Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1440118
Michael L. Nesbit, Colleen K. Ko, John C. Mamo, Virginie Lam, Katherine R. Landwehr, Alexander Larcombe, Ryusuke Takechi
Emerging data suggest that air pollution is a persistent source of neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuropathology that contributes to central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Previous research using animal models has shown that exposure to diesel exhaust causes considerable disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to marked neuroinflammation. However, the effects of biodiesel exhaust on cerebrovascular integrity and neuroinflammation have not been explored previously. Therefore, in this study, 8-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed to biodiesel exhaust (derived from canola biodiesel or tallow biodiesel) and compared with control mice that were exposed to air or mineral diesel exhaust. Consistently with previous findings, the integrity of the BBB was significantly disrupted by exposure to mineral diesel exhaust. Tallow and canola biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in no BBB disruption. Moreover, both tallow and canola biodiesels significantly attenuated oxidative stress in the brain. The data collectively suggest that biodiesel exhaust may exert significantly less detrimental effects on brain function, compared to mineral diesel.
{"title":"Frontiers | Exposure to biodiesel exhaust is less harmful than exposure to mineral diesel exhaust on blood-brain barrier integrity in a murine model","authors":"Michael L. Nesbit, Colleen K. Ko, John C. Mamo, Virginie Lam, Katherine R. Landwehr, Alexander Larcombe, Ryusuke Takechi","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1440118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1440118","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging data suggest that air pollution is a persistent source of neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuropathology that contributes to central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Previous research using animal models has shown that exposure to diesel exhaust causes considerable disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to marked neuroinflammation. However, the effects of biodiesel exhaust on cerebrovascular integrity and neuroinflammation have not been explored previously. Therefore, in this study, 8-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed to biodiesel exhaust (derived from canola biodiesel or tallow biodiesel) and compared with control mice that were exposed to air or mineral diesel exhaust. Consistently with previous findings, the integrity of the BBB was significantly disrupted by exposure to mineral diesel exhaust. Tallow and canola biodiesel exhaust exposure resulted in no BBB disruption. Moreover, both tallow and canola biodiesels significantly attenuated oxidative stress in the brain. The data collectively suggest that biodiesel exhaust may exert significantly less detrimental effects on brain function, compared to mineral diesel.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1441285
Oliver W. Layton, Scott T. Steinmetz
Accuracy-optimized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as highly effective models at predicting neural responses in brain areas along the primate ventral stream, but it is largely unknown whether they effectively model neurons in the complementary primate dorsal stream. We explored how well CNNs model the optic flow tuning properties of neurons in dorsal area MSTd and we compared our results with the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) model, which successfully models many tuning properties of MSTd neurons. To better understand the role of computational properties in the NNMF model that give rise to optic flow tuning that resembles that of MSTd neurons, we created additional CNN model variants that implement key NNMF constraints – non-negative weights and sparse coding of optic flow. While the CNNs and NNMF models both accurately estimate the observer's self-motion from purely translational or rotational optic flow, NNMF and the CNNs with nonnegative weights yield substantially less accurate estimates than the other CNNs when tested on more complex optic flow that combines observer translation and rotation. Despite its poor accuracy, NNMF gives rise to tuning properties that align more closely with those observed in primate MSTd than any of the accuracy-optimized CNNs. This work offers a step toward a deeper understanding of the computational properties and constraints that describe the optic flow tuning of primate area MSTd.
