The main aim of this article is to discuss the opposition attitudes of the young people in the Polish People’s Republic (PRL). It is not a regular narrative. It is rather a review of selected phenomena, presented in several interlinked essays. The youth subcultures, underground organizations, some opposition attitudes (resistance, dissent and political opposition) and young people’s answer to the proposition of the Catholic Church were analysed in that work. Those attitudes were determined by the political, social and economic circumstances in the years 1945-1989, especially the lack of freedom of legal action outside of rulers’ control, the degree of integration within the regime and the relations of domination and subordination, as well as the associated with them level of frustration.
{"title":"Opposition Attitudes of the Youth in the Polish People’s Republic","authors":"Jacek Wołoszyn","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.26","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to discuss the opposition attitudes of the young people in the Polish People’s Republic (PRL). It is not a regular narrative. It is rather a review of selected phenomena, presented in several interlinked essays. The youth subcultures, underground organizations, some opposition attitudes (resistance, dissent and political opposition) and young people’s answer to the proposition of the Catholic Church were analysed in that work. Those attitudes were determined by the political, social and economic circumstances in the years 1945-1989, especially the lack of freedom of legal action outside of rulers’ control, the degree of integration within the regime and the relations of domination and subordination, as well as the associated with them level of frustration.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saule Tulenbergenova, K. Rustem, Khanzada Suteeva, Altyn Ualtayeva
The assessment of secularisation and post-secularisation processes that took place in Turkey in the 20th century are associated by scholars with internal and global socio-political processes such as collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the course towards Westernisation, the development of capitalism, the confrontation between the West and the USSR, etc. This issue was preferred as the subject of the study as it is topical due to the revival of religious values, despite the secularisation processes that engulfed many countries worldwide. This article examines the representation of post-secularisation processes in Turkey through assessing the works of Western and Turkish scholars. The analysis of these works provides an understanding of the consequences of historical events in the form of the phenomenon of “religious revival”.
{"title":"Contemporary Turkish and Western historiography on post-secularisation processes in Turkey","authors":"Saule Tulenbergenova, K. Rustem, Khanzada Suteeva, Altyn Ualtayeva","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.23","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of secularisation and post-secularisation processes that took place in Turkey in the 20th century are associated by scholars with internal and global socio-political processes such as collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the course towards Westernisation, the development of capitalism, the confrontation between the West and the USSR, etc. This issue was preferred as the subject of the study as it is topical due to the revival of religious values, despite the secularisation processes that engulfed many countries worldwide. This article examines the representation of post-secularisation processes in Turkey through assessing the works of Western and Turkish scholars. The analysis of these works provides an understanding of the consequences of historical events in the form of the phenomenon of “religious revival”.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors consider the forced migration of Ukrainian academics to Poland caused by the Russian-Ukrainian War, particularly the expansion of communication between the Ukrainian and Polish academic communities and the experience gained in this process. The study is based on the analysis of a body of interviews with Ukrainian academics in forced migration and their Polish colleagues who were directly involved in aiding Ukrainians. The interviews were collected as part of the oral history project “‘Moving West’: Ukrainian Academics in Conditions of Forced Migration (2014-2023).” The authors focus on several main themes: Ukrainian migrants’ decision to leave the country and Polish respondents’ decision to get involved in helping Ukrainian refugees (the moment of‘challenge’), making sense of the new reality (the moment of the ‘meeting of two cultures’), adaptation to the new conditions, and reflection on the experience gained (the moment of ‘construction of specific strategies of behavior’).
{"title":"“To live your life not in vain”. Ukrainian academics’ experience of forced migration in Poland","authors":"Yulia Kiselyova, Viktoriia Ivashchenko","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.29","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider the forced migration of Ukrainian academics to Poland caused by the Russian-Ukrainian War, particularly the expansion of communication between the Ukrainian and Polish academic communities and the experience gained in this process. The study is based on the analysis of a body of interviews with Ukrainian academics in forced migration and their Polish colleagues who were directly involved in aiding Ukrainians. The interviews were collected as part of the oral history project “‘Moving West’: Ukrainian Academics in Conditions of Forced Migration (2014-2023).” The authors focus on several main themes: Ukrainian migrants’ decision to leave the country and Polish respondents’ decision to get involved in helping Ukrainian refugees (the moment of‘challenge’), making sense of the new reality (the moment of the ‘meeting of two cultures’), adaptation to the new conditions, and reflection on the experience gained (the moment of ‘construction of specific strategies of behavior’).","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"31 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The documents of the U.S. State Department are a remarkable source for a comprehensive study of the history of Zangezur’s struggle for survival. These documents reveal the internal situation of Zangezur, the Turkish-Azerbaijani aspirations towards the region, their danger and the policy of the Allied powers towards Armenia in 1919-1920. The historical realities of that period are more than understandable in the context of the claims about Zangezur, undisguisedly sounded from Ankara and Baku after the Turkish-Azerbaijani aggression against the Artsakh Republic in September-November 2020.
