Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.73.1.4
Subin Prakash R., Sooriyamuthu Ramasamy, J. Armstrong-Altrin, T. Chandrasekar
The petrography and geochemistry of clastic rocks from the Upper Cretaceous Terani Formation of the Cauvery Basin were studied to decipher their intensity of weathering, provenance, and tectonic history. Texturally, the Terani sandstones are moderately sorted with sub-angular and sub-rounded grains, indicating short transport and low maturity. The average Quartz–Feldspar–Rock fragment (Q–F–R) ratio of the Terani sandstone is Q89–F3–R8. Geochemically, the Terani clastic rocks are classified as sublitharenites, Fe-sand, shale, and Fe-shale types. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), and chemical index of weathering (CIW) suggested moderate to high intensity of weathering in the source area. The enrichment of rare earth element (REE) contents in the Terani clastic rocks relative to UCC (Upper Continental Crust) indicates a higher concentration of heavy minerals. Likewise, the average values of Eu/Eu* (0.16), La/Sc (2.94), La/Co (2.15), Th/Sc (1.08), Th/Co (0.79), Th/Cr (0.12), and Cr/Th (8.39) revealed that the Terani clastic rocks were derived from a combination of felsic and intermediate source rocks. The chondrite normalized REE patterns of clastic rocks are characterized by a relatively flat HREE (Gdcn/Ybcn = 1.71), enriched LREE (Lacn/Smcn = 4.15), and negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.16), which suggest the contribution of sediments with less HREE depleted source rocks from the Archaean group. A comparison of the REE pattern and Eu anomalies from this study with potential source rocks infers that the Terani Formation received a major contribution of sediments from the Dharwar Craton.
{"title":"The petrography and geochemistry of clastic rocks from the Upper Cretaceous Terani Formation of the Cauvery Basin, Southern India","authors":"Subin Prakash R., Sooriyamuthu Ramasamy, J. Armstrong-Altrin, T. Chandrasekar","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.73.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.73.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The petrography and geochemistry of clastic rocks from the Upper Cretaceous Terani Formation of the Cauvery Basin were studied to decipher their intensity of weathering, provenance, and tectonic history. Texturally, the Terani sandstones are moderately sorted with sub-angular and sub-rounded grains, indicating short transport and low maturity. The average Quartz–Feldspar–Rock fragment (Q–F–R) ratio of the Terani sandstone is Q89–F3–R8. Geochemically, the Terani clastic rocks are classified as sublitharenites, Fe-sand, shale, and Fe-shale types. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), and chemical index of weathering (CIW) suggested moderate to high intensity of weathering in the source area. The enrichment of rare earth element (REE) contents in the Terani clastic rocks relative to UCC (Upper Continental Crust) indicates a higher concentration of heavy minerals. Likewise, the average values of Eu/Eu* (0.16), La/Sc (2.94), La/Co (2.15), Th/Sc (1.08), Th/Co (0.79), Th/Cr (0.12), and Cr/Th (8.39) revealed that the Terani clastic rocks were derived from a combination of felsic and intermediate source rocks. The chondrite normalized REE patterns of clastic rocks are characterized by a relatively flat HREE (Gdcn/Ybcn = 1.71), enriched LREE (Lacn/Smcn = 4.15), and negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.16), which suggest the contribution of sediments with less HREE depleted source rocks from the Archaean group. A comparison of the REE pattern and Eu anomalies from this study with potential source rocks infers that the Terani Formation received a major contribution of sediments from the Dharwar Craton.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47101732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.3
M. Szemerédi, A. Varga, I. Dunkl, R. Lukács, I. Seghedi, Z. Kovács, B. Raucsik, E. Pál-Molnár
Permian granitoids in the Highiş massif (SW Apuseni Mts., Romania) are anorogenic (A-type), having a peraluminous, subalkaline, alkali-calcic or calc-alkalic, and ferroan character with granodioritic to granitic compositions. Trace elements suggest the crustal origin of the studied samples that derive from a common or similar source associated with post-collisional rifting. Based on trace elements and zircon U–Pb ages (~268–263 Ma), a plutonic– volcanic connection was revealed between the Highiş granitoids and the Mid-Permian (~267–260 Ma) felsic volcanic rocks that are widespread in the Tisza Mega-unit. Felsic plutonic and volcanic rocks (along with mafic–intermediate plutons and lavas in the Apuseni Mts.) represent a Mid-Permian, cogenetic magmatic system. Our results suggest that the study area belongs to the Tisza Mega-unit, in contrast to recent studies considering it as part of the Dacia Mega-unit. Despite the Europe-derived nature of the Tisza Mega-unit, its Permian igneous formations are significantly younger than those of the stable Europe (~300–290 Ma). However, the studied rocks show correlations with some analogous formations in the ALCAPA Mega-unit, including Permian A-type granitoids and felsic volcanic rocks in the Western Carpathians (Gemeric, Veporic, and Silicic Units). On the other hand, many other rocks of similar age in the Western Carpathians and Eastern Alps bear completely different geochemical compositions (S-type character). The latter suggest at least two main types of magma source coevally within the Permo-Triassic post-orogenic setting in the Central European Variscides.
