{"title":"Environmental economics","authors":"M. S. Cato","doi":"10.4324/9780429060656-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429060656-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76043785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429060656-18
M. S. Cato
{"title":"Conclusion:","authors":"M. S. Cato","doi":"10.4324/9780429060656-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429060656-18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85682234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The whistle-blowers","authors":"M. S. Cato","doi":"10.4324/9780429060656-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429060656-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90496722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70082
Proteomic Analysis of Goat Milk
{"title":"Proteomic Analysis of Goat Milk","authors":"Proteomic Analysis of Goat Milk","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73062617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72728
R. Bhardwaj
Iodine deficiency is a common problem among humans and livestock throughout the world. Prevalence is very high in goats due to less access to soils and browsing habits of goats. It is primarily due to deficiency of iodine in soil, feed, fodder, and water or secondarily due to the presence of goitrogens in diet of animals. Clinical deficiency is characterized by cardinal signs of goiter, whereas subclinical deficiency is difficult to diagnose because clinical signs are not evident. Clinical signs are more prevalent in kids as compared to adults. Diagnosis is on the basis of clinical sign of goiter and estimation of thyroid hormones, the plasma organic iodine level. Milk and urine iodine levels are good indicators of iodine deficiency. Deficiency can be prevented by daily supplementation of iodine and avoiding diets high in goitrogens.
{"title":"Iodine Deficiency in Goats","authors":"R. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72728","url":null,"abstract":"Iodine deficiency is a common problem among humans and livestock throughout the world. Prevalence is very high in goats due to less access to soils and browsing habits of goats. It is primarily due to deficiency of iodine in soil, feed, fodder, and water or secondarily due to the presence of goitrogens in diet of animals. Clinical deficiency is characterized by cardinal signs of goiter, whereas subclinical deficiency is difficult to diagnose because clinical signs are not evident. Clinical signs are more prevalent in kids as compared to adults. Diagnosis is on the basis of clinical sign of goiter and estimation of thyroid hormones, the plasma organic iodine level. Milk and urine iodine levels are good indicators of iodine deficiency. Deficiency can be prevented by daily supplementation of iodine and avoiding diets high in goitrogens.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85236250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74236
B. Omontese
Goats are small ruminants found worldwide. They provide humans with meat, milk and skin. In many rural communities, goats serve as a store of economic value and are used in cultural celebration. The world population in rapidly growing and is predicted to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. Human population explosion will exert immense pressure on the availability of food resources. Goats provide an excellent source of food to feed the world growing population. In order to increase goat population, advanced reproductive biotechnologies must be employed. These methods include and it not limited to estrus synchronization artificial insemination. Estrus synchronization is achieved by manipulation of the estrous cycle using exogenous hormones such as progestagens, gonadotrophins, and prostaglandins. Artificial insemination can be described as all the processes involved in semen collection from a male, evaluation, processing, and eventual deposition in the vaginal of a suitable female to cause conception. Adequate knowledge about male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology is critical to the application and success of reproductive biotechnology in goat reproduction.
{"title":"Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination in Goats","authors":"B. Omontese","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74236","url":null,"abstract":"Goats are small ruminants found worldwide. They provide humans with meat, milk and skin. In many rural communities, goats serve as a store of economic value and are used in cultural celebration. The world population in rapidly growing and is predicted to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. Human population explosion will exert immense pressure on the availability of food resources. Goats provide an excellent source of food to feed the world growing population. In order to increase goat population, advanced reproductive biotechnologies must be employed. These methods include and it not limited to estrus synchronization artificial insemination. Estrus synchronization is achieved by manipulation of the estrous cycle using exogenous hormones such as progestagens, gonadotrophins, and prostaglandins. Artificial insemination can be described as all the processes involved in semen collection from a male, evaluation, processing, and eventual deposition in the vaginal of a suitable female to cause conception. Adequate knowledge about male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology is critical to the application and success of reproductive biotechnology in goat reproduction.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89882273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74203
M. Ayaz, M. M. Nazir, NoreenSamad, M. Zubair, M. Hanif, M. Aziz, A. Sheikh, A. Akbar, A. Waheed, A. Zaman, N. Mahmood
Additional information available at the end of the chapter Abstract Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT para- sites and various models to predict the status of health in animals.