{"title":"Accuracy optimized neural networks do not effectively model optic flow tuning in brain area MSTd","authors":"Oliver W. Layton, Scott T. Steinmetz","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1441285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1441285","url":null,"abstract":"Accuracy-optimized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as highly effective models at predicting neural responses in brain areas along the primate ventral stream, but it is largely unknown whether they effectively model neurons in the complementary primate dorsal stream. We explored how well CNNs model the optic flow tuning properties of neurons in dorsal area MSTd and we compared our results with the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) model, which successfully models many tuning properties of MSTd neurons. To better understand the role of computational properties in the NNMF model that give rise to optic flow tuning that resembles that of MSTd neurons, we created additional CNN model variants that implement key NNMF constraints – non-negative weights and sparse coding of optic flow. While the CNNs and NNMF models both accurately estimate the observer's self-motion from purely translational or rotational optic flow, NNMF and the CNNs with nonnegative weights yield substantially less accurate estimates than the other CNNs when tested on more complex optic flow that combines observer translation and rotation. Despite its poor accuracy, NNMF gives rise to tuning properties that align more closely with those observed in primate MSTd than any of the accuracy-optimized CNNs. This work offers a step toward a deeper understanding of the computational properties and constraints that describe the optic flow tuning of primate area MSTd.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AimsThis study aims to systematically analyze the global trends in glioma methylation research using bibliometric methodologies. We focus on identifying the scholarly trajectory and key research interests, and we utilize these insights to predict future research directions within the epigenetic context of glioma.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive literature search of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) to identify articles related to glioma methylation published from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023. The analysis included full-text publications in the English language and excluded non-research publications. Analysis and visualization were performed using GraphPad Prism, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software.ResultsThe search identified 3,744 publications within the WoSCC database, including 3,124 original research articles and 620 review articles. The research output gradually increased from 2004 to 2007, followed by a significant increase after 2008, which peaked in 2022. A minor decline in publication output was noted during 2020–2021, potentially linked to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The United States and China were the leading contributors, collectively accounting for 57.85% of the total research output. The Helmholtz Association of Germany, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and the Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg were the most productive institutions. The Journal of Neuro-Oncology led in terms of publication volume, while Neuro-Oncology had the highest Impact Factor. The analysis of publishing authors revealed Michael Weller as the most prolific contributor. The co-citation network analysis identified David N. Louis's article as the most frequently cited. The keyword analysis revealed “temozolomide,” “expression,” “survival,” and “DNA methylation” as the most prominent keywords, while “heterogeneity,” “overall survival,” and “tumor microenvironment” showed the strongest citation bursts.ConclusionsThe findings of this study illustrate the increasing scholarly interest in glioma methylation, with a notable increase in research output over the past two decades. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, highlighting the importance of temozolomide, DNA methylation, and the tumor microenvironment in glioma research. Despite its limitations, this study offers valuable insights into the current research trends and potential future directions, particularly in the realm of immunotherapy and epigenetic editing techniques.
{"title":"Two decades of progress in glioma methylation research: the rise of temozolomide resistance and immunotherapy insights","authors":"Xianhao Huo, Haoyuan Li, Yixiang Xing, Wenqing Liu, Pengfei Chen, Fang Du, Lijuan Song, Zhenhua Yu, Xiangmei Cao, Jihui Tian","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1440756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1440756","url":null,"abstract":"AimsThis study aims to systematically analyze the global trends in glioma methylation research using bibliometric methodologies. We focus on identifying the scholarly trajectory and key research interests, and we utilize these insights to predict future research directions within the epigenetic context of glioma.