Corn (C), wheat (W), and paddy rice (PR) are important energy sources and are commonly used in feed production for swine. This study mainly focuses on the variation and regularities of microbiota and metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs in response to C, W, and PR. A total of 18 pigs were allotted into three dietary groups with six replicated pigs and received diets containing C, W, or PR as the sole energy source, respectively. The results showed that digestive parts significantly affected the diversity of microbial communities. Cereal grain sources significantly influenced the β-diversity of microbial communities in the colon and rectum. Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria are mainly distributed in the duodenum, Lactobacillus in the jejunum, and Bacteroidota in the colon and rectum. The W diet increased the Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundances and showed the highest concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the hindgut. Fibrobacterota, Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella, and Treponema in the colon or rectum were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs. These findings suggested that aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes in the foregut will gradually be replaced by anaerobes in the hindgut. The W diet had the best fermentability and was beneficial to the colonization of microbial communities that mainly used carbohydrates. The hindgut flora of the PR diet group may be more balanced with fewer potential pathogenic bacteria. Many microbial communities have been identified to contribute positively to the SCFA production of the hindgut. Collectively, our study revealed the spatial variation regularities of GIT microbial communities in an adult pig model and provided new insights into GIT microbiota and responses of metabolites to cereal grain diets.
{"title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites responses to dietary cereal grains in an adult pig model","authors":"Ganyi Feng, Menglong Deng, Rui Li, Gaifeng Hou, Qing Ouyang, Xianji Jiang, Xiaojie Liu, Hui Tang, Fengming Chen, Shihua Pu, Dan Wan, Yulong Yin","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442077","url":null,"abstract":"Corn (C), wheat (W), and paddy rice (PR) are important energy sources and are commonly used in feed production for swine. This study mainly focuses on the variation and regularities of microbiota and metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs in response to C, W, and PR. A total of 18 pigs were allotted into three dietary groups with six replicated pigs and received diets containing C, W, or PR as the sole energy source, respectively. The results showed that digestive parts significantly affected the diversity of microbial communities. Cereal grain sources significantly influenced the β-diversity of microbial communities in the colon and rectum. Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria are mainly distributed in the duodenum, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus</jats:italic> in the jejunum, and Bacteroidota in the colon and rectum. The W diet increased the Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and <jats:italic>Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group</jats:italic> abundances and showed the highest concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the hindgut. Fibrobacterota, Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, <jats:italic>Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Treponema</jats:italic> in the colon or rectum were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs. These findings suggested that aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes in the foregut will gradually be replaced by anaerobes in the hindgut. The W diet had the best fermentability and was beneficial to the colonization of microbial communities that mainly used carbohydrates. The hindgut flora of the PR diet group may be more balanced with fewer potential pathogenic bacteria. Many microbial communities have been identified to contribute positively to the SCFA production of the hindgut. Collectively, our study revealed the spatial variation regularities of GIT microbial communities in an adult pig model and provided new insights into GIT microbiota and responses of metabolites to cereal grain diets.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1464953
Giorgia Perpetuini, Alessio Pio Rossetti, Arianna Rapagnetta, Rosanna Tofalo
IntroductionThe cheese microbiota is very complex and is made up of technologically-relevant, spoilage, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. Among them lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the main ones. One of the most interesting dairy yeasts is Kluyveromyces marxianus because of its technological properties including the ability to produce aroma compounds.MethodsThis study investigated the contribution of Kluyveromyces marxianus to the gross composition and aroma profile of cow cheeses. Experimental cheeses were prepared by inoculating a co-culture of K. marxianus FM09 and a commercial strain of Lacticaseibacillus casei and compared with cheeses obtained with only L. casei. The gross composition was determined by a FoodScan™ 2 Dairy Analyser, and free amino acids were evaluated at 507 nm after reaction with Cd-ninhydrin. The volatile organic compounds were extracted by head-space solid phase micro-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with odor activity values. qRT-PCR was applied to determine the expression of genes involved in esters synthesis and degradation.ResultsThe inoculation of K. marxianus induced an increase of pH and a reduction of protein content of cheeses, in agreement with the stronger proteolysis detected in these cheeses. K. marxianus influenced the content of aroma compounds both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, an increase of higher alcohols, esters and organic acids was observed. Moreover, 12 compounds were detected only in cheeses obtained with the co-culture. These differences were in agreement with the odor activity values (OAV). In fact, only 11 compounds showed OAV > 1 in cheeses obtained with the commercial strain, and 24 in those obtained with the co-culture. The qPCR analysis revealed an over expression of ATF1, EAT1, and IAH1 genes.ConclusionKluyveromyces marxianus could act as an important auxiliary starter for cheese production through the development and diversification of compounds related to flavor in short-aged cow cheeses.
