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Fracture response and mechanisms of brittle rock with different numbers of openings under uniaxial loading 单轴加载下不同开孔数脆性岩石的断裂响应及机制
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.25.6.481
Hao Wu, D. Ma, A. Spearing, G. Zhao
Hazardous failure phenomena such as rock bursts and slabbing failure frequently occur in deep hardrock tunnels, thus understanding the failure phenomena and mechanisms of the stress regime on tunnels is extremely critical. In this study, the tunnel system in a rock mass was physically modelled as a number of scaled openings in rock specimens, and the mechanical behavior of specimens having one to four horseshoe-shaped openings under uniaxial compression were investigated systematically. During the tests, the digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques were jointly employed to monitor the fracture response of specimens. After which, the stress distributions in the specimens were numerically analyzed and the stress concentration factor on the periphery of the opening was calculated. The results show that the number of openings have a significant impact on the weakening effect of rock mechanical properties. The progressive cracking process of the specimens with openings evolves from first-tensile cracks through second-tensile cracks and spalling cracks to shear cracks, and the crack threshold stresses are measured. Two failure modes are formed: shear failure and shear-tensile failure. According to the stress distribution law around the opening, the crack initiation mechanism can be fully explained. This research provides an insight to failure mechanism of hardrock tunnel.
深埋硬岩隧道中经常发生冲击地压、板裂破坏等危险破坏现象,因此了解隧道应力状态的破坏现象和破坏机制至关重要。在本研究中,将岩体中的隧道系统物理模拟为岩石试样中的若干尺度开口,并系统地研究了具有1至4个马蹄形开口的岩石试样在单轴压缩下的力学行为。试验过程中,采用数字图像相关(DIC)和声发射(AE)技术对试件的断裂响应进行监测。然后对试件的应力分布进行了数值分析,并计算了开口周边的应力集中系数。结果表明,开孔数量对岩石力学性能的弱化效果有显著影响。开孔试样的渐进开裂过程由第一次拉伸裂纹→第二次拉伸裂纹→剥落裂纹→剪切裂纹,并测量了裂纹阈值应力。形成剪切破坏和剪切-拉伸破坏两种破坏模式。根据开口周围的应力分布规律,可以充分解释裂纹的起裂机理。本研究对硬岩隧道的破坏机制提供了新的认识。
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引用次数: 33
Upper bound limit analysis of blow-out failure mode of excavation face of shield tunnel considering groundwater seepage 考虑地下水渗流的盾构隧道开挖面井喷破坏模式上限分析
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.26.3.227
F. Huang, Di Wang, N. Xiao, Ruo-chen Ou
The study of failure mode for the soil in front of a shield tunnel face is a key challenge for tunnel engineering, especially when drilling under the water table. This work aims to study face stability of a shield tunnel under the water table based on an blow-out failure mechanism in the framework of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis in conjunction with variational principle. The seepage force in the seepage field is derived, and seepage force is regarded as an external force which is introduced in the upper bound calculation. Based on the failure characteristic of the blow-out failure for the soil in front of a shield tunnel face, a upper bound failure mechanism is constructed. Using this mechanism, the equation of the failure surface is obtained and the shapes of the failure surfaces for different parameters are plotted. By studying the influence of various parameters on the shape of failure surfaces, the changing laws of the shape of the failure surface for different parameters are obtained.