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive literature search of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) to identify articles related to glioma methylation published from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023. The analysis included full-text publications in the English language and excluded non-research publications. Analysis and visualization were performed using GraphPad Prism, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software.ResultsThe search identified 3,744 publications within the WoSCC database, including 3,124 original research articles and 620 review articles. The research output gradually increased from 2004 to 2007, followed by a significant increase after 2008, which peaked in 2022. A minor decline in publication output was noted during 2020–2021, potentially linked to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The United States and China were the leading contributors, collectively accounting for 57.85% of the total research output. The Helmholtz Association of Germany, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and the Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg were the most productive institutions. The Journal of Neuro-Oncology led in terms of publication volume, while Neuro-Oncology had the highest Impact Factor. The analysis of publishing authors revealed Michael Weller as the most prolific contributor. The co-citation network analysis identified David N. Louis's article as the most frequently cited. The keyword analysis revealed “temozolomide,” “expression,” “survival,” and “DNA methylation” as the most prominent keywords, while “heterogeneity,” “overall survival,” and “tumor microenvironment” showed the strongest citation bursts.ConclusionsThe findings of this study illustrate the increasing scholarly interest in glioma methylation, with a notable increase in research output over the past two decades. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, highlighting the importance of temozolomide, DNA methylation, and the tumor microenvironment in glioma research. Despite its limitations, this study offers valuable insights into the current research trends and potential future directions, particularly in the realm of immunotherapy and epigenetic editing techniques.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1467182
Natalia Shamantseva, Olga Timofeeva, Varvara Semenova, Irina Andreeva, Tatiana Moshonkina
The study explored the effects of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tES) on postural control. Subjects were divided into field-dependent (FD) and field-independent (FI) groups according to their cognitive style. FD subjects use an exteroceptive afferent stream for spatial orientation, while FI subjects use an interoceptive stream. In darkness, vertical posture is maintained by head-trunk stabilization in FD subjects and by independent movements of body segments in FI subjects. Previously, we showed that tES at the L1-L2 vertebral level decreased postural stability in FD subjects. Now, stimulation was applied at the T11-T12 vertebral level (midline, above the left or right dorsal roots). Quiet standing was assessed using stabilometry in 18 FD and FI participants. Participants stood on a force platform in soundproof chamber with eyes closed during tES. Midline and left tES significantly improved postural stability by up to 28% in FD participants, while posture did not change significantly in FI participants. Pronounced differences between the effects of T11-T12 and L1-L2 stimulation are associated with selective topographical activation of proximal and distal leg muscles during tES of the lumbar enlargement. This study highlights the importance of considering cognitive style in postural control research.
该研究探讨了经皮脊髓电刺激（tES）对姿势控制的影响。受试者根据其认知风格被分为场依赖（FD）组和场非依赖（FI）组。场依赖型受试者使用外感知传入流进行空间定位，而场独立型受试者则使用内感知流。在黑暗中，FD 受试者通过头-躯干稳定来保持垂直姿势，而 FI 受试者则通过身体各部分的独立运动来保持垂直姿势。在此之前，我们曾研究发现，在 L1-L2 椎体水平施加 tES 会降低 FD 受试者的姿势稳定性。现在，我们在 T11-T12 椎体水平（中线，左或右背根上方）施加刺激。对 18 名 FD 和 FI 受试者的静态站立进行了稳定度评估。参与者在 tES 期间闭眼站立在隔音室的受力平台上。中线和左侧 tES 能明显改善 FD 参与者的姿势稳定性，改善幅度高达 28%，而 FI 参与者的姿势没有明显变化。T11-T12和L1-L2刺激效果之间的明显差异与腰部扩大的tES期间腿部近端和远端肌肉的选择性地形激活有关。这项研究强调了在姿势控制研究中考虑认知风格的重要性。
{"title":"Frontiers | Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation modulates quiet standing in healthy adults: stimulation site and cognitive style matter","authors":"Natalia Shamantseva, Olga Timofeeva, Varvara Semenova, Irina Andreeva, Tatiana Moshonkina","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1467182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1467182","url":null,"abstract":"The study explored the effects of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tES) on postural control. Subjects were divided into field-dependent (FD) and field-independent (FI) groups according to their cognitive style. FD subjects use an exteroceptive afferent stream for spatial orientation, while FI subjects use an interoceptive stream. In darkness, vertical posture is maintained by head-trunk stabilization in FD subjects and by independent movements of body segments in FI subjects. Previously, we showed that tES at the L1-L2 vertebral level decreased postural stability in FD subjects. Now, stimulation was applied at the T11-T12 vertebral level (midline, above the left or right dorsal roots). Quiet standing was assessed using stabilometry in 18 FD and FI participants. Participants stood on a force platform in soundproof chamber with eyes closed during tES. Midline and left tES significantly improved postural stability by up to 28% in FD participants, while posture did not change significantly in FI participants. Pronounced differences between the effects of T11-T12 and L1-L2 stimulation are associated with selective topographical activation of proximal and distal leg muscles during tES of the lumbar enlargement. This study highlights the importance of considering cognitive style in postural control research.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1431407