{"title":"Petrology and zircon U–Pb dating of granitoid rocks in the Highiş massif (SW Apuseni Mts., Romania): Insights into Permian plutonic–volcanic connections","authors":"M. Szemerédi, A. Varga, I. Dunkl, R. Lukács, I. Seghedi, Z. Kovács, B. Raucsik, E. Pál-Molnár","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.3","url":null,"abstract":"Permian granitoids in the Highiş massif (SW Apuseni Mts., Romania) are anorogenic (A-type), having a peraluminous, subalkaline, alkali-calcic or calc-alkalic, and ferroan character with granodioritic to granitic compositions. Trace elements suggest the crustal origin of the studied samples that derive from a common or similar source associated with post-collisional rifting. Based on trace elements and zircon U–Pb ages (~268–263 Ma), a plutonic– volcanic connection was revealed between the Highiş granitoids and the Mid-Permian (~267–260 Ma) felsic volcanic rocks that are widespread in the Tisza Mega-unit. Felsic plutonic and volcanic rocks (along with mafic–intermediate plutons and lavas in the Apuseni Mts.) represent a Mid-Permian, cogenetic magmatic system. Our results suggest that the study area belongs to the Tisza Mega-unit, in contrast to recent studies considering it as part of the Dacia Mega-unit. Despite the Europe-derived nature of the Tisza Mega-unit, its Permian igneous formations are significantly younger than those of the stable Europe (~300–290 Ma). However, the studied rocks show correlations with some analogous formations in the ALCAPA Mega-unit, including Permian A-type granitoids and felsic volcanic rocks in the Western Carpathians (Gemeric, Veporic, and Silicic Units). On the other hand, many other rocks of similar age in the Western Carpathians and Eastern Alps bear completely different geochemical compositions (S-type character). The latter suggest at least two main types of magma source coevally within the Permo-Triassic post-orogenic setting in the Central European Variscides.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46809509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.4
R. Aubrecht, T. Mikuš, Ivan Holický
Turonian to Maastrichtian exotics-bearing deposits from the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Klape and Kysuca units) and from the Považský Inovec Mts. (Western Carpathians) were analyzed for heavy minerals and compared with similar, yet older Albian–Cenomanian deposits. The Turonian to Maastrichtian deposits are petrographically more variable in composition in the entire range, from quartz arenites to litharenites. Percentages of the main heavy minerals are similar on both stratigraphic levels, i.e., they are dominated by chrome-spinels, zircon, tourmaline, apatite, and rutile. Garnet is more common in the Turonian to Maastrichtian samples, while titanite, kyanite, monazite, hornblende, blue amphibole, pyroxenes, epidote, staurolite, and sillimanite are quite rare. Statistical factor analysis indicates dominance of ophiolites and older sediments in the source areas. One important factor is an influx of garnet, with the weakest factor being related to the influx of tourmaline and apatite, which may indicate low-grade metamorphics. Spinels were derived from harzburgites (supra-subduction peridotites). The majority of tourmalines were derived from metasediments, Fe3+-rich quartz– tourmaline rocks, calc-silicate rocks, and metapelites and granitoids. Some had complex zonation with two phases of tourmaline (schorl–dravite and bosiite), or tourmaline intergrown with quartz. These were likely derived from ophiolitic sources. Garnets are predominantly almandinic and derived from rocks that had been metamorphosed up to the amphibolite facies, or magmatic rocks. Common pyrope–almandinic garnets indicate their source from granulites and eclogites. The main change after the Albian–Cenomanian period is the more expressed presence of the continental crust segments in the source area in comparison with ophiolites.