盾构隧道工作面前土体破坏模式的研究是隧道工程,特别是地下水位下开挖时面临的关键挑战。本文在极限分析上界定理的框架下,结合变分原理,对地下水位下盾构隧道井喷破坏机理进行了研究。推导了渗流场中的渗流力,并将渗流力作为一种外力引入上界计算。根据盾构隧道工作面前土体爆破破坏的破坏特点,建立了上边界破坏机制。利用该机理,得到了破坏面方程,并绘制了不同参数下的破坏面形状。通过研究各种参数对破坏面形状的影响,得到了不同参数下破坏面形状的变化规律。
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引用次数: 1
Hydromechanical behavior and prediction of unsaturated loess over a wide suction range 非饱和黄土大吸力范围内的水力学行为及预测
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.26.3.275
Tong Jiang, Zhao Jindi, Junran Zhang, Lijin Wang, Chenyu Song, T. Zhai
Subgrade loess in arid and semi-arid regions subjected to high-suction conditions owing to low relative humidity and deep groundwater levels. Understanding the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated compacted loess over a wide suction range is critical for resolving infrastructure problems in such areas. In this study, the water retention behavior of loess was investigated by imposing or measuring suction (s) using the axis translation technique, vapor equilibrium technique, and chilled mirror dew point technique. Triaxial tests were also performed to study the mechanical behavior of compacted loess under different net cell pressures (
干旱半干旱区路基黄土由于相对湿度低、地下水位深而处于高吸力条件下。了解非饱和压实黄土在大吸力范围内的水力学行为对于解决此类地区的基础设施问题至关重要。本研究采用轴平移技术、蒸汽平衡技术和冷镜露点技术,通过施加或测量吸力来研究黄土的保水行为。此外,还进行了三轴试验,研究了压实黄土在不同净胞压(
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引用次数: 1
Recognition and prevention of rockfall vulnerable area in open-pit mines based on slope stability analysis 基于边坡稳定性分析的露天矿岩崩易损区识别与防治
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.26.5.441
Chun Zhu, M. He, T. Zhigang, Qingxiang Meng, Xiaohu Zhang
Because of a wide distribution range, sudden occurrence, and high frequency of rockfall disasters on the slope of open-pit mines, it is difficult to effectively control the rockfall disasters in open-pit mines. The slope stabilities of slopes of 13 typical sections in the Changshanhao open-pit mine were calculated using 3DEC software, and the vulnerable area of each slope section was determined. These areas were analyzed as high-incidence areas of rockfalls. Combined with the field geological conditions, the slopes of the W6 and W8 sections where rockfall disasters easily occur were selected to study the motion characteristics of rockfalls, including the trajectory, landing distribution, bouncing height, and total kinetic energy using Rocfall software. According to different distribution characteristics of high-incidence areas of rockfall disasters on a slope, the gravel cushion and protective net methods are proposed to control rockfall disasters. The effectiveness and reasonableness of prevention methods were validated using numerical simulation, proving a good basis for scientific prevention and control of rockfall disasters in open-pit mines.
露天矿边坡岩崩灾害分布范围广、突发性强、发生频率高,难以有效控制露天矿边坡岩崩灾害。利用3DEC软件对长山好露天矿13个典型断面边坡进行了稳定性计算,确定了各断面边坡的脆弱区。这些地区被分析为岩崩高发区。结合现场地质条件,选取易发生岩崩灾害的W6、W8断面边坡,利用Rocfall软件研究岩崩运动特征,包括岩崩运动轨迹、落点分布、弹跳高度、总动能等。根据边坡岩崩灾害高发区的不同分布特点,提出了砾石垫层和防护网法防治岩崩灾害。通过数值模拟验证了防治方法的有效性和合理性,为科学防治露天矿岩崩灾害提供了良好的依据。
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引用次数: 5
Optimum design of multi-anchored larssen type sheet pile wall for temporary construction works 临时建筑工程多锚拉森型板桩墙优化设计
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.27.1.001
M. Yazici, S. N. Keskin
In some construction works such as multi-basement buildings, subways, deep excavation problems are encountered. In such cases, the shoring walls are used to to prevent damage to the structures next to the excavation area and to provide a safe working environment in the excavation area. In cases where a temporary excavation support is required, sheet pile walls can be more economical comparing to the other walls in the long run due to their reusability. In the present study the analyses were carried out by changing various parametric components such as the number of anchors in vertical row, horizontal and vertical spacing amongst the anchors, anchor angle and excavation depth in LARSSEN type sheet piles constructed temporarily in medium-dense sand. In the analyses, the trapezoidal horizontal earth pressure envelope recommended by FHWA (1999) since the stress concentration occured at the anchor locations. Besides the limit values recommended by FHWA (1999) and BS (1989) was used in the analyses. In total 35488 different sheet pile wall geometry configurations were investigated. According to research results, the lowest costs occur when the horizontal spacing amongst the anchors is 3 m and the angle of the anchors with the horizontal is 150. The lowest costs were obtained when the vertical distance of the uppermost anchor to the ground surface is 3 m. Sheet pile sections with optimum cost were modeled in Plaxis 2D to run displacement analyses. Findings showed that the wall displacements were within the allowable limits commonly used in the literature.