Alexander G. Ginsberg, Madelyn Esther C. Cruz, Franz Weber, Victoria Booth, Cecilia G. Diniz Behn
IntroductionDuring sleep periods, most mammals alternate multiple times between rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. A common theory proposes that these transitions are governed by an “hourglass-like” homeostatic need to enter REM sleep that accumulates during the inter-REM interval and partially discharges during REM sleep. However, markers or mechanisms for REM homeostatic pressure remain undetermined. Recently, an analysis of sleep in mice demonstrated that the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the amount of NREM sleep between REM bouts correlates with REM bout duration, suggesting that time in NREM sleep influences REM sleep need. Here, we build on those results and construct a predictive measure for the propensity to enter REM sleep as a function of time in NREM sleep since the previous REM episode.MethodsThe REM propensity measure is precisely defined as the probability to enter REM sleep before the accumulation of an additional pre-specified amount of NREM sleep.ResultsAnalyzing spontaneous sleep in mice, we find that, as NREM sleep accumulates between REM bouts, the REM propensity exhibits a peak value and then decays to zero with further NREM accumulation. We show that the REM propensity at REM onset predicts features of the subsequent REM bout under certain conditions. Specifically, during the light phase and for REM propensities occurring before the peak in propensity, the REM propensity at REM onset is correlated with REM bout duration, and with the probability of the occurrence of a short REM cycle called a sequential REM cycle. Further, we also find that proportionally more REM sleep occurs during sequential REM cycles, supporting a correlation between high values of our REM propensity measure and high REM sleep need.DiscussionThese results support the theory that a homeostatic need to enter REM sleep accrues during NREM sleep, but only for a limited range of NREM sleep accumulation.
{"title":"A predictive propensity measure to enter REM sleep","authors":"Alexander G. Ginsberg, Madelyn Esther C. Cruz, Franz Weber, Victoria Booth, Cecilia G. Diniz Behn","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1431407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1431407","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionDuring sleep periods, most mammals alternate multiple times between rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. A common theory proposes that these transitions are governed by an “hourglass-like” homeostatic need to enter REM sleep that accumulates during the inter-REM interval and partially discharges during REM sleep. However, markers or mechanisms for REM homeostatic pressure remain undetermined. Recently, an analysis of sleep in mice demonstrated that the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the amount of NREM sleep between REM bouts correlates with REM bout duration, suggesting that time in NREM sleep influences REM sleep need. Here, we build on those results and construct a predictive measure for the propensity to enter REM sleep as a function of time in NREM sleep since the previous REM episode.MethodsThe REM propensity measure is precisely defined as the probability to enter REM sleep before the accumulation of an additional pre-specified amount of NREM sleep.ResultsAnalyzing spontaneous sleep in mice, we find that, as NREM sleep accumulates between REM bouts, the REM propensity exhibits a peak value and then decays to zero with further NREM accumulation. We show that the REM propensity at REM onset predicts features of the subsequent REM bout under certain conditions. Specifically, during the light phase and for REM propensities occurring before the peak in propensity, the REM propensity at REM onset is correlated with REM bout duration, and with the probability of the occurrence of a short REM cycle called a sequential REM cycle. Further, we also find that proportionally more REM sleep occurs during sequential REM cycles, supporting a correlation between high values of our REM propensity measure and high REM sleep need.DiscussionThese results support the theory that a homeostatic need to enter REM sleep accrues during NREM sleep, but only for a limited range of NREM sleep accumulation.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1445697
Evgeniia I. Alshanskaia, Galina V. Portnova, Krystsina Liaukovich, Olga V. Martynova