{"title":"Parasitism in Goats: Husbandry Management, Range Management, Gut Immunity and Therapeutics","authors":"M. Ayaz, M. M. Nazir, NoreenSamad, M. Zubair, M. Hanif, M. Aziz, A. Sheikh, A. Akbar, A. Waheed, A. Zaman, N. Mahmood","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74203","url":null,"abstract":"Additional information available at the end of the chapter Abstract Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT para- sites and various models to predict the status of health in animals.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77123003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72415
Silvio Leite Monteiro da Silva
Breeders that have any concern to conventional therapies with sheeps and goats may be interested in complementary medicine with high dilutions. There are plenty of advantages in favor of adding these tools options to the animals care. Connections with breed- ers, animals, veterinarians and consumers trends are considered. The chapter discusses the context related to the opportunities the current state of art of high dilution medicines offers and the challenges that are faced by the mainstream current worldwide solutions. Six therapeutic styles are identified as useful for these small ruminants. Some of them need specialized professional support and some do not because they are already ready for acquisition and use. References of how work evolves in systems and how to find them are provided. The findings clearly state that the introduction of complementary high diluted medicines offers advantages to the current demands.
{"title":"Complementary Medicine with High Dilutions Strengthen Conventional Therapies and Health","authors":"Silvio Leite Monteiro da Silva","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72415","url":null,"abstract":"Breeders that have any concern to conventional therapies with sheeps and goats may be interested in complementary medicine with high dilutions. There are plenty of advantages in favor of adding these tools options to the animals care. Connections with breed- ers, animals, veterinarians and consumers trends are considered. The chapter discusses the context related to the opportunities the current state of art of high dilution medicines offers and the challenges that are faced by the mainstream current worldwide solutions. Six therapeutic styles are identified as useful for these small ruminants. Some of them need specialized professional support and some do not because they are already ready for acquisition and use. References of how work evolves in systems and how to find them are provided. The findings clearly state that the introduction of complementary high diluted medicines offers advantages to the current demands.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91398103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70083
S. Claps, R. Rossi, A. Trana, M. Napoli, Daniela Giorgio, L. Sepe
This chapter provides an introductory overview of some bioactive compounds in goat milk, presenting a selection of key results from literature. The aim of the chapter is to review the effects of the feeding system and of the breed on goat milk and cheese fine quality in order to identify management options aimed at improving the nutraceutical characteristics of milk and dairy products. We will discuss a series of case studies focused on the assessment of the effects of feeding system and breed and their interaction on specific health-promoting bioactive compounds: (i) fatty acid (FA) profile, (ii) antioxidant compounds and (iii) oligosaccharides (OS). Experimental data will be discussed high-lighting the potential role of local Mediterranean breeds for the production of functional dairy products. centrifuged × g, min). After the the was a Buchner rinsed with CHCl 3 (30 ml) and then again filtered. The chloroform-lipid was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , rinsed with CHCl 3 (30 ml) and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 30°C. The residue was stored at −80°C for lipid determination. Lipid extract was methylated adding hexane (1 ml) and 2 N methanolic KOH (0.05 ml). Gas chromatograph analysis was performed on a Varian model 3800 GC instrument fitted with an automatic sampler (CP 8410) for a multiple injection. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were separated through a cyanopropyl polysiloxane (DB 23, J & W) fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d.). Operating conditions were a helium flow rate of 1.2 ml/min, a FID detec-tor at 250°C and a split-splitless injector at 230°C with a split ratio 1:100. The column tempera-ture was held at 60°C for 5 min after sample injection (1 μl), increased at 14°C/min to 165°C and at 2°C/min to 225°C and held at 225°C for 20 min. The individual fatty acid peaks were identified with reference to the retention times of standard of CLA isomers trans-11 97% and trans-10, cis-12 3%; Larodan, and a known mixture of standards (FAME, Sigma). Fatty acids were expressed as percentage of total FAME. These results show that cholesterol was highly protected against oxidative reactions when herbage was the only feed or was dominant in the goat diet. A strong positive correlation between herbage intake and DPA values allows to identify a linear regression: y = 0.12 x + 5.52, where y = DPA (×10 −3 ) and x = contribution of grazed herbage intake to the animal diet calculated as a percentage of the maximum intake of mature Maltese goats (1100 g/d = 100% grazing). The DAP index equal to 7.0 × 10 −3 was able to distinguish dairy products when the grazed herbage in the goats’ diet exceeded 15%. The reliability of DAP to measure the antioxidant protection of cholesterol appeared more effective when the feeding system was based on grazing than when cut herbage or zero grazing was utilised indoors by animals.