在一些建筑工程中,如多地下室建筑、地铁等,都会遇到深基坑开挖问题。在这种情况下,使用支撑墙来防止对挖掘区域附近的结构造成破坏,并在挖掘区域内提供安全的工作环境。在需要临时开挖支持的情况下,由于板桩墙的可重复使用性,从长远来看,与其他墙相比,板桩墙可能更经济。在本研究中,通过改变在中密度砂土中临时施工的LARSSEN型板桩的各种参数分量,如纵排锚杆数、锚杆之间的水平和垂直间距、锚杆角度和开挖深度,进行了分析。在分析中,由于应力集中发生在锚固位置,因此采用FHWA(1999)推荐的梯形水平土压力包络。此外,在分析中使用了FHWA(1999)和BS(1989)推荐的极限值。总共研究了35488种不同的板桩墙几何构型。研究结果表明,锚杆水平间距为3 m,锚杆与水平夹角为150时,成本最低。当最上锚距地面垂直距离为3 m时,成本最低。采用Plaxis 2D软件对最优成本板桩截面进行建模,进行位移分析。结果表明,墙体位移在文献中常用的允许范围内。
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引用次数: 1
Shallow ground treatment by a combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading method: A case study 空气增压与直线真空预压联合处理浅层地基:实例研究
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.24.2.129
Shuangxi Feng, Huayang Lei, Xiaodong Ding, G. Zheng, Yawei Jin
The vacuum preloading method has been used in many countries for soil improvement and land reclamation. However, the treatment time is long and the improvement effect is poor for the straight-line vacuum preloading method. To alleviate such problems, a novel combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading method for shallow ground treatment is proposed in this study. Two types of traditional vacuum preloading and combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading tests were conducted and monitored in the field. In both tests, the depth of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is 4.5m, the distance between PVDs is 0.8m, and the vacuum preloading time is 60 days. The prominent difference between the two methods is when the preloading time is 45 days, the injection pressure of 250 kPa is adopted for combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading test to inject air into the ground. Based on the monitoring data, this paper systematically studied the mechanical parameters, hydraulic conductivity, pore water pressure, settlement and subsoil bearing capacity, as determined by the vane shear strength, to demonstrate that the air-pressurizing system can improve the consolidation. The consolidation time decreased by 15 days, the pore water pressure decreased to 60.49%, and the settlement and vane shear strengths increased by 45.31% and 6.29%, respectively, at the surface. These results demonstrate the validity of the combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading method. Compared with the traditional vacuum preloading, the combined air booster and straight-line vacuum preloading method has better reinforcement effect. In addition, an estimation method for evaluating the average degree of consolidation and an empirical formula for evaluating the subsoil bearing capacity are proposed to assist in engineering decision making.
真空预压法已被许多国家用于土壤改良和土地复垦。但直线真空预压法处理时间长,改善效果差。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种新型的空气增压与直线真空预压相结合的浅层处理方法。进行了两种传统真空预压试验和空气增压-直线联合真空预压试验,并进行了现场监测。两次试验中,预制垂直排水管深度为4.5m,排水管间距为0.8m,真空预压时间为60天。两种方法的显著区别在于,在预压时间为45天时,采用喷射压力250kpa进行增压联合直线真空预压试验,向地下注入空气。本文在监测数据的基础上,系统地研究了由叶片抗剪强度确定的力学参数、导水系数、孔隙水压力、沉降和地基承载力,论证了空气增压系统可以改善固结。固结时间缩短15 d,孔隙水压力降低至60.49%,地表沉降强度和叶片抗剪强度分别提高45.31%和6.29%。结果表明,空气增压与直线真空预压相结合的方法是有效的。与传统的真空预压相比,空气增压与直线真空预压相结合的加固效果更好。此外,还提出了平均固结度评价方法和地基承载力评价经验公式,以辅助工程决策。
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引用次数: 2
Mechanical behavior of Beishan granite samples with different slenderness ratios at high temperature 不同长细比北山花岗岩试样高温力学行为
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.24.2.157
Qiang Zhang, Yanjing Li, Ming Min, B. Jiang
This paper aims at the temperature and slenderness ratio effects on physical and mechanical properties of Beishan granite. A series of uniaxial compression tests with various slenderness ratios and temperatures were carried out, and the acoustic emission signal was also collected. As the temperature increases, the fracture aperture of intercrystalline cracks gradually increases, and obvious transcrystalline cracks occurs when T > 600°C. The failure patterns change from tensile failure mode to ductile failure mode with the increasing temperature. The elastic modulus decreases with the temperature and increases with slenderness ratio, then tends to be a constant value when T = 1000°C. However, the peak strain has the opposite evolution as the elastic modulus under the effects of temperature and slenderness ratio. The uniaxial compression strength (UCS) changes a little for the low-temperature specimens of T < 400°C, but a significant decrease happens when T = 400°C and 800°C due to phase transitions of mineral. The evolution denotes that the critical brittle-ductile transition temperature increases with slenderness ratio, and the critical slenderness ratio corresponding to the characteristic mechanical behavior tends to be smaller with the increasing temperature. Additionally, the AE quantity also increases with temperature in an exponential function.