ObjectivesPupil dilation is controlled both by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system branches. We hypothesized that the dynamic of pupil size changes under cognitive load with additional false feedback can predict individual behavior along with heart rate variability (HRV) patterns and eye movements reflecting specific adaptability to cognitive stress. To test this, we employed an unsupervised machine learning approach to recognize groups of individuals distinguished by pupil dilation dynamics and then compared their autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses along with time, performance, and self-esteem indicators in cognitive tasks.MethodsCohort of 70 participants were exposed to tasks with increasing cognitive load and deception, with measurements of pupillary dynamics, HRV, eye movements, and cognitive performance and behavioral data. Utilizing machine learning k-means clustering algorithm, pupillometry data were segmented to distinct responses to increasing cognitive load and deceit. Further analysis compared clusters, focusing on how physiological (HRV, eye movements) and cognitive metrics (time, mistakes, self-esteem) varied across two clusters of different pupillary response patterns, investigating the relationship between pupil dynamics and autonomic reactions.ResultsCluster analysis of pupillometry data identified two distinct groups with statistically significant varying physiological and behavioral responses. Cluster 0 showed elevated HRV, alongside larger initial pupil sizes. Cluster 1 participants presented lower HRV but demonstrated increased and pronounced oculomotor activity. Behavioral differences included reporting more errors and lower self-esteem in Cluster 0, and faster response times with more precise reactions to deception demonstrated by Cluster 1. Lifestyle variations such as smoking habits and differences in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were significant between the clusters.ConclusionThe differentiation in pupillary dynamics and related metrics between the clusters underlines the complex interplay between autonomic regulation, cognitive load, and behavioral responses to cognitive load and deceptive feedback. These findings underscore the potential of pupillometry combined with machine learning in identifying individual differences in stress resilience and cognitive performance. Our research on pupillary dynamics and ANS patterns can lead to the development of remote diagnostic tools for real-time cognitive stress monitoring and performance optimization, applicable in clinical, educational, and occupational settings.
{"title":"Pupillometry and autonomic nervous system responses to cognitive load and false feedback: an unsupervised machine learning approach","authors":"Evgeniia I. Alshanskaia, Galina V. Portnova, Krystsina Liaukovich, Olga V. Martynova","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1445697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1445697","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivesPupil dilation is controlled both by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system branches. We hypothesized that the dynamic of pupil size changes under cognitive load with additional false feedback can predict individual behavior along with heart rate variability (HRV) patterns and eye movements reflecting specific adaptability to cognitive stress. To test this, we employed an unsupervised machine learning approach to recognize groups of individuals distinguished by pupil dilation dynamics and then compared their autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses along with time, performance, and self-esteem indicators in cognitive tasks.MethodsCohort of 70 participants were exposed to tasks with increasing cognitive load and deception, with measurements of pupillary dynamics, HRV, eye movements, and cognitive performance and behavioral data. Utilizing machine learning k-means clustering algorithm, pupillometry data were segmented to distinct responses to increasing cognitive load and deceit. Further analysis compared clusters, focusing on how physiological (HRV, eye movements) and cognitive metrics (time, mistakes, self-esteem) varied across two clusters of different pupillary response patterns, investigating the relationship between pupil dynamics and autonomic reactions.ResultsCluster analysis of pupillometry data identified two distinct groups with statistically significant varying physiological and behavioral responses. Cluster 0 showed elevated HRV, alongside larger initial pupil sizes. Cluster 1 participants presented lower HRV but demonstrated increased and pronounced oculomotor activity. Behavioral differences included reporting more errors and lower self-esteem in Cluster 0, and faster response times with more precise reactions to deception demonstrated by Cluster 1. Lifestyle variations such as smoking habits and differences in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were significant between the clusters.ConclusionThe differentiation in pupillary dynamics and related metrics between the clusters underlines the complex interplay between autonomic regulation, cognitive load, and behavioral responses to cognitive load and deceptive feedback. These findings underscore the potential of pupillometry combined with machine learning in identifying individual differences in stress resilience and cognitive performance. Our research on pupillary dynamics and ANS patterns can lead to the development of remote diagnostic tools for real-time cognitive stress monitoring and performance optimization, applicable in clinical, educational, and occupational settings.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1461178