{"title":"Unlocking the potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus in the definition of aroma composition of cheeses","authors":"Giorgia Perpetuini, Alessio Pio Rossetti, Arianna Rapagnetta, Rosanna Tofalo","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1464953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1464953","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe cheese microbiota is very complex and is made up of technologically-relevant, spoilage, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. Among them lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the main ones. One of the most interesting dairy yeasts is <jats:italic>Kluyveromyces marxianus</jats:italic> because of its technological properties including the ability to produce aroma compounds.MethodsThis study investigated the contribution of <jats:italic>Kluyveromyces marxianus</jats:italic> to the gross composition and aroma profile of cow cheeses. Experimental cheeses were prepared by inoculating a co-culture of <jats:italic>K. marxianus</jats:italic> FM09 and a commercial strain of <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus casei</jats:italic> and compared with cheeses obtained with only <jats:italic>L. casei</jats:italic>. The gross composition was determined by a FoodScan™ 2 Dairy Analyser, and free amino acids were evaluated at 507 nm after reaction with Cd-ninhydrin. The volatile organic compounds were extracted by head-space solid phase micro-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with odor activity values. qRT-PCR was applied to determine the expression of genes involved in esters synthesis and degradation.ResultsThe inoculation of <jats:italic>K. marxianus</jats:italic> induced an increase of pH and a reduction of protein content of cheeses, in agreement with the stronger proteolysis detected in these cheeses. <jats:italic>K. marxianus</jats:italic> influenced the content of aroma compounds both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, an increase of higher alcohols, esters and organic acids was observed. Moreover, 12 compounds were detected only in cheeses obtained with the co-culture. These differences were in agreement with the odor activity values (OAV). In fact, only 11 compounds showed OAV &gt; 1 in cheeses obtained with the commercial strain, and 24 in those obtained with the co-culture. The qPCR analysis revealed an over expression of <jats:italic>ATF</jats:italic>1, <jats:italic>EAT</jats:italic>1, and <jats:italic>IAH</jats:italic>1 genes.Conclusion<jats:italic>Kluyveromyces marxianus</jats:italic> could act as an important auxiliary starter for cheese production through the development and diversification of compounds related to flavor in short-aged cow cheeses.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1465992
Hongzhuang Wang, Wangdui Basang, Zhandui Pingcuo, Nan Jiang, Guangming Sun, Shah Nawaz, Yangji Cidan, Yang Liu, Yanbin Zhu, Dunzhu Luosang
IntroductionLimited information exists regarding the microbiome composition of yak calves of varying weights. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiomes of mother-calf pairs with different weight profiles.MethodsFecal and blood samples were collected from both lower-weight (CB) and higher-weight (HB) yak calves, along with their corresponding female yaks (CA, HA).ResultsThe results revealed significantly higher levels of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) in HB animals (p < 0.001). Sequencing yielded 652,181 and 643,369 filtered reads in female and calf yaks, respectively. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that Chao1, Faith_pd, and Observed species were significantly higher in CA compared to HA (p < 0.01). Furthermore, nine genera were notably different between HA and CA yaks, including Avispirillum, Fimenecus, CAG-1031, Odoribacter 865974, and Jeotgalicoccus A 310962. Compared to CB yaks, CA animals exhibited significant differences in one phylum and six genera, including CAG-485 (p < 0.05), CAG-83 (p < 0.01), Copromorpha (p < 0.01), Phocaeicola A 858004 (p < 0.05), and UBA2253 (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn summary, higher-weight yak calves demonstrated increased oxidative resistance, and weight profiles were linked to the microbiomes of both female yaks and their calves. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing yak breeding practices in high-altitude regions.