{"title":"Heavy mineral analysis of the Turonian to Maastrichtian exotics-bearing deposits in the Western Carpathians: What has changed after Albian and Cenomanian?","authors":"R. Aubrecht, T. Mikuš, Ivan Holický","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.4","url":null,"abstract":"Turonian to Maastrichtian exotics-bearing deposits from the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Klape and Kysuca units) and from the Považský Inovec Mts. (Western Carpathians) were analyzed for heavy minerals and compared with similar, yet older Albian–Cenomanian deposits. The Turonian to Maastrichtian deposits are petrographically more variable in composition in the entire range, from quartz arenites to litharenites. Percentages of the main heavy minerals are similar on both stratigraphic levels, i.e., they are dominated by chrome-spinels, zircon, tourmaline, apatite, and rutile. Garnet is more common in the Turonian to Maastrichtian samples, while titanite, kyanite, monazite, hornblende, blue amphibole, pyroxenes, epidote, staurolite, and sillimanite are quite rare. Statistical factor analysis indicates dominance of ophiolites and older sediments in the source areas. One important factor is an influx of garnet, with the weakest factor being related to the influx of tourmaline and apatite, which may indicate low-grade metamorphics. Spinels were derived from harzburgites (supra-subduction peridotites). The majority of tourmalines were derived from metasediments, Fe3+-rich quartz– tourmaline rocks, calc-silicate rocks, and metapelites and granitoids. Some had complex zonation with two phases of tourmaline (schorl–dravite and bosiite), or tourmaline intergrown with quartz. These were likely derived from ophiolitic sources. Garnets are predominantly almandinic and derived from rocks that had been metamorphosed up to the amphibolite facies, or magmatic rocks. Common pyrope–almandinic garnets indicate their source from granulites and eclogites. The main change after the Albian–Cenomanian period is the more expressed presence of the continental crust segments in the source area in comparison with ophiolites.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47025642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.2
Habib Mollai, R. Dabiri, H. Torshizian, G. Pe‐Piper, Wei Wang
This paper reports, for the first time, on a garnet-bearing granite body at Zeber-Kuh and interprets its petrogenesis, age and tectonic setting within the context of the evolution of the Cadomian subduction system. The primary minerals imply an origin at pressures greater than 8–6 kbars (~ 25 km depth) and at temperatures above 700 °C with >10 % water. The Zeber-Kuh granite is in tectonic contact with neighboring rocks. This igneous body has average SiO2 of 71 wt. %, average Al2O3 of 14 wt. %, 3.1–3.6 wt. % Na2O, 3.0–6.2 wt. % K2O and 3.3–0.1 wt. % MgO. The granite is characterized by light rare earth element (LREE)-enrichment, relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns with a small negative Eu anomaly and moderately fractioned REE patterns [average (La/Yb)N = 11.32]. Decreasing Fe2O3T, MgO, CaO, TiO2, Ba, Eu and Sr with increasing SiO2 contents are consistent with fractional crystallization and can be related to fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, and apatite. Two granite samples yielded U–Pb zircon ages of 533±3 and 534±6 Ma, which regionally correspond to the younger Cadomian magmatism. Cathodoluminescence images of zircon grains from the studied samples show well-developed oscillatory bands, typical of felsic magmas zircons, and Th/U ratios range from 0.79 to 0.45 with an average of 0.60. The REE patterns of the zircons show progressive enrichment from LREE to HREE with a positive Ce anomaly and a negative Eu anomaly.The garnet-bearing granite of Zeber-Kuh represents the final stage of Cadomian magmatism along an extensional continental arc adjacent to the northern active margin of Gondwanaland.