Lin Chen, Ryo Saito, Shoko Noda-Narita, Hidetoshi Kassai, Atsu Aiba
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in brain development and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is observed in various human central nervous system diseases, including tuberous sclerosis complex, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Numerous studies focused on the effects of hyperactivation of mTOR on cortical excitatory neurons, while only a few studies focused on inhibitory neurons. Here we generated transgenic mice in which mTORC1 signaling is hyperactivated in inhibitory neurons in the striatum, while cortical neurons left unaffected. The hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling increased GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the striatum. The transgenic mice exhibited the upregulation of dopamine receptor D1 and the downregulation of dopamine receptor D2 in medium spiny neurons in the ventral striatum. Finally, the transgenic mice demonstrated impaired motor learning and dysregulated olfactory preference behavior, though the basic function of olfaction was preserved. These findings reveal that the mTORC1 signaling pathway plays an essential role in the development and function of the striatal inhibitory neurons and suggest the critical involvement of the mTORC1 pathway in the locomotor abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases and the sensory defects in ASD.
{"title":"Hyperactive mTORC1 in striatum dysregulates dopamine receptor expression and odor preference behavior","authors":"Lin Chen, Ryo Saito, Shoko Noda-Narita, Hidetoshi Kassai, Atsu Aiba","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1461178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1461178","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in brain development and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is observed in various human central nervous system diseases, including tuberous sclerosis complex, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Numerous studies focused on the effects of hyperactivation of mTOR on cortical excitatory neurons, while only a few studies focused on inhibitory neurons. Here we generated transgenic mice in which mTORC1 signaling is hyperactivated in inhibitory neurons in the striatum, while cortical neurons left unaffected. The hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling increased GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the striatum. The transgenic mice exhibited the upregulation of dopamine receptor D1 and the downregulation of dopamine receptor D2 in medium spiny neurons in the ventral striatum. Finally, the transgenic mice demonstrated impaired motor learning and dysregulated olfactory preference behavior, though the basic function of olfaction was preserved. These findings reveal that the mTORC1 signaling pathway plays an essential role in the development and function of the striatal inhibitory neurons and suggest the critical involvement of the mTORC1 pathway in the locomotor abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases and the sensory defects in ASD.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1415008
Hua Xue, Hong-xian He, Dan Wu, Wen-hui Fan, Ya-xin Li
BackgroundMany systematic reviews (SRs) have reported the efficacy of acupuncture in improving Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the quality of evidence is unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize and objectively evaluate the evidence of acupuncture for PD.MethodsSeven databases were searched to retrieve SRs on the acupuncture for PD. Two reviewers independently completed literature retrieval, screening, and data extraction. The methodological quality, risk of bias (RoB), evidence quality of the included SRs were assessed by the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS), the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.ResultsA total of 24 SRs were included. According to AMSTAR 2, 6 (25%) were rated as high quality, 6 (25%) were rated as moderate quality, and 12 (50%) were rated as very low quality. The application of the ROBIS tool showed that 12 (25%) SRs were at low risk of bias. The results of GRADE showed that 8 (7.62%) outcomes provided high quality evidence, 23 (21.9%) outcomes provided moderate quality evidence, 42 (40%) outcomes provided low quality evidence, and 32 (30.48%) outcomes provided very low quality evidence.ConclusionThe overview indicates that acupuncture shows promise as a treatment for PD, although the evidence is limited and inconclusive due to methodological flaws and the heterogeneity of existing studies. Future research should focus on fully reporting methodological details and following review guidelines to produce more reliable and consistent evidence on the effectiveness of acupuncture for PD.Systematic review registrationhttps://inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY202480049.