研究了温度和长细比对北山花岗岩物理力学性能的影响。进行了一系列不同长细比、不同温度下的单轴压缩试验,并采集了声发射信号。随着温度的升高,晶间裂纹的断裂孔径逐渐增大,在T bb0 ~ 600℃时出现明显的跨晶裂纹。随着温度的升高,其破坏模式由拉伸破坏模式转变为延性破坏模式。弹性模量随温度的升高而减小,随长细比的增大而增大,在T = 1000℃时趋于恒定。在温度和长细比的影响下,峰值应变随弹性模量的变化趋势相反。低温试样单轴抗压强度(UCS)在T < 400℃时变化不大,但在T = 400℃和800℃时,由于矿物相变,单轴抗压强度下降明显。演化规律表明,脆性-韧性临界转变温度随长细比的升高而升高,与特征力学行为相对应的临界长细比随温度的升高而变小。此外,声发射量也随温度呈指数函数增加。
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引用次数: 2
Dynamic stability analysis of a rotary GPLRC disk surrounded by viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性基础包围GPLRC旋转盘的动力稳定性分析
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.24.3.267
Xiujuan Liang, Haixu Ji
The research presented in this paper deals with dynamic stability analysis of the graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) reinforced composite spinning disk. The presented small-scaled structure is simulated as a disk covered by viscoelastic substrate which is two-parametric. The centrifugal and Coriolis impacts due to the spinning are taken into account. The stresses and strains would be obtained using the first-order-shear-deformable-theory (FSDT). For Poisson ratio, as well as various amounts of mass densities, the mixture rule is employed, while a modified Halpin-Tsai model is inserted for achieving the elasticity module. The structure's boundary conditions (BCs) are obtained employing GPLs reinforced composite (GPLRC) spinning disk's governing equations applying principle of Hamilton which is based on minimum energy and ultimately have been solved employing numerical approach called generalized-differential quadrature-method (GDQM). Spinning disk's dynamic properties with different boundary conditions (BCs) are explained due to the curves drawn by Matlab software. Also, the simply-supported boundary conditions is applied to edges θ=π/2 and θ= 3π/2, while, cantilever, respectively, is analyzed in R=Ri, and R0. The final results reveal that the GPLs' weight fraction, viscoelastic substrate, various GPLs' pattern, and rotational velocity have a dramatic influence on the amplitude, and vibration behavior of a GPLRC rotating cantilevered disk. As an applicable result in related industries, the spinning velocity impact on the frequency is more effective in the higher radius ratio's amounts.