{"title":"Upper Neoproterozoic garnet-bearing granites in the Zeber-Kuh region from east central Iran micro plate: Implications for the magmatic evolution in the northern margin of Gondwanaland","authors":"Habib Mollai, R. Dabiri, H. Torshizian, G. Pe‐Piper, Wei Wang","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports, for the first time, on a garnet-bearing granite body at Zeber-Kuh and interprets its petrogenesis, age and tectonic setting within the context of the evolution of the Cadomian subduction system. The primary minerals imply an origin at pressures greater than 8–6 kbars (~ 25 km depth) and at temperatures above 700 °C with >10 % water. The Zeber-Kuh granite is in tectonic contact with neighboring rocks. This igneous body has average SiO2 of 71 wt. %, average Al2O3 of 14 wt. %, 3.1–3.6 wt. % Na2O, 3.0–6.2 wt. % K2O and 3.3–0.1 wt. % MgO. The granite is characterized by light rare earth element (LREE)-enrichment, relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns with a small negative Eu anomaly and moderately fractioned REE patterns [average (La/Yb)N = 11.32]. Decreasing Fe2O3T, MgO, CaO, TiO2, Ba, Eu and Sr with increasing SiO2 contents are consistent with fractional crystallization and can be related to fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, and apatite. Two granite samples yielded U–Pb zircon ages of 533±3 and 534±6 Ma, which regionally correspond to the younger Cadomian magmatism. Cathodoluminescence images of zircon grains from the studied samples show well-developed oscillatory bands, typical of felsic magmas zircons, and Th/U ratios range from 0.79 to 0.45 with an average of 0.60. The REE patterns of the zircons show progressive enrichment from LREE to HREE with a positive Ce anomaly and a negative Eu anomaly.The garnet-bearing granite of Zeber-Kuh represents the final stage of Cadomian magmatism along an extensional continental arc adjacent to the northern active margin of Gondwanaland.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42664743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.1
Dominika Godová, M. Bielik, P. Hrubcová, B. Šimonová, J. Dérerová, R. Pašteka
We present a new 2D lithospheric density model along the seismic profile CEL09 crossing the Bohemian Massif, the Western Carpathians, and the Pannonian Basin. The resulting model consists of five principal layers: sediments, upper crust, lower crust, lower lithosphere, and asthenosphere. The thicknesses of the Neogene sedimentary basins vary from 0 to ~5.5 km while the Paleogene flysch sediments dip to a depth of ~6.5 km. The most complex upper part of the upper crust in the Bohemian Massif is represented mainly by low-density granitoid plutons (~2.60–2.68 g cm−3), metamorphic rocks (~2.69–2.74 g cm−3) and high-density basic and ultrabasic bodies (~2.78–2.79 g cm−3). In the Western Carpathians, this layer is formed by the crystalline Malé Karpaty Mts. (2.66–2.67 g cm−3), Trans-Danubian range (2.73–2.74 g cm−3), and the pre-Cainozoic basement of the sedimentary basins (2.67–2.74 g cm−3). The densities of the lower part of the upper crust range from 2.78 g cm−3 (in the Western Carpathian–Pannonian region) to 2.77–2.80 g cm−3 (in the Bohemian Massif). In the lower crust, four different sectors were modelled. In the Saxothuringian, they are divided into two layers, the upper layer (2.84–2.85 g cm−3) and the lower layer (3.12 g cm−3). The Moldanubian has the thickest lower crust (~20 km) with a density of 2.98 g cm−3; the lower crust in the Moravo–Silesian has a density of 2.97 g cm−3. The Western Carpathian– Pannonian region is represented by slightly lower densities of 2.94–2.96 g cm−3. The gravity modelling indicates that the Western Carpathians were overthrusted by ~30 km onto the Bohemian Massif resulting in a neo-transformation of the crust/mantle and related lithosphere after subduction.
我们提出了一个新的二维岩石圈密度模型，沿地震剖面CEL09穿过波西米亚地块、西喀尔巴阡山脉和潘诺尼亚盆地。该模型由五个主要层组成:沉积层、上地壳层、下地壳层、下岩石圈层和软流层。新近系沉积盆地厚度为0 ~ ~5.5 km，古近系复理石沉积厚度为~6.5 km。波希米亚地块上地壳最复杂的上部主要为低密度花岗岩类岩体(~2.60 ~ 2.68 g cm−3)、变质岩(~2.69 ~ 2.74 g cm−3)和高密度基性和超基性岩体(~2.78 ~ 2.79 g cm−3)。在西喀尔巴阡山脉，该层由结晶的mal Karpaty mt . (2.66 ~ 2.67 g cm−3)、跨多瑙河山脉(2.73 ~ 2.74 g cm−3)和沉积盆地的前新生代基底(2.67 ~ 2.74 g cm−3)组成。上地壳下部的密度范围为2.78 g cm−3(西喀尔巴阡—潘诺尼亚地区)至2.77 ~ 2.80 g cm−3(波希米亚地块)。在下地壳中，模拟了四个不同的板块。在萨克森图林根，它们分为两层，上层(2.84 ~ 2.85 g cm−3)和下层(3.12 g cm−3)。Moldanubian具有最厚的下地壳(~20 km)，密度为2.98 g cm−3;莫拉沃-西里西亚的下地壳密度为2.97 g cm−3。西喀尔巴阡-潘诺尼亚地区的密度略低，为2.94-2.96 g cm−3。重力模拟表明，西喀尔巴阡山脉向波西米亚地块逆冲约30 km，导致地壳/地幔和相关岩石圈在俯冲后发生了新改造。
{"title":"Lithospheric density model along the CEL09 profile and its geological implications","authors":"Dominika Godová, M. Bielik, P. Hrubcová, B. Šimonová, J. Dérerová, R. Pašteka","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.6.1","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new 2D lithospheric density model along the seismic profile CEL09 crossing the Bohemian Massif, the Western Carpathians, and the Pannonian Basin. The resulting model consists of five principal layers: sediments, upper crust, lower crust, lower lithosphere, and asthenosphere. The thicknesses of the Neogene sedimentary basins vary from 0 to ~5.5 km while the Paleogene flysch sediments dip to a depth of ~6.5 km. The most complex upper part of the upper crust in the Bohemian Massif is represented mainly by low-density granitoid plutons (~2.60–2.68 g cm−3), metamorphic