed, substantial scope for opening new research frontiers now exists. We describe the use of geographic tools—both their strengths and weaknesses—and some ideas about the future of their use in the study of political violence and terrorism.
{"title":"Geographical Approaches in the Study of Terrorism","authors":"M. Farrell, Michael G. Findley, Joseph K. Young","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.49","url":null,"abstract":"With the rise of quantitative approaches to studying terrorism, which has largely occurred in the post-9/11 period, scholarship on the cross-national study of terrorism has begun to incorporate high-resolution geographic information. A rise in both method and application of geographic tools has led to new research approaches, which are still not fully exploited. Indeed, substantial scope for opening new research frontiers now exists. We describe the use of geographic tools—both their strengths and weaknesses—and some ideas about the future of their use in the study of political violence and terrorism.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115890332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.2
B. Saul
Calls to legally define “terrorism” arose in the context of the extradition of political offenders from the 1930s onwards, with many unsuccessful efforts since then to define, criminalize, and depoliticize a common global concept of “terrorism.” It was only after the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 that many states began enacting national “terrorism” offences, spurred on by new obligations imposed by the United Nations Security Council. National laws remain nonetheless very diverse. At the international level, an elementary legal consensus has emerged that terrorism is criminal violence intended to intimidate a population or coerce a government or an international organization; some national laws add an ulterior intention to pursue a political, religious, or ideological cause. There remain intense disagreements amongst states, however, on whether there should be exceptions for certain “just” causes and, as a result, the conceptual impasse continues, even if it has narrowed.
{"title":"Defining Terrorism","authors":"B. Saul","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Calls to legally define “terrorism” arose in the context of the extradition of political offenders from the 1930s onwards, with many unsuccessful efforts since then to define, criminalize, and depoliticize a common global concept of “terrorism.” It was only after the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001 that many states began enacting national “terrorism” offences, spurred on by new obligations imposed by the United Nations Security Council. National laws remain nonetheless very diverse. At the international level, an elementary legal consensus has emerged that terrorism is criminal violence intended to intimidate a population or coerce a government or an international organization; some national laws add an ulterior intention to pursue a political, religious, or ideological cause. There remain intense disagreements amongst states, however, on whether there should be exceptions for certain “just” causes and, as a result, the conceptual impasse continues, even if it has narrowed.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122802936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.19
T. Wilson
Seeing official violence as unduly neglected, “critical terrorism studies” scholars have pushed hard for state terrorism to become a central concern of the emergent field of “terrorism studies.” Although laudable in intention, such critiques have been blunted in their impact by path dependency in how state violence has conventionally been studied. Some examples such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union have indeed been relatively well explored by scholars. Yet these truly spectacular examples are only a small part of the historical picture of state violence—and against that wider backdrop they appear highly aberrational. Any systematic attempt to understand the complexity of inter-relationship between state and non-state violence must develop both far greater historical awareness and sociological discernment.
{"title":"State Terrorism","authors":"T. Wilson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Seeing official violence as unduly neglected, “critical terrorism studies” scholars have pushed hard for state terrorism to become a central concern of the emergent field of “terrorism studies.” Although laudable in intention, such critiques have been blunted in their impact by path dependency in how state violence has conventionally been studied. Some examples such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union have indeed been relatively well explored by scholars. Yet these truly spectacular examples are only a small part of the historical picture of state violence—and against that wider backdrop they appear highly aberrational. Any systematic attempt to understand the complexity of inter-relationship between state and non-state violence must develop both far greater historical awareness and sociological discernment.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128853639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.50
E. Chenoweth, Andreas Gofas
Our intention in this chapter is not to summarize the broad findings of the field (something that is being done across the volume). Rather, our attempt is to briefly reflect on the analytical advancements and challenges that remain since the evolution of the field in the early 1970s. In terms of achievements, we identify three: the post-9/11 enrichment of the field with a considerable number of impressive and committed scholars, the rejection of poor research standards, and a commitment to multi-disciplinarity. In terms of failures, or enduring challenges, we identify seven: lack of cross-fertilization between scholarship on different forms of political violence; a tendency towards de-historicization of terrorism; lack of engagement between hermeneutical and nomothetic approaches; lack of integration between micro- and macro-approaches; a skewed set of research priorities; the rarity of primary research; and lack of variation in the geo-cultural production of knowledge.