{"title":"An overview of systematic reviews of acupuncture for Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Hua Xue, Hong-xian He, Dan Wu, Wen-hui Fan, Ya-xin Li","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1415008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1415008","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundMany systematic reviews (SRs) have reported the efficacy of acupuncture in improving Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the quality of evidence is unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize and objectively evaluate the evidence of acupuncture for PD.MethodsSeven databases were searched to retrieve SRs on the acupuncture for PD. Two reviewers independently completed literature retrieval, screening, and data extraction. The methodological quality, risk of bias (RoB), evidence quality of the included SRs were assessed by the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS), the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.ResultsA total of 24 SRs were included. According to AMSTAR 2, 6 (25%) were rated as high quality, 6 (25%) were rated as moderate quality, and 12 (50%) were rated as very low quality. The application of the ROBIS tool showed that 12 (25%) SRs were at low risk of bias. The results of GRADE showed that 8 (7.62%) outcomes provided high quality evidence, 23 (21.9%) outcomes provided moderate quality evidence, 42 (40%) outcomes provided low quality evidence, and 32 (30.48%) outcomes provided very low quality evidence.ConclusionThe overview indicates that acupuncture shows promise as a treatment for PD, although the evidence is limited and inconclusive due to methodological flaws and the heterogeneity of existing studies. Future research should focus on fully reporting methodological details and following review guidelines to produce more reliable and consistent evidence on the effectiveness of acupuncture for PD.Systematic review registration<jats:ext-link>https://inplasy.com</jats:ext-link>, identifier INPLASY202480049.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1435716
Daniel D. Hodgkiss, Alison M. M. Williams, Claire S. Shackleton, Soshi Samejima, Shane J. T. Balthazaar, Tania Lam, Andrei V. Krassioukov, Tom E. Nightingale
Cervical or upper-thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI, ≥T6) often leads to low resting blood pressure (BP) and impaired cardiovascular responses to acute exercise due to disrupted supraspinal sympathetic drive. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (invasive, ESCS) and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (non-invasive, TSCS) have previously been used to target dormant sympathetic circuits and modulate cardiovascular responses. This case series compared the effects of cardiovascular-optimised ESCS and TSCS versus sham ESCS and TSCS on modulating cardiovascular responses and improving submaximal upper-body exercise performance in individuals with SCI. Seven males with a chronic, motor-complete SCI between C6 and T4 underwent a mapping session to identify cardiovascular responses to spinal cord stimulation. Subsequently, four participants (two ESCS and two TSCS) completed submaximal exercise testing. Stimulation parameters (waveform, frequency, intensity, epidural electrode array configuration, and transcutaneous electrode locations in the lumbosacral region) were optimised to elevate cardiovascular responses (CV-SCS). A sham condition (SHAM-SCS) served as a comparison. Participants performed arm-crank exercise to exhaustion at a fixed workload corresponding to above ventilatory threshold, on separate days, with CV-SCS or SHAM-SCS. At rest, CV-SCS increased BP and predicted left ventricular cardiac contractility and total peripheral resistance. During exercise, CV-SCS increased time to exhaustion and peak oxygen pulse (a surrogate for stroke volume), relative to SHAM-SCS. Ratings of perceived exertion also tended to be lower with CV-SCS than SHAM-SCS. Comparable improvements in time to exhaustion with ESCS and TSCS suggest that both approaches could be promising ergogenic aids to support exercise performance or rehabilitation, along with reducing fatigue during activities of daily living in individuals with SCI.