rocks (~2.69–2.74 g cm−3) and high-density basic and ultrabasic bodies (~2.78–2.79 g cm−3). In the Western Carpathians, this layer is formed by the crystalline Malé Karpaty Mts. (2.66–2.67 g cm−3), Trans-Danubian range (2.73–2.74 g cm−3), and the pre-Cainozoic basement of the sedimentary basins (2.67–2.74 g cm−3). The densities of the lower part of the upper crust range from 2.78 g cm−3 (in the Western Carpathian–Pannonian region) to 2.77–2.80 g cm−3 (in the Bohemian Massif). In the lower crust, four different sectors were modelled. In the Saxothuringian, they are divided into two layers, the upper layer (2.84–2.85 g cm−3) and the lower layer (3.12 g cm−3). The Moldanubian has the thickest lower crust (~20 km) with a density of 2.98 g cm−3; the lower crust in the Moravo–Silesian has a density of 2.97 g cm−3. The Western Carpathian– Pannonian region is represented by slightly lower densities of 2.94–2.96 g cm−3. The gravity modelling indicates that the Western Carpathians were overthrusted by ~30 km onto the Bohemian Massif resulting in a neo-transformation of the crust/mantle and related lithosphere after subduction.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43453330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.2
Serdar Akgündüz, N. Aysal, I. Peytcheva, Sabah Yilmaz Şahin, Yildirim Güngör
Upper Carboniferous–lower Permian plutonic rocks (i.e. the Kula pluton) are exposed in Istranca (Strandja) Zone, NW Pontides on both sides of Turkish and Bulgarian border. The Kula pluton is composed of monzogranite, granodiorite, and quartzmonzodiorite facies with a medium to coarse-grained, mylonitic–blasto mylonitic texture. It was affected by low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, and displays distinct foliation as a result of intense tectonism. This pluton was classified as metaluminous and peraluminous (ASI values 0.95–1.13), I-type, calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline in character. Zircon U–Pb crystallization ages of the pluton are between 298.0.6 ± 0.68 Ma (early Permian – Asselian) and 311.91 ± 1.34 Ma (late Carboniferous – Moscovian). Based on new geochemical and geochronological data, the Kula pluton was generated from a subduction-related magmatic arc-setting during the late Carboniferious to early Permian. This period corresponds to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean following northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and development of a magmatic arc along the Eurasian continental margin.
{"title":"Geochronology, geochemistry and tectono-magmatic evolution of the upper Carboniferous–lower Permian Kula pluton in the Istranca (Strandja) Massif, NW Turkey","authors":"Serdar Akgündüz, N. Aysal, I. Peytcheva, Sabah Yilmaz Şahin, Yildirim Güngör","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.2","url":null,"abstract":"Upper Carboniferous–lower Permian plutonic rocks (i.e. the Kula pluton) are exposed in Istranca (Strandja) Zone, NW Pontides on both sides of Turkish and Bulgarian border. The Kula pluton is composed of monzogranite, granodiorite, and quartzmonzodiorite facies with a medium to coarse-grained, mylonitic–blasto mylonitic texture. It was affected by low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, and displays distinct foliation as a result of intense tectonism. This pluton was classified as metaluminous and peraluminous (ASI values 0.95–1.13), I-type, calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline in character. Zircon U–Pb crystallization ages of the pluton are between 298.0.6 ± 0.68 Ma (early Permian – Asselian) and 311.91 ± 1.34 Ma (late Carboniferous – Moscovian). Based on new geochemical and geochronological data, the Kula pluton was generated from a subduction-related magmatic arc-setting during the late Carboniferious to early Permian. This period corresponds to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean following northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and development of a magmatic arc along the Eurasian continental margin.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41296518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.1
A. Vozárová, N. Rodionov, Katarína Šarinová, J. Vozár
U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons from the Permian meta-andesites of the Čierna Hora Mts. yielded the Concordia ages of 267.0±1.5 Ma, which correspond to the Guadalupian Epoch in the time span of the Wordian Stage. The sequence was correlated with the Northern Veporic Permian rocks from the Čierťaž Mts. From the geochemical point of view, the studied volcanic rocks belong to a peraluminous calc-alkaline magmatic suite, linked to the post-collisional lithospheric extension. Lithosphere extension and attenuation will promote upwelling of hot asthenosphere. In this context, the calc-alkaline affinity may result through extensive crustal contamination of basaltic magma. Continuous extensional setting, succeeded by overheating is indicated by the newly formed zircon rims of 252.2±3.2 Ma age at the edges of the Wordian zircon grains. The Neoproterozoic (618±8 Ma) and Paleoproterozoic (2080±13 Ma) ages were found within the xenocrystic cores in the studied magmatic zircon grains. The presented xenocrystic zircon ages indicate derivation from the Variscan basement rocks with reworked fragments of Cadomian crust.