{"title":"Impact of weight variation on the microbiome of yak dams and calves","authors":"Hongzhuang Wang, Wangdui Basang, Zhandui Pingcuo, Nan Jiang, Guangming Sun, Shah Nawaz, Yangji Cidan, Yang Liu, Yanbin Zhu, Dunzhu Luosang","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1465992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1465992","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionLimited information exists regarding the microbiome composition of yak calves of varying weights. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiomes of mother-calf pairs with different weight profiles.MethodsFecal and blood samples were collected from both lower-weight (CB) and higher-weight (HB) yak calves, along with their corresponding female yaks (CA, HA).ResultsThe results revealed significantly higher levels of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) in HB animals (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Sequencing yielded 652,181 and 643,369 filtered reads in female and calf yaks, respectively. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that Chao1, Faith_pd, and Observed species were significantly higher in CA compared to HA (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, nine genera were notably different between HA and CA yaks, including Avispirillum, Fimenecus, CAG-1031, Odoribacter 865974, and Jeotgalicoccus A 310962. Compared to CB yaks, CA animals exhibited significant differences in one phylum and six genera, including CAG-485 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), CAG-83 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), <jats:italic>Copromorpha</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), <jats:italic>Phocaeicola</jats:italic> A 858004 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and UBA2253 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).ConclusionIn summary, higher-weight yak calves demonstrated increased oxidative resistance, and weight profiles were linked to the microbiomes of both female yaks and their calves. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing yak breeding practices in high-altitude regions.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1446596
Ken Kine, Shigeki Yamamura, Seigo Amachi
Iodate reductase (Idr) gene cluster (idrABP1P2) is involved in bacterial iodate (IO3−) respiration under anaerobic conditions. Putative idr gene clusters are present in both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; however, the specific physiological roles of idr genes in aerobic bacteria remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, three marine aerobic bacteria with putative idr gene clusters (Roseovarius azorensis, Notoacmeibacter marinus, and Aliiroseovarius sediminilitoris) were grown in the presence of iodate to determine whether they can reduce iodate to iodide (I−). All tested bacteria almost completely reduced 2 mM iodate under static conditions but only reduced 0.1–0.5 mM iodate under shaking conditions. Moreover, the washed cell suspension of R. azorensis reduced iodate only when the cells were pre-grown statically in the presence of iodate. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression levels of idrA, idrB, idrP1, and idrP2 genes were upregulated in R. azorensis when the cells were grown statically in the presence of iodate. Specifically, idrA expression was induced by 0.1 μM iodate and was up to 14-fold higher compared to that of the non-iodate control. These results suggest that marine aerobic bacteria reduce iodate under oxygen-limited conditions, and that this capacity is induced by environmentally relevant levels of iodate in seawater. Our results suggest that marine aerobic bacteria contribute to iodide production in marine surface waters, thereby affecting the global iodine cycling and ozone budget.
{"title":"Iodate reduction by marine aerobic bacteria","authors":"Ken Kine, Shigeki Yamamura, Seigo Amachi","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1446596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1446596","url":null,"abstract":"Iodate reductase (Idr) gene cluster (<jats:italic>idrABP<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2</jats:sub></jats:italic>) is involved in bacterial iodate (IO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub><jats:sup>−</jats:sup>) respiration under anaerobic conditions. Putative <jats:italic>idr</jats:italic> gene clusters are present in both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; however, the specific physiological roles of <jats:italic>idr</jats:italic> genes in aerobic bacteria remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, three marine aerobic bacteria with putative <jats:italic>idr</jats:italic> gene clusters (<jats:italic>Roseovarius azorensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Notoacmeibacter marinus</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Aliiroseovarius sediminilitoris</jats:italic>) were grown in the presence of iodate to determine whether they can reduce iodate to iodide (I<jats:sup>−</jats:sup>). All tested bacteria almost completely reduced 2 mM iodate under static conditions but only reduced 0.1–0.5 mM iodate under shaking conditions. Moreover, the washed cell suspension of <jats:italic>R. azorensis</jats:italic> reduced iodate only when the cells were pre-grown statically in the presence of iodate. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression levels of <jats:italic>idrA</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>idrB</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>idrP<jats:sub>1</jats:sub></jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>idrP<jats:sub>2</jats:sub></jats:italic> genes were upregulated in <jats:italic>R. azorensis</jats:italic> when the cells were grown statically in the presence of iodate. Specifically, <jats:italic>idrA</jats:italic> expression was induced by 0.1 μM iodate and was up to 14-fold higher compared to that of the non-iodate control. These results suggest that marine aerobic bacteria reduce iodate under oxygen-limited conditions, and that this capacity is induced by environmentally relevant levels of iodate in seawater. Our results suggest that marine aerobic bacteria contribute to iodide production in marine surface waters, thereby affecting the global iodine cycling and ozone budget.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1425909