{"title":"Ergogenic effects of spinal cord stimulation on exercise performance following spinal cord injury","authors":"Daniel D. Hodgkiss, Alison M. M. Williams, Claire S. Shackleton, Soshi Samejima, Shane J. T. Balthazaar, Tania Lam, Andrei V. Krassioukov, Tom E. Nightingale","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1435716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1435716","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical or upper-thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI, ≥T6) often leads to low resting blood pressure (BP) and impaired cardiovascular responses to acute exercise due to disrupted supraspinal sympathetic drive. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (invasive, ESCS) and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (non-invasive, TSCS) have previously been used to target dormant sympathetic circuits and modulate cardiovascular responses. This case series compared the effects of cardiovascular-optimised ESCS and TSCS versus sham ESCS and TSCS on modulating cardiovascular responses and improving submaximal upper-body exercise performance in individuals with SCI. Seven males with a chronic, motor-complete SCI between C6 and T4 underwent a mapping session to identify cardiovascular responses to spinal cord stimulation. Subsequently, four participants (two ESCS and two TSCS) completed submaximal exercise testing. Stimulation parameters (waveform, frequency, intensity, epidural electrode array configuration, and transcutaneous electrode locations in the lumbosacral region) were optimised to elevate cardiovascular responses (CV-SCS). A sham condition (SHAM-SCS) served as a comparison. Participants performed arm-crank exercise to exhaustion at a fixed workload corresponding to above ventilatory threshold, on separate days, with CV-SCS or SHAM-SCS. At rest, CV-SCS increased BP and predicted left ventricular cardiac contractility and total peripheral resistance. During exercise, CV-SCS increased time to exhaustion and peak oxygen pulse (a surrogate for stroke volume), relative to SHAM-SCS. Ratings of perceived exertion also tended to be lower with CV-SCS than SHAM-SCS. Comparable improvements in time to exhaustion with ESCS and TSCS suggest that both approaches could be promising ergogenic aids to support exercise performance or rehabilitation, along with reducing fatigue during activities of daily living in individuals with SCI.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employed multiple MRI features to comprehensively evaluate the abnormalities in morphology, and functionality associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and distinguish them from normal physiological changes. For investigation purposes, three groups: 32 patients with PD, 42 age-matched healthy controls (HCg1), and 33 young and middle-aged controls (HCg2) were designed. The aim of the current study was to differentiate pathological cortical changes in PD from age-related physiological cortical volume changes. Integrating these findings with functional MRI changes to characterize the effects of PD on whole-brain networks. Cortical volumes in the bilateral temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and cerebellum were significantly reduced in HCg1 compared to HCg2. Although no significant differences in cortical volume were observed between PD patients and HCg1, the PD group exhibited pronounced abnormalities with significantly lower mean connectivity values compared to HCg1. Conversely, physiological functional changes in HCg1 showed markedly higher mean connectivity values than in HCg2. By integrating morphological and functional assessments, as well as network characterization of physiological aging, this study further delineates the distinct characteristics of pathological changes in PD.
{"title":"Characterization of cortical volume and whole-brain functional connectivity in Parkinson’s disease patients: a MRI study combined with physiological aging brain changes","authors":"Shuaiwen Wang, Xiaoli Chen, Yanli Zhang, Yulin Gao, Lubin Gou, Junqiang Lei","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2024.1451948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1451948","url":null,"abstract":"This study employed multiple MRI features to comprehensively evaluate the abnormalities in morphology, and functionality associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and distinguish them from normal physiological changes. For investigation purposes, three groups: 32 patients with PD, 42 age-matched healthy controls (HCg1), and 33 young and middle-aged controls (HCg2) were designed. The aim of the current study was to differentiate pathological cortical changes in PD from age-related physiological cortical volume changes. Integrating these findings with functional MRI changes to characterize the effects of PD on whole-brain networks. Cortical volumes in the bilateral temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and cerebellum were significantly reduced in HCg1 compared to HCg2. Although no significant differences in cortical volume were observed between PD patients and HCg1, the PD group exhibited pronounced abnormalities with significantly lower mean connectivity values compared to HCg1. Conversely, physiological functional changes in HCg1 showed markedly higher mean connectivity values than in HCg2. By integrating morphological and functional assessments, as well as network characterization of physiological aging, this study further delineates the distinct characteristics of pathological changes in PD.","PeriodicalId":12639,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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