| We determine the beginning of the Neolithic farming in northern Egypt, based on analysis of core FA-1 of lake deposits in the Faiyum Oasis in northern Egypt. Regular lamination of the early Middle Holocene lake deposits, supported by radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis, indicates the earliest occurrence of domesticated cereals at ~7.8 cal ka BP in this region. The appearance of cereals in the Faiyum region was possible due to fundamental restructuring of regional climatic conditions caused by the changing atmospheric circulation in the eastern Mediterranean region. Stronger northwestern winds were accompanied by increased precipitation in winter and enabled 3 farming phases in the Faiyum Oasis at 7.8–7.6, 7.4–7.2 and 7.0–6.8 cal ka BP, separated by arid episodes with predominant southern winds. Most probably, cereal cultivation concentrated inside local wadis to the north of the lake and was rainfall-dependent. Therefore, early Egyptian farming did not develop based on irrigation systems as commonly thought, but was rain-fed, this being possible due to marked climate change at the beginning of the Middle Holocene. |
The lithological characteristics and age analysis of the variegated Farony Shale are presented for the first time. The Farony Shale occurs in the Lubomierz and Rabka areas in the Bystrica Subunit. It is located within medium- and thin-bedded sandy dominated turbidites of the Campanian–Paleocene Ropianka Formation. It is comprised of red shales laminated or interlayered with strongly bioturbated green shales. Exposures of the Farony Shale are observed along a distance of ~25 km, in the form of a narrow belt. The age of the variegated deposits is estimated based on agglutinated foraminifera to late Campanian–earliest Maastrichtian. Their deposition was associated with low-energy conditions and a temporary limitation of the supply of sandy material to the inner part of the Magura Basin.
The N–E Tunisian coast (Bizerte region) shows several Quaternary sedimentary archives of middle to late Pleistocene age. Sedimentological analyses carried out (grain size, morphoscopy, exoscopy, petrography, mineralogy, and fossil content) on 12 sections reveal a succession that begins with infratidal deposits attributed to the last Interglacial period, followed by intertidal, continental (palaeosol) and/or aeolian deposits (aeolianites). The arrangement of these deposits, their lithological characteristics and their faunal contents are the basis for a palaeoenvironment reconstruction and estimation of palaeoclimatic conditions. A warmer climate and a high sea level characterize the beginning of this interval, followed by a sea level fall accompanied by an alternation of humid and arid climate. This alternation is reflected by intercalations of the palaeosol levels between the aeolian deposits.
Several event layers have been identified in lacustrine deposits in the AErI Basin of Anatolia (E Türkiye). Sedimentological and palaeontological data newly indicate a storm-induced origin for some of them. The sedimentary structures in three sections, a few tens of metres apart from each other laterally, such as hummocky cross-stratification, wave-generated cross-bedding, parallel bedding, erosional surfaces, and graded bedding, which are considered characteristic of tempestites, are clearly present. Additionally, fining-upwards units and biogenic escape structures located at different levels of these sections indicate a similar origin. The vertical variations in layer thickness, grain size, and sedimentary structures in these sedimentary sections indicate fluctuating hydrodynamic conditions during deposition, while lateral decrease in the size and wavelength of the structures reflects deepening. This interpretation of storm-induced deposition is compatible with regional palaeoclimatological and palaeogeographical data, and is supported by evidence of Quaternary storm-induced sedimentation in adjacent lacustrine basins in the region
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