{"title":"The Study of Terrorism","authors":"E. Chenoweth, Andreas Gofas","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.50","url":null,"abstract":"Our intention in this chapter is not to summarize the broad findings of the field (something that is being done across the volume). Rather, our attempt is to briefly reflect on the analytical advancements and challenges that remain since the evolution of the field in the early 1970s. In terms of achievements, we identify three: the post-9/11 enrichment of the field with a considerable number of impressive and committed scholars, the rejection of poor research standards, and a commitment to multi-disciplinarity. In terms of failures, or enduring challenges, we identify seven: lack of cross-fertilization between scholarship on different forms of political violence; a tendency towards de-historicization of terrorism; lack of engagement between hermeneutical and nomothetic approaches; lack of integration between micro- and macro-approaches; a skewed set of research priorities; the rarity of primary research; and lack of variation in the geo-cultural production of knowledge.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121719822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.46
J. Bew, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Martyn Frampton
This chapter considers the evolution of terrorist violence across the twentieth century, from the nationalist and anarchist groups that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century through to the September 2001 Al Qaeda terrorist attacks in America. It does not attempt to establish a definition for terrorism—a Sisyphean undertaking. But it does identify commonalities between different terrorist groups over the century and a process of historical learning. It argues that it is possible to draw something of a terrorist “family tree,” which links groups with otherwise very different ideologies and motivations, and which appeared in markedly different settings. The chapter acknowledges the strategic rationale that has been at the core of most terrorist campaigns, but also suggests that a recurrent feature of terrorist violence has been the symbiosis between instrumentalism and fanaticism. The qualitative nature of terrorist violence marks it out as more than the expression of rational political goals. Equally, though, it is impossible to ignore the fact that terrorism has been about power: principally, the struggle for it, waged against those who have it, by those who do not.
{"title":"The Long Twentieth Century","authors":"J. Bew, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Martyn Frampton","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.46","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the evolution of terrorist violence across the twentieth century, from the nationalist and anarchist groups that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century through to the September 2001 Al Qaeda terrorist attacks in America. It does not attempt to establish a definition for terrorism—a Sisyphean undertaking. But it does identify commonalities between different terrorist groups over the century and a process of historical learning. It argues that it is possible to draw something of a terrorist “family tree,” which links groups with otherwise very different ideologies and motivations, and which appeared in markedly different settings. The chapter acknowledges the strategic rationale that has been at the core of most terrorist campaigns, but also suggests that a recurrent feature of terrorist violence has been the symbiosis between instrumentalism and fanaticism. The qualitative nature of terrorist violence marks it out as more than the expression of rational political goals. Equally, though, it is impossible to ignore the fact that terrorism has been about power: principally, the struggle for it, waged against those who have it, by those who do not.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124512801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.42
A. Schmid
The author of this chapter has been in the field of terrorism studies for forty years and, as co-editor of Terrorism and Political Violence and later editor-in-chief of Perspectives on Terrorism—two of the three leading journals in the field—has observed, and stimulated, the growth of research since the 1970s. He describes his efforts to arrive at a consensus definition of terrorism both in the context of the United Nations and in the academic world, his contribution towards the development of a typology of terrorism, as well as a communication theory of terrorism. He reflects, inter alia, on the relationship between the academic and the intelligence communities, and the contribution of some of the chief protagonists in the field to the maturing of terrorism studies.
{"title":"Institutionalizing the Field of Terrorism Studies","authors":"A. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"The author of this chapter has been in the field of terrorism studies for forty years and, as co-editor of Terrorism and Political Violence and later editor-in-chief of Perspectives on Terrorism—two of the three leading journals in the field—has observed, and stimulated, the growth of research since the 1970s. He describes his efforts to arrive at a consensus definition of terrorism both in the context of the United Nations and in the academic world, his contribution towards the development of a typology of terrorism, as well as a communication theory of terrorism. He reflects, inter alia, on the relationship between the academic and the intelligence communities, and the contribution of some of the chief protagonists in the field to the maturing of terrorism studies.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129554718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.33
Juliet U. Elu, G. Price
This chapter provides an overview and recapitulation on the causes and consequences of terrorism in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While terrorism is a global phenomenon, counterterrorism policy could constitute a challenge in SSA. As an economic good, terrorism can be explained within a standard rational choice model of optimizing agents, or an existential good explained by individuals who are present-aim oriented. Such a consideration is important for enabling security measures that are likely to be effective against terrorism in SSA. As many countries in SSA are in a geography subject to climate change, the chapter also considers the extent to which climate change can enable terrorism in SSA.