Max Addison, Alexia Hapeshi, Zi Xin Wong, John E. Connolly, Nicholas Robin Waterfield
BackgroundPhotorhabdus asymbiotica is a species of the insect pathogenic Photorhabdus genus that has been isolated as an etiological agent in human infections. Since then, multiple isolates have been identified worldwide; however, actual clinical infections have so far only been identified in North America, Australia, and Nepal. Previous research on the clinical isolates had shown that the strains differed in their behaviour when infecting cultured human cells.MethodsIn this study, we investigate the differences between the pathogenic activities of P. asymbiotica isolates from different geographic locations. Pathogenicity was analysed using infection assays with both cultured cell lines (THP-1, CHO, and HEK cells) and primary immune cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from human blood.ResultsHere, we present the findings from the Australian (Kingscliff) and North American (ATCC43949) clinical isolates, and non-clinical soilborne nematode isolates from Thailand (PB68) and Northern Europe (HIT and JUN) of P. asymbiotica. We also show the first findings from a new clinical isolate of P. luminescens (Texas), the first non-asymbiotica species to cause a human infection, confirming its ability to infect and survive inside human immune cells.ConclusionHere for the first time, we show how P. asymbiotica selectively infects certain immune cells while avoiding others and that infectivity varies depending on growth temperature. We also show that the tropism varies depending on the geographic location a strain is isolated from, with only the European HIT and JUN strains lack the ability to survive within mammalian cells in tissue culture.
背景Photorhabdus asymbiotica 是昆虫病原体 Photorhabdus 属中的一个物种，已被分离为人类感染的病原体。从那时起，世界各地发现了多个分离株；但迄今为止，仅在北美、澳大利亚和尼泊尔发现了实际的临床感染病例。以前对临床分离株的研究表明，这些菌株在感染培养的人体细胞时表现各异。结果在此，我们展示了澳大利亚（Kingscliff）和北美（ATCC43949）的临床分离物，以及泰国（PB68）和北欧（HIT 和 JUN）的非临床土壤传播线虫分离物的研究结果。我们还首次展示了一种新的临床分离株 P. luminescens（德克萨斯州）的研究结果，这是首个引起人类感染的非共生菌物种，证实了其感染人类免疫细胞并在其中存活的能力。我们还表明，菌株的滋养能力因其分离自的地理位置而异，只有欧洲 HIT 菌株和 JUN 菌株缺乏在组织培养的哺乳动物细胞内存活的能力。
{"title":"Insight into the emerging insect to human pathogen Photorhabdus revealing geographic differences in immune cell tropism","authors":"Max Addison, Alexia Hapeshi, Zi Xin Wong, John E. Connolly, Nicholas Robin Waterfield","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1425909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1425909","url":null,"abstract":"Background<jats:italic>Photorhabdus asymbiotica</jats:italic> is a species of the insect pathogenic <jats:italic>Photorhabdus</jats:italic> genus that has been isolated as an etiological agent in human infections. Since then, multiple isolates have been identified worldwide; however, actual clinical infections have so far only been identified in North America, Australia, and Nepal. Previous research on the clinical isolates had shown that the strains differed in their behaviour when infecting cultured human cells.MethodsIn this study, we investigate the differences between the pathogenic activities of <jats:italic>P. asymbiotica</jats:italic> isolates from different geographic locations. Pathogenicity was analysed using infection assays with both cultured cell lines (THP-1, CHO, and HEK cells) and primary immune cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from human blood.ResultsHere, we present the findings from the Australian (Kingscliff) and North American (ATCC43949) clinical isolates, and non-clinical soilborne nematode isolates from Thailand (PB68) and Northern Europe (HIT and JUN) of <jats:italic>P. asymbiotica</jats:italic>. We also show the first findings from a new clinical isolate of <jats:italic>P. luminescens</jats:italic> (Texas), the first non-<jats:italic>asymbiotica</jats:italic> species to cause a human infection, confirming its ability to infect and survive inside human immune cells.ConclusionHere for the first time, we show how <jats:italic>P. asymbiotica</jats:italic> selectively infects certain immune cells while avoiding others and that infectivity varies depending on growth temperature. We also show that the tropism varies depending on the geographic location a strain is isolated from, with only the European HIT and JUN strains lack the ability to survive within mammalian cells in tissue culture.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1463335
Weiran Lv, Ya Zhou, Ke Zhao, Li Xuan, Fen Huang, Zhiping Fan, Yuan Chang, Zhengshan Yi, Hua Jin, Yang Liang, Qifa Liu
IntroductionPoor graft function (PGF), characterized by myelosuppression, represents a significant challenge following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) being established as a risk factor for PGF. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) play an important role in supporting hematopoiesis and their dysfunction contributes to PGF development. We aim to explore the effects of CMV on BM-EPCs and its underlying mechanism.MethodsWe investigated the compromised functionality of EPCs derived from individuals diagnosed with HCMV viremia accompanied by PGF, as well as after infected by HCMV AD 169 strain in vitro, characterized by decreased cell proliferation, tube formation, migration and hematopoietic support, and increased apoptosis and secretion of TGF-β1.ResultsWe demonstrated that HCMV-induced TGF-β1 secretion by BM-EPCs played a dominant role in hematopoiesis suppression in vitro experiment. Moreover, HCMV down-regulates Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and subsequently activates p38 MAPK pathway to promote TGF-β1 secretion by BM-EPCs.DiscussionHCMV could infect BM-EPCs and lead to their dysfunction. The secretion of TGF-β1 by BM-EPCs is enhanced by CMV through the activation of p38 MAPK via a VDR-dependent mechanism, ultimately leading to compromised support for hematopoietic progenitors by BM EPCs, which May significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of PGF following allo-HSCT and provide innovative therapeutic strategies targeting PGF.