Čierna Hora Mts.二叠纪变安山岩岩浆锆石的U–Pb定年得出了267.0±1.5 Ma的Concordia年龄，对应于Wordian阶时间跨度内的Guadalupian时代。该序列与ČierťažMts的北维波期二叠纪岩石相关。从地球化学角度来看，所研究的火山岩属于过铝质钙碱性岩浆岩套，与碰撞后岩石圈伸展有关。岩石圈的伸展和衰减将促进热软流圈的上升流。在这种情况下，钙碱性亲和力可能是由于玄武岩岩浆的广泛地壳污染造成的。Wordian锆石颗粒边缘新形成的年龄为252.2±3.2Ma的锆石边缘表明了持续的伸展沉降，随后是过热。在所研究的岩浆锆石颗粒的捕虏晶岩芯中发现了新元古代（618±8 Ma）和古元古代（2080±13 Ma）的年龄。所提供的捕虏晶锆石年龄表明其来源于具有Cadomian地壳改造碎片的华力西基底岩石。
{"title":"U–Pb zircon ages from Permian volcanites of the Čierna Hora Mts. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia): Regional tectonic implications","authors":"A. Vozárová, N. Rodionov, Katarína Šarinová, J. Vozár","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.1","url":null,"abstract":"U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons from the Permian meta-andesites of the Čierna Hora Mts. yielded the Concordia ages of 267.0±1.5 Ma, which correspond to the Guadalupian Epoch in the time span of the Wordian Stage. The sequence was correlated with the Northern Veporic Permian rocks from the Čierťaž Mts. From the geochemical point of view, the studied volcanic rocks belong to a peraluminous calc-alkaline magmatic suite, linked to the post-collisional lithospheric extension. Lithosphere extension and attenuation will promote upwelling of hot asthenosphere. In this context, the calc-alkaline affinity may result through extensive crustal contamination of basaltic magma. Continuous extensional setting, succeeded by overheating is indicated by the newly formed zircon rims of 252.2±3.2 Ma age at the edges of the Wordian zircon grains. The Neoproterozoic (618±8 Ma) and Paleoproterozoic (2080±13 Ma) ages were found within the xenocrystic cores in the studied magmatic zircon grains. The presented xenocrystic zircon ages indicate derivation from the Variscan basement rocks with reworked fragments of Cadomian crust.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49063309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.5
M. Sabol, P. Joniak, Melike Bilgin, Isaac Bonilla-Solomón, F. Cailleaux, A. Čerňanský, Veronika Malíková, Mária Šedivá, C. Tóth
Revisory studies together with the new research results have made it possible to update our knowledge about the biochronology of terrestrial records from the Miocene epoch in the Slovak territory of the Western Carpathians. Data from more than 30 localities, mainly based on mammalian assemblages, provide an overview of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrate communities in response to climate and environmental changes in the Central Paratethys region (especially in its NW area) for about 12 million years, from the early Miocene (MN3) to the end of this epoch (MN13). Based on the determined faunistic assemblages, local reference localities (LRL) were determined and correlated with MN units. These are as follows: localities in the territory of Devínska Nová Ves (MN6), Borský Svätý Jur (MN9), Pezinok (MN10), Triblavina (MN11), and Šalgovce (MN12). Well-documented paleontological and geological records at sites from the territory of Devínska Nová Ves have also made possible to introduce the name “Devínska Nová Ves” for the local faunal complex, corresponding to the MN6 unit.