{"title":"Bioactive Compounds in Goat Milk and Cheese: The Role of Feeding System and Breed","authors":"S. Claps, R. Rossi, A. Trana, M. Napoli, Daniela Giorgio, L. Sepe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70083","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an introductory overview of some bioactive compounds in goat milk, presenting a selection of key results from literature. The aim of the chapter is to review the effects of the feeding system and of the breed on goat milk and cheese fine quality in order to identify management options aimed at improving the nutraceutical characteristics of milk and dairy products. We will discuss a series of case studies focused on the assessment of the effects of feeding system and breed and their interaction on specific health-promoting bioactive compounds: (i) fatty acid (FA) profile, (ii) antioxidant compounds and (iii) oligosaccharides (OS). Experimental data will be discussed high-lighting the potential role of local Mediterranean breeds for the production of functional dairy products. centrifuged × g, min). After the the was a Buchner rinsed with CHCl 3 (30 ml) and then again filtered. The chloroform-lipid was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , rinsed with CHCl 3 (30 ml) and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 30°C. The residue was stored at −80°C for lipid determination. Lipid extract was methylated adding hexane (1 ml) and 2 N methanolic KOH (0.05 ml). Gas chromatograph analysis was performed on a Varian model 3800 GC instrument fitted with an automatic sampler (CP 8410) for a multiple injection. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were separated through a cyanopropyl polysiloxane (DB 23, J & W) fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d.). Operating conditions were a helium flow rate of 1.2 ml/min, a FID detec-tor at 250°C and a split-splitless injector at 230°C with a split ratio 1:100. The column tempera-ture was held at 60°C for 5 min after sample injection (1 μl), increased at 14°C/min to 165°C and at 2°C/min to 225°C and held at 225°C for 20 min. The individual fatty acid peaks were identified with reference to the retention times of standard of CLA isomers trans-11 97% and trans-10, cis-12 3%; Larodan, and a known mixture of standards (FAME, Sigma). Fatty acids were expressed as percentage of total FAME. These results show that cholesterol was highly protected against oxidative reactions when herbage was the only feed or was dominant in the goat diet. A strong positive correlation between herbage intake and DPA values allows to identify a linear regression: y = 0.12 x + 5.52, where y = DPA (×10 −3 ) and x = contribution of grazed herbage intake to the animal diet calculated as a percentage of the maximum intake of mature Maltese goats (1100 g/d = 100% grazing). The DAP index equal to 7.0 × 10 −3 was able to distinguish dairy products when the grazed herbage in the goats’ diet exceeded 15%. The reliability of DAP to measure the antioxidant protection of cholesterol appeared more effective when the feeding system was based on grazing than when cut herbage or zero grazing was utilised indoors by animals.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84288792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70080
J. Serradilla, M. Carabaño, M. Ramón, Antonio Molina, C. Díaz, A. Menéndez-Buxadera
This chapter aims to review present knowledge about the effects of heat stress on goats, summarising what is known about its measurement, its impact on the performances of the animals, mainly milk traits, the physiological and genetic bases of the animals’ response and the improvement of resilience through selection. A short historic review of the climatic indexes used to measure heat stress, with special emphasis on the tempera - ture humidity indexes, and the main consequences on milk yield and composition are followed by a description of the results of experiments carried out to study the physio - logical and metabolic consequences of heat stress. The results of the quantitative analyses of the genetic bases of heat stress using norm of reaction models and of the application of omic techniques, particularly transcriptomic and genomic, to understand the complex ity of the genetic background of animal’s reaction to thermal stress, constitute the next points. The chapter ends treating the possible ways and difficulties of applying selection to increase resilience to heat stress.
{"title":"Characterisation of Goats’ Response to Heat Stress: Tools to Improve Heat Tolerance","authors":"J. Serradilla, M. Carabaño, M. Ramón, Antonio Molina, C. Díaz, A. Menéndez-Buxadera","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70080","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to review present knowledge about the effects of heat stress on goats, summarising what is known about its measurement, its impact on the performances of the animals, mainly milk traits, the physiological and genetic bases of the animals’ response and the improvement of resilience through selection. A short historic review of the climatic indexes used to measure heat stress, with special emphasis on the tempera - ture humidity indexes, and the main consequences on milk yield and composition are followed by a description of the results of experiments carried out to study the physio - logical and metabolic consequences of heat stress. The results of the quantitative analyses of the genetic bases of heat stress using norm of reaction models and of the application of omic techniques, particularly transcriptomic and genomic, to understand the complex ity of the genetic background of animal’s reaction to thermal stress, constitute the next points. The chapter ends treating the possible ways and difficulties of applying selection to increase resilience to heat stress.","PeriodicalId":12741,"journal":{"name":"Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82724124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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