{"title":"Cytomegalovirus results in poor graft function via bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells","authors":"Weiran Lv, Ya Zhou, Ke Zhao, Li Xuan, Fen Huang, Zhiping Fan, Yuan Chang, Zhengshan Yi, Hua Jin, Yang Liang, Qifa Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1463335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1463335","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionPoor graft function (PGF), characterized by myelosuppression, represents a significant challenge following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) being established as a risk factor for PGF. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) play an important role in supporting hematopoiesis and their dysfunction contributes to PGF development. We aim to explore the effects of CMV on BM-EPCs and its underlying mechanism.MethodsWe investigated the compromised functionality of EPCs derived from individuals diagnosed with HCMV viremia accompanied by PGF, as well as after infected by HCMV AD 169 strain <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>, characterized by decreased cell proliferation, tube formation, migration and hematopoietic support, and increased apoptosis and secretion of TGF-β1.ResultsWe demonstrated that HCMV-induced TGF-β1 secretion by BM-EPCs played a dominant role in hematopoiesis suppression <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> experiment. Moreover, HCMV down-regulates Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and subsequently activates p38 MAPK pathway to promote TGF-β1 secretion by BM-EPCs.DiscussionHCMV could infect BM-EPCs and lead to their dysfunction. The secretion of TGF-β1 by BM-EPCs is enhanced by CMV through the activation of p38 MAPK via a VDR-dependent mechanism, ultimately leading to compromised support for hematopoietic progenitors by BM EPCs, which May significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of PGF following allo-HSCT and provide innovative therapeutic strategies targeting PGF.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470930
Junying Zhang, Bowen Fan, Liqin Zhao, Changjiang Zhao, Fengjun Yang
IntroductionHumus can be formed during composting through biological pathways, nonetheless, the mechanisms through which bacterial and fungal communities govern the development of humus in compost with the addition of biochar remain uncertain.MethodsIn this study, compost with cow dung and maize stover as feedstock was employed as a control group, and compost with 10% biochar added on top of the feedstock was adopted as a treatment group to investigate the effect of bacterial and fungal communities on humus formation during biochar composting.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated that the humic acid content increased by 24.82 and 25.10% at the cooling and maturation stages, respectively, after adding biochar. Besides, the degree of polymerization content in the maturation stage was elevated by 90.98%, which accelerated the humification process of the compost. During the thermophilic and maturity stages, there was a respective increase of 51.34 and 31.40% in reducing sugar content, suggesting that the inclusion of biochar could furnish ample reducing sugar substrate for the Maillard reaction. The addition of biochar reduced the number of humus precursor-associated genera by 35, increased the number of genera involved in humus synthesis by two, and enhanced the stability of the cross-domain network between bacteria and fungi, which confirms that microorganisms contribute to the humification process by decreasing humus precursor consumption as well as increasing humus synthesis with the addition of biochar. Additionally, adding biochar could enhance the humification capacity of the compost pile by dominating the Maillard reaction with reducing sugars as the substrate and strengthening the function of humus synthesis-associated genera. This study enhances our comprehension of the regulatory pathways of biochar in the humification process during composting.