复习研究和新的研究结果使我们有可能更新我们对西喀尔巴阡山脉斯洛伐克领土中新世以来陆地记录生物岩石学的了解。来自30多个地区的数据，主要基于哺乳动物群落，概述了从中新世早期（MN3）到本世末期（MN13）约1200万年来，中副特提斯地区（尤其是其西北地区）陆生脊椎动物群落对气候和环境变化的反应。根据已确定的动物群落，确定了当地参考地点（LRL），并将其与MN单元进行了关联。这些地区如下：Devínska NováVes（MN6）、BorskýSvätýJur（MN9）、Pezinok（MN10）、Tribravina（MN11）和Šalgovce（MN12）境内的地区。Devínska NováVes地区遗址的古生物和地质记录也为当地动物群引入了“Devís ka NovíVes”的名称，对应于MN6单元。
{"title":"Updated Miocene mammal biochronology of Slovakia","authors":"M. Sabol, P. Joniak, Melike Bilgin, Isaac Bonilla-Solomón, F. Cailleaux, A. Čerňanský, Veronika Malíková, Mária Šedivá, C. Tóth","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.5","url":null,"abstract":"Revisory studies together with the new research results have made it possible to update our knowledge about the biochronology of terrestrial records from the Miocene epoch in the Slovak territory of the Western Carpathians. Data from more than 30 localities, mainly based on mammalian assemblages, provide an overview of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrate communities in response to climate and environmental changes in the Central Paratethys region (especially in its NW area) for about 12 million years, from the early Miocene (MN3) to the end of this epoch (MN13). Based on the determined faunistic assemblages, local reference localities (LRL) were determined and correlated with MN units. These are as follows: localities in the territory of Devínska Nová Ves (MN6), Borský Svätý Jur (MN9), Pezinok (MN10), Triblavina (MN11), and Šalgovce (MN12). Well-documented paleontological and geological records at sites from the territory of Devínska Nová Ves have also made possible to introduce the name “Devínska Nová Ves” for the local faunal complex, corresponding to the MN6 unit.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47284790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.4
Nicola Burazer, A. Šajnović, M. Kašanin-Grubin, G. Gajica, J. Orlić, Marija Radisavljević, B. Jovančićević
The study investigates the influence of alluvial-lacustrine processes and paleoclimate variations on the distribution of terpenoids and unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The XRF, ICP-MS, Rock-Eval, and organic geochemical analyses were employed to investigate thirty Lower and Middle Miocene sedimentary samples from the Prebreza and Čučale formations, collected from boreholes BL3 and BL5, situated in the central part of the Toplica Basin (Serbia). The development of the studied basin part was influenced by alluvial-lacustrine processes, which affected the type of organic matter (OM) and the paleoenvironment. Sandy silt and gravel layers in the profile of the BL3 borehole indicate the contribution of thicker clasts brought by rivers. In the BL5 borehole, there are fine-grained intrabasinal lacustrine sediments in the lower part, and swamp sediments in the upper part. The lowest total organic carbon (TOC) content is in alluvial sediments of BL3 and some lacustrine sediments of BL5. Based on Hydrogen Index (HI) and C/N ratio, various mixtures of terrigenous and algal organic matter are present in the sediments, while an increase in the proportion of terrestrial organic matter with higher HI (Type II kerogen) is recorded in upper parts of both boreholes, which may be related to paleoclimatic changes. Based on Tmax, the OM is immature and/or in the initial stage of maturity. The presence of plant terpenoids and unsubstituted PAHs, which reflected paleoflora and paleoclimate changes, was associated with the suggestion of predominating Type III kerogen in the studied sediments. Various factors influenced the application of gymnosperms/angiosperms parameters. For instance, the progressive aromatization of triterpenoids occurred in the BL5, whereas the process was hindered in the upper part of the BL3, probably as a result of high sedimentation rates. Based on C-value, Sr/Cu, and Rb/Sr ratios, during the deposition of the Lower and Middle Miocene formations of Čučale and Prebreza, a warm and humid climate prevailed, reflecting the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). The production of unsubstituted PAHs in the studied samples probably relates to paleo-wildfires, anoxic conditions, or the presence of specific biomass precursors.