{"title":"The Causes and Consequences of Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Juliet U. Elu, G. Price","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview and recapitulation on the causes and consequences of terrorism in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While terrorism is a global phenomenon, counterterrorism policy could constitute a challenge in SSA. As an economic good, terrorism can be explained within a standard rational choice model of optimizing agents, or an existential good explained by individuals who are present-aim oriented. Such a consideration is important for enabling security measures that are likely to be effective against terrorism in SSA. As many countries in SSA are in a geography subject to climate change, the chapter also considers the extent to which climate change can enable terrorism in SSA.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116659720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.10
Daren G. Fisher, Laura Dugan
Theories are essential for scientific advances, allowing researchers to test assumptions and to dispel superstitions and prejudices. Early theories of terrorism however were often the byproduct of thought pieces, and have since been derided by esteemed scholars for dubiously mischaracterizing terrorism. In recent years both sociological and criminological theories have been advanced to motivate a host of research that has supplanted earlier intuitive but inaccurate theories of terrorism. Testing these theories with the benefit of analytic advances and more comprehensive datasets has revealed numerous insights that have guided more effective counterterrorism strategies. This work has also provided compelling evidence that sociology and criminology have much to offer our understanding of terrorism. This chapter documents some of these major theoretical contributions for understanding terrorists’ motives and for informing efforts to prevent terrorism, while highlighting the existing strengths and gaps in this burgeoning research.
{"title":"Sociological and Criminological Explanations of Terrorism","authors":"Daren G. Fisher, Laura Dugan","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"Theories are essential for scientific advances, allowing researchers to test assumptions and to dispel superstitions and prejudices. Early theories of terrorism however were often the byproduct of thought pieces, and have since been derided by esteemed scholars for dubiously mischaracterizing terrorism. In recent years both sociological and criminological theories have been advanced to motivate a host of research that has supplanted earlier intuitive but inaccurate theories of terrorism. Testing these theories with the benefit of analytic advances and more comprehensive datasets has revealed numerous insights that have guided more effective counterterrorism strategies. This work has also provided compelling evidence that sociology and criminology have much to offer our understanding of terrorism. This chapter documents some of these major theoretical contributions for understanding terrorists’ motives and for informing efforts to prevent terrorism, while highlighting the existing strengths and gaps in this burgeoning research.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128291013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.14
J. Goodwin
Terrorism, understood as the killing of noncombatants in order to frighten, intimidate, or provoke others, has long been an important method of warfare or contention for both states and non-state groups. Yet states and rebels clearly do not attack just any noncombatants. Indeed, both states and rebels are also usually interested in securing the support of noncombatants. So who are the noncombatants whom warriors choose to attack? Armed groups have an incentive to attack and terrorize those noncombatants who support enemy states or rebels politically or economically. Terrorism is thus a method of undermining indirectly one’s armed enemies. By contrast, armed groups do not have an incentive to attack noncombatants who do not support enemy states or rebels. Whether noncombatants are supporters of states or rebels, in other words, is the key to understanding why terror tactics are or are not likely to be employed against them in any particular conflict.
{"title":"The Causes of Terrorism","authors":"J. Goodwin","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism, understood as the killing of noncombatants in order to frighten, intimidate, or provoke others, has long been an important method of warfare or contention for both states and non-state groups. Yet states and rebels clearly do not attack just any noncombatants. Indeed, both states and rebels are also usually interested in securing the support of noncombatants. So who are the noncombatants whom warriors choose to attack? Armed groups have an incentive to attack and terrorize those noncombatants who support enemy states or rebels politically or economically. Terrorism is thus a method of undermining indirectly one’s armed enemies. By contrast, armed groups do not have an incentive to attack noncombatants who do not support enemy states or rebels. Whether noncombatants are supporters of states or rebels, in other words, is the key to understanding why terror tactics are or are not likely to be employed against them in any particular conflict.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124145121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.29
Harold A. Trinkunas
This chapter reviews the fundamentals of terrorism financing and identifies what has been learned from the successes and failures of state responses to this phenomenon. The globalization of the world economy during the late twentieth century created new opportunities for terrorist organizations to move resources acquired from wealthy individuals, popular support, state sponsors, or participation in illicit economies across international borders and use these funds to support terrorist attacks. State responses following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC, created a new international counterterrorism financing regime that led to the relative “hardening” of the developed world against terrorist financing. This altered terrorist incentives and contributed to shifting large-scale financial operations towards lower risk jurisdictions in the rest of the world. The chapter concludes by identifying key theoretical and policy issues that remain to be addressed by future research into terrorism financing.
{"title":"Financing Terrorism","authors":"Harold A. Trinkunas","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the fundamentals of terrorism financing and identifies what has been learned from the successes and failures of state responses to this phenomenon. The globalization of the world economy during the late twentieth century created new opportunities for terrorist organizations to move resources acquired from wealthy individuals, popular support, state sponsors, or participation in illicit economies across international borders and use these funds to support terrorist attacks. State responses following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC, created a new international counterterrorism financing regime that led to the relative “hardening” of the developed world against terrorist financing. This altered terrorist incentives and contributed to shifting large-scale financial operations towards lower risk jurisdictions in the rest of the world. The chapter concludes by identifying key theoretical and policy issues that remain to be addressed by future research into terrorism financing.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131294753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：