{"title":"Biochar promotes compost humification by regulating bacterial and fungal communities","authors":"Junying Zhang, Bowen Fan, Liqin Zhao, Changjiang Zhao, Fengjun Yang","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470930","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionHumus can be formed during composting through biological pathways, nonetheless, the mechanisms through which bacterial and fungal communities govern the development of humus in compost with the addition of biochar remain uncertain.MethodsIn this study, compost with cow dung and maize stover as feedstock was employed as a control group, and compost with 10% biochar added on top of the feedstock was adopted as a treatment group to investigate the effect of bacterial and fungal communities on humus formation during biochar composting.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated that the humic acid content increased by 24.82 and 25.10% at the cooling and maturation stages, respectively, after adding biochar. Besides, the degree of polymerization content in the maturation stage was elevated by 90.98%, which accelerated the humification process of the compost. During the thermophilic and maturity stages, there was a respective increase of 51.34 and 31.40% in reducing sugar content, suggesting that the inclusion of biochar could furnish ample reducing sugar substrate for the Maillard reaction. The addition of biochar reduced the number of humus precursor-associated genera by 35, increased the number of genera involved in humus synthesis by two, and enhanced the stability of the cross-domain network between bacteria and fungi, which confirms that microorganisms contribute to the humification process by decreasing humus precursor consumption as well as increasing humus synthesis with the addition of biochar. Additionally, adding biochar could enhance the humification capacity of the compost pile by dominating the Maillard reaction with reducing sugars as the substrate and strengthening the function of humus synthesis-associated genera. This study enhances our comprehension of the regulatory pathways of biochar in the humification process during composting.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1466375
Joseph H. Skarlupka, Madison S. Cox, Andrew J. Steinberger, Dino L. Sbardellati, Jennifer C. McClure, Derek M. Bickhart, Andrew J. Scheftgen, Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves, Luke A. Wolfe, Eric Paget, Charles Skadron, Nithya Attipetty, Garret Suen
Using oral swabs to collect the remnants of stomach content regurgitation during rumination in dairy cows can replicate up to 70% of the ruminal bacterial community, offering potential for broad-scale population-based studies on the rumen microbiome. The swabs collected from dairy cows often vary widely with respect to sample quality, likely due to several factors such as time of sample collection and cow rumination behavior, which may limit the ability of a given swab to accurately represent the ruminal microbiome. One such factor is the color of the swab, which can vary significantly across different cows. Here, we hypothesize that darker-colored swabs contain more rumen contents, thereby better representing the ruminal bacterial community than lighter-colored swabs. To address this, we collected oral swabs from 402 dairy cows and rumen samples from 13 cannulated cows on a research farm in Wisconsin, United States and subjected them to 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, given that little is known about the ability of oral swabs to recapitulate the ruminal fungal community, we also conducted ITS sequencing of these samples. To correlate swab color to the microbiota we developed and utilized a novel imaging approach to colorimetrically quantify each swab from a range of light to dark. We found that swabs with increasing darkness scores were significantly associated with increased bacterial alpha diversity (p < 0.05). Lighter swabs exhibited greater variation in their community structure, with many identified amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) categorized as belonging to known bovine oral and environmental taxa. Our analysis of the fungal microbiome found that swabs with increasing darkness scores were associated with decreased alpha diversity (p < 0.05) and were also significantly associated with the ruminal solids fungal community, but not with the ruminal liquid community. Our study refines the utility of oral swabs as a useful proxy for capturing the ruminal microbiome and demonstrates that swab color is an important factor to consider when using this approach for documenting both the bacterial and fungal communities.