本文研究了石墨烯纳米片增强复合材料旋转盘的动态稳定性分析。所提出的小尺度结构被模拟成一个双参数粘弹性衬底覆盖的圆盘。考虑了旋转引起的离心和科里奥利冲击。应力和应变采用一阶剪切变形理论(FSDT)计算。对于泊松比和不同质量密度量,采用混合规则,并插入修正的Halpin-Tsai模型来实现弹性模量。利用基于最小能量的Hamilton原理,利用GPLs增强复合材料(GPLRC)旋转盘的控制方程得到了结构的边界条件,并最终采用广义微分正交法(GDQM)进行了数值求解。利用Matlab软件绘制的曲线,解释了不同边界条件下旋转盘的动态特性。同时,对θ=π/2和θ= 3π/2边分别采用了简支边界条件,对R=Ri和R0边分别进行了悬臂梁的分析。结果表明,gpl的重量分数、粘弹性衬底、各种gpl的形状和旋转速度对GPLRC旋转悬臂盘的振幅和振动特性有显著影响。作为相关行业的适用结果,在较高的半径比的量下,纺丝速度对频率的影响更有效。
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引用次数: 1
Estimation of the excavation damage zone in TBM tunnel using large deformation FE analysis 基于大变形有限元分析的TBM隧道开挖损伤区估算
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.24.4.323
Dohyun Kim, Sangseom Jeong
This paper aims to estimate the range of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) formation caused by the tunnel boring machine (TBM) advancement through dynamic three-dimensional large deformation finite element analysis. Large deformation analysis based on Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) analysis is used to accurately simulate the behavior during TBM excavation. The analysis model is verified based on numerous test results reported in the literature. The range of the formed EDZ will be suggested as a boundary under various conditions – different tunnel diameter, tunnel depth, and rock type. Moreover, evaluation of the integrity of the tunnel structure during excavation has been carried out. Based on the numerical results, the apparent boundary of the EDZ is shown to within the range of 0.7D (D: tunnel diameter) around the excavation surface. Through series of numerical computation, it is clear that for the rock of with higher rock mass rating (RMR) grade (close to 1st grade), the EDZ around the tunnel tends to increase. The size of the EDZ is found to be direct proportional to the tunnel diameter, whereas the depth of the tunnel is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the EDZ. However, the relationship between the formation of the EDZ and the stability of the tunnel was not found to be consistent. In case where the TBM excavation is carried out in hard rock or rock under high confinement (excavation under greater depth), large range of the EDZ may be formed, but less strain occurs along the excavation surface during excavation and is found to be more stable.
本文旨在通过动态三维大变形有限元分析,估算隧道掘进机掘进造成的开挖损伤区形成范围。采用基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)分析的大变形分析方法,对隧道掘进机开挖过程进行了精确模拟。基于大量文献报道的试验结果对分析模型进行了验证。在不同的条件下——不同的隧道直径、隧道深度和岩石类型——形成的EDZ范围将被建议作为边界。并对开挖过程中隧道结构的完整性进行了评价。数值计算结果表明,EDZ的视边界在开挖面周围0.7D (D:隧道直径)范围内。通过一系列数值计算可知,对于RMR等级较高(接近1级)的岩石,隧道周围的EDZ有增大的趋势。EDZ的大小与隧道直径成正比,而隧道深度与EDZ的大小成反比。然而,EDZ的形成与隧道稳定性之间的关系并不一致。在硬岩或高约束条件下(较深开挖)开挖时,可能形成较大范围的EDZ,但开挖过程中沿开挖面产生的应变较小,更加稳定。
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引用次数: 3
Performance monitoring of offshore PHC pipe pile using BOFDA-based distributed fiber optic sensing system 基于bofda分布式光纤传感系统的海上PHC管桩性能监测
IF 3.2 3区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12989/GAE.2021.24.4.337
Xing Zheng, B. Shi, Hong-hu Zhu, Chengcheng Zhang, Xing Wang, Mengya Sun
Brillouin Optical Frequency Domain Analysis (BOFDA) is a distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technique that has unique advantages for performance monitoring of piles. However, the complicated production process and harsh operating environment of offshore PHC pipe piles make it difficult to apply this method to pile load testing. In this study, sensing cables were successfully pre-installed into an offshore PHC pipe pile directly for the first time and the BOFDA technique was used for in-situ monitoring of the pile under axial load. High-resolution strain and internal force distributions along the pile were obtained by the BOFDA sensing system. A finite element analysis incorporating the Degradation and Hardening Hyperbolic Model (DHHM) was carried out to evaluate and predict the performance of the pile, which provides an improved insight into the offshore pile-soil interaction mechanism.
布里渊光频域分析(BOFDA)是一种分布式光纤传感(DFOS)技术,在桩的性能监测中具有独特的优势。然而,海上PHC管桩生产过程复杂,使用环境恶劣,使得该方法难以应用于桩荷载测试。本研究首次成功将传感电缆直接预装到海上PHC管桩中,并利用BOFDA技术对轴向荷载作用下的管桩进行现场监测。利用BOFDA传感系统获得了高分辨率的沿桩应变和内力分布。结合退化硬化双曲模型(DHHM)进行了有限元分析,以评估和预测桩的性能,从而更好地了解近海桩-土相互作用机制。
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引用次数: 11
期刊
Geomechanics and Engineering
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