{"title":"Early–Middle Miocene paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate changes in the Toplica Basin (Serbia) inferred from plant biomarkers, biochemical and elemental geochemical proxies","authors":"Nicola Burazer, A. Šajnović, M. Kašanin-Grubin, G. Gajica, J. Orlić, Marija Radisavljević, B. Jovančićević","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.4","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the influence of alluvial-lacustrine processes and paleoclimate variations on the distribution of terpenoids and unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The XRF, ICP-MS, Rock-Eval, and organic geochemical analyses were employed to investigate thirty Lower and Middle Miocene sedimentary samples from the Prebreza and Čučale formations, collected from boreholes BL3 and BL5, situated in the central part of the Toplica Basin (Serbia). The development of the studied basin part was influenced by alluvial-lacustrine processes, which affected the type of organic matter (OM) and the paleoenvironment. Sandy silt and gravel layers in the profile of the BL3 borehole indicate the contribution of thicker clasts brought by rivers. In the BL5 borehole, there are fine-grained intrabasinal lacustrine sediments in the lower part, and swamp sediments in the upper part. The lowest total organic carbon (TOC) content is in alluvial sediments of BL3 and some lacustrine sediments of BL5. Based on Hydrogen Index (HI) and C/N ratio, various mixtures of terrigenous and algal organic matter are present in the sediments, while an increase in the proportion of terrestrial organic matter with higher HI (Type II kerogen) is recorded in upper parts of both boreholes, which may be related to paleoclimatic changes. Based on Tmax, the OM is immature and/or in the initial stage of maturity. The presence of plant terpenoids and unsubstituted PAHs, which reflected paleoflora and paleoclimate changes, was associated with the suggestion of predominating Type III kerogen in the studied sediments. Various factors influenced the application of gymnosperms/angiosperms parameters. For instance, the progressive aromatization of triterpenoids occurred in the BL5, whereas the process was hindered in the upper part of the BL3, probably as a result of high sedimentation rates. Based on C-value, Sr/Cu, and Rb/Sr ratios, during the deposition of the Lower and Middle Miocene formations of Čučale and Prebreza, a warm and humid climate prevailed, reflecting the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). The production of unsubstituted PAHs in the studied samples probably relates to paleo-wildfires, anoxic conditions, or the presence of specific biomass precursors.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43431205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.3
U. Stojadinovic, Nemanja Krstekanić, Bojan Kostić, Marija Ružić, Aleksandar Luković
The Vršac Mts. in NE Serbia represent the key area to investigate structural relations between the Northern Serbo-Macedonian Subunit and Supragetic Unit of the Dacia Mega-Unit. The geodynamic events during the Variscan orogeny in the Late Paleozoic colligated the two units and led to their metamorphic differentiation. The Late Cretaceous extension exhumed the medium-grade Serbo-Macedonian metamorphic rocks and structurally juxtaposed them against the low-grade metamorphosed basement of the Supragetic Unit along an E-dipping shear zone, which outcrops in the crystalline basement of the Vršac Mts. The subsequent Oligocene–Miocene extension, which led to the formation of the Pannonian Basin, overprinted the effects of earlier tectonic phases to a large extent. Hence, large segments of the Northern Serbo-Macedonian Subunit and the Supragetic Unit, including their contact, were buried beneath the Neogene deposits of the southern part of Pannonian Basin. The tectonic uplift of the Vršac Mts. occurred in middle to late Miocene times along the SW-dipping normal faults that controlled deposition in the adjacent Zagajica Depression. The Miocene extension, triggered by the retreat of Carpathian slab, exhumed the crystalline basement of the mountains, and exposed the Late Cretaceous Serbo-Macedonian/Supragetic extensional contact.
{"title":"Tectonic evolution of the Vršac Mts (NE Serbia): Inferences from field kinematic and microstructural investigations","authors":"U. Stojadinovic, Nemanja Krstekanić, Bojan Kostić, Marija Ružić, Aleksandar Luković","doi":"10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31577/geolcarp.72.5.3","url":null,"abstract":"The Vršac Mts. in NE Serbia represent the key area to investigate structural relations between the Northern Serbo-Macedonian Subunit and Supragetic Unit of the Dacia Mega-Unit. The geodynamic events during the Variscan orogeny in the Late Paleozoic colligated the two units and led to their metamorphic differentiation. The Late Cretaceous extension exhumed the medium-grade Serbo-Macedonian metamorphic rocks and structurally juxtaposed them against the low-grade metamorphosed basement of the Supragetic Unit along an E-dipping shear zone, which outcrops in the crystalline basement of the Vršac Mts. The subsequent Oligocene–Miocene extension, which led to the formation of the Pannonian Basin, overprinted the effects of earlier tectonic phases to a large extent. Hence, large segments of the Northern Serbo-Macedonian Subunit and the Supragetic Unit, including their contact, were buried beneath the Neogene deposits of the southern part of Pannonian Basin. The tectonic uplift of the Vršac Mts. occurred in middle to late Miocene times along the SW-dipping normal faults that controlled deposition in the adjacent Zagajica Depression. The Miocene extension, triggered by the retreat of Carpathian slab, exhumed the crystalline basement of the mountains, and exposed the Late Cretaceous Serbo-Macedonian/Supragetic extensional contact.","PeriodicalId":12545,"journal":{"name":"Geologica Carpathica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43226925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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