{"title":"Oral swabs as a proxy for direct ruminal microbiome sampling in Holstein dairy cows is correlated with sample color","authors":"Joseph H. Skarlupka, Madison S. Cox, Andrew J. Steinberger, Dino L. Sbardellati, Jennifer C. McClure, Derek M. Bickhart, Andrew J. Scheftgen, Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves, Luke A. Wolfe, Eric Paget, Charles Skadron, Nithya Attipetty, Garret Suen","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1466375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1466375","url":null,"abstract":"Using oral swabs to collect the remnants of stomach content regurgitation during rumination in dairy cows can replicate up to 70% of the ruminal bacterial community, offering potential for broad-scale population-based studies on the rumen microbiome. The swabs collected from dairy cows often vary widely with respect to sample quality, likely due to several factors such as time of sample collection and cow rumination behavior, which may limit the ability of a given swab to accurately represent the ruminal microbiome. One such factor is the color of the swab, which can vary significantly across different cows. Here, we hypothesize that darker-colored swabs contain more rumen contents, thereby better representing the ruminal bacterial community than lighter-colored swabs. To address this, we collected oral swabs from 402 dairy cows and rumen samples from 13 cannulated cows on a research farm in Wisconsin, United States and subjected them to 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, given that little is known about the ability of oral swabs to recapitulate the ruminal fungal community, we also conducted ITS sequencing of these samples. To correlate swab color to the microbiota we developed and utilized a novel imaging approach to colorimetrically quantify each swab from a range of light to dark. We found that swabs with increasing darkness scores were significantly associated with increased bacterial alpha diversity (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Lighter swabs exhibited greater variation in their community structure, with many identified amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) categorized as belonging to known bovine oral and environmental taxa. Our analysis of the fungal microbiome found that swabs with increasing darkness scores were associated with decreased alpha diversity (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and were also significantly associated with the ruminal solids fungal community, but not with the ruminal liquid community. Our study refines the utility of oral swabs as a useful proxy for capturing the ruminal microbiome and demonstrates that swab color is an important factor to consider when using this approach for documenting both the bacterial and fungal communities.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionMammals are the main hosts for Brucella sp., agents of worldwide zoonosis. Marine cetaceans and pinnipeds can be infected by Brucella ceti and B. pinnipedialis, respectively. Besides classical bacteriological typing, molecular approaches such as MLVA, MLSA, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can differentiate these species but are cumbersome to perform.MethodsWe compared the DNA and genome sequences of 12 strains isolated from nine marine mammals, with highly zoonotic B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis, and the publicly available genomes of B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis. In silico pipelines were used to detect the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plasmid, and virulence genes (VGs) by screening six open-source and one home-made library.Results and discussionOur results show that easier-to-use HRM-PCR, Bruce-ladder, and Suis-ladder can separate marine Brucella sp., and the results are fully concordant with other molecular methods, such as WGS. However, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method cannot discriminate between B. pinnipedialis and B. ceti B1-94-like isolates. MLVA-16 results divided the investigated strains into three clades according to their preferred host, which was confirmed in WGS. In silico analysis did not find any AMR and plasmid genes, suggesting antimicrobial susceptibility of marine Brucella, while the presence of the VGs btpA gene was variable dependent on the clade.ConclusionThe HRM-PCR and Suis-ladder are quick, easy, and cost-effective methods to identify marine Brucella sp. Moreover, in silico genome analyses can give useful insights into the genetic virulence and pathogenicity potential of marine Brucella strains.
{"title":"Combination of in silico and molecular techniques for discrimination and virulence characterization of marine Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis","authors":"Guillaume Girault, Luca Freddi, Maryne Jay, Ludivine Perrot, Alexandre Dremeau, Antoine Drapeau, Sabine Delannoy, Patrick Fach, Acacia Ferreira Vicente, Virginie Mick, Claire Ponsart, Vitomir Djokic","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1437408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1437408","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionMammals are the main hosts for <jats:italic>Brucella</jats:italic> sp., agents of worldwide zoonosis. Marine cetaceans and pinnipeds can be infected by <jats:italic>Brucella ceti</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis</jats:italic>, respectively. Besides classical bacteriological typing, molecular approaches such as MLVA, MLSA, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can differentiate these species but are cumbersome to perform.MethodsWe compared the DNA and genome sequences of 12 strains isolated from nine marine mammals, with highly zoonotic <jats:italic>B. melitensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. abortus</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>B. suis</jats:italic>, and the publicly available genomes of <jats:italic>B. ceti</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis. In silico</jats:italic> pipelines were used to detect the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plasmid, and virulence genes (VGs) by screening six open-source and one home-made library.Results and discussionOur results show that easier-to-use HRM-PCR, Bruce-ladder, and Suis-ladder can separate marine <jats:italic>Brucella</jats:italic> sp., and the results are fully concordant with other molecular methods, such as WGS. However, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method cannot discriminate between <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. ceti</jats:italic> B1-94-like isolates. MLVA-16 results divided the investigated strains into three clades according to their preferred host, which was confirmed in WGS. <jats:italic>In silico</jats:italic> analysis did not find any AMR and plasmid genes, suggesting antimicrobial susceptibility of marine <jats:italic>Brucella</jats:italic>, while the presence of the VGs <jats:italic>btpA</jats:italic> gene was variable dependent on the clade.ConclusionThe HRM-PCR and Suis-ladder are quick, easy, and cost-effective methods to identify marine <jats:italic>Brucella</jats:italic> sp. Moreover, <jats:italic>in silico</jats:italic> genome analyses can give useful insights into the genetic virulence and pathogenicity potential of marine <jats:italic>Brucella</jats:italic> strains.","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442797
Xuerui Wan, Yongjie SunKang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Zhang, Huitian Gou, Yu Xue, Chuan Wang, Yaqin Wei, Yuze Yang
IntroductionEndoglucanase (EG) and cellobiohydrolase (CBH) which produced by microorganisms, have been widely used in industrial applications.MethodsIn order to construct recombinant bacteria that produce high activity EG and CBH, in this study, <jats:italic>eg</jats:italic> (endoglucanase) and <jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (cellobiohydrolase) were cloned from the rumen microbial genome of yak and subsequently expressed independently and co-expressed within <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000 (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000).ResultsThe recombinant strains <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic>), <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>-usp45-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic>) were successfully constructed and demonstrated the ability to secrete EG, CBH, and EG-CBH. The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose activity of the recombinant enzyme EG was the highest, and the regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) was the specific substrate of the recombinant enzyme CBH, and EG-CBH. The optimum reaction temperature of the recombinant enzyme CBH was 60°C, while the recombinant enzymes EG and EG-CBH were tolerant to higher temperatures (80°C). The optimum reaction pH of EG, CBH, and EG-CBH was 6.0. Mn<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Fe<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and Co<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> could promote the activity of CBH. Similarly, Fe<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Ba<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and higher concentrations of Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and Co<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> could promote the activity of EG-CBH. The addition of engineered strains to whole-plant corn silage improved the nutritional quality of the feed, with the lowest pH, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents observed in silage from the <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic> group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05), and the lowest ammonia nitrogen (NH<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>-N), and highest lactic acid (LA) and crude protein (CP) contents in silage from the <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic> + <jats:italic>L. lactis-cbh</jats:italic> group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05), while the silage quality in the <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> group was not satisfactory.DiscussionConsequently, the recombinant strains <jats:italic>L. lactis-cbh</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg-cbh</jats:italic> were successfully constructed, which could successfully expressed EG, CBH, and EG-CB
{"title":"Co-expression of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase from yak rumen in lactic acid bacteria and its preliminary application in whole-plant corn silage fermentation","authors":"Xuerui Wan, Yongjie SunKang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Zhang, Huitian Gou, Yu Xue, Chuan Wang, Yaqin Wei, Yuze Yang","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442797","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionEndoglucanase (EG) and cellobiohydrolase (CBH) which produced by microorganisms, have been widely used in industrial applications.MethodsIn order to construct recombinant bacteria that produce high activity EG and CBH, in this study, <jats:italic>eg</jats:italic> (endoglucanase) and <jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (cellobiohydrolase) were cloned from the rumen microbial genome of yak and subsequently expressed independently and co-expressed within <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000 (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000).ResultsThe recombinant strains <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic>), <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic> NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>-usp45-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>eg</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic>) were successfully constructed and demonstrated the ability to secrete EG, CBH, and EG-CBH. The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose activity of the recombinant enzyme EG was the highest, and the regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) was the specific substrate of the recombinant enzyme CBH, and EG-CBH. The optimum reaction temperature of the recombinant enzyme CBH was 60°C, while the recombinant enzymes EG and EG-CBH were tolerant to higher temperatures (80°C). The optimum reaction pH of EG, CBH, and EG-CBH was 6.0. Mn<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Fe<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and Co<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> could promote the activity of CBH. Similarly, Fe<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Ba<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and higher concentrations of Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, Cu<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and Co<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> could promote the activity of EG-CBH. The addition of engineered strains to whole-plant corn silage improved the nutritional quality of the feed, with the lowest pH, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents observed in silage from the <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic> group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and the lowest ammonia nitrogen (NH<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>-N), and highest lactic acid (LA) and crude protein (CP) contents in silage from the <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic> + <jats:italic>L. lactis-cbh</jats:italic> group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), while the silage quality in the <jats:italic>L. lactis</jats:italic>-<jats:italic>cbh</jats:italic> group was not satisfactory.DiscussionConsequently, the recombinant strains <jats:italic>L. lactis-cbh</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>L. lactis-eg-cbh</jats:italic> were successfully constructed, which could successfully expressed EG, CBH, and EG-CB","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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