{"title":"Zangezur in U.S. State Department Documents (1919-1920)","authors":"Lilit Hovhannisyan","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.21","url":null,"abstract":"The documents of the U.S. State Department are a remarkable source for a comprehensive study of the history of Zangezur’s struggle for survival. These documents reveal the internal situation of Zangezur, the Turkish-Azerbaijani aspirations towards the region, their danger and the policy of the Allied powers towards Armenia in 1919-1920. The historical realities of that period are more than understandable in the context of the claims about Zangezur, undisguisedly sounded from Ankara and Baku after the Turkish-Azerbaijani aggression against the Artsakh Republic in September-November 2020.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the work is to reveal the topic of state and state-building in Kazakhstan, aspects of its management system, description of the features of the phenomenon of the “migrating capital”, as well as the relationships between them. The paper presents a study of the phenomenon of capital relocation and its impact on society; reveals the features of the national and state construction of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. The materials of the paper are of the practical and theoretical value for sociologists, political scientists, historians, and researchers of the influence of the capital city relocation on the development of the system of governance and power in the state, and people who are interested in the features and aspects of the development of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, its political structure, which is an integral part of state-building.
{"title":"State Construction and the Impact of the Relocation of the Capital City in Soviet Kazakhstan at the Beginning of the 20th Century","authors":"Yerlanbek Zhalmagambetov, Shamek Tleubayev, Dariya Assymova, Saiyn Borbassov, Yenglik Nurmukhan","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.24","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the work is to reveal the topic of state and state-building in Kazakhstan, aspects of its management system, description of the features of the phenomenon of the “migrating capital”, as well as the relationships between them. The paper presents a study of the phenomenon of capital relocation and its impact on society; reveals the features of the national and state construction of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. The materials of the paper are of the practical and theoretical value for sociologists, political scientists, historians, and researchers of the influence of the capital city relocation on the development of the system of governance and power in the state, and people who are interested in the features and aspects of the development of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, its political structure, which is an integral part of state-building.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"37 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1918-20s the steps of military politics of Azerbaijani were directed towards the frustration of Armenian State system. With this intention, Andranik’s and Dro’s forces were taken out, with the help of British generals Thomson and Shutleworth. This allowed Azerbaijani families on the 21 of August in 1912 make the Armenian council In Karabagh temporarily obey Azerbaijani Government till the solution of this disputable issue by the French conference of allied union, which was one of the beforehand planned cunningsteps of Azerbaijani government. In reality, as a result t of later important military changes in the Republic of Armenia and as a result of mutually beneficial agreement between Russian and Kemal Turkey as well as taking into consideration the evident connivance of allied powers during 1920-23 Azerbaijani managed to capture not only Nachijevan, but Karabagh and other Armenian lands, as well, the struggle for which restarted in 1988-1990.
{"title":"The ethnic conflict over Karabakh in the context of the activities of the military-political representations of the Great Britain in the Transcaucasia (1918-1920)","authors":"V. Virabyan, Hrant Virabyan","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.20","url":null,"abstract":"In 1918-20s the steps of military politics of Azerbaijani were directed towards the frustration of Armenian State system. With this intention, Andranik’s and Dro’s forces were taken out, with the help of British generals Thomson and Shutleworth. This allowed Azerbaijani families on the 21 of August in 1912 make the Armenian council In Karabagh temporarily obey Azerbaijani Government till the solution of this disputable issue by the French conference of allied union, which was one of the beforehand planned cunningsteps of Azerbaijani government. In reality, as a result t of later important military changes in the Republic of Armenia and as a result of mutually beneficial agreement between Russian and Kemal Turkey as well as taking into consideration the evident connivance of allied powers during 1920-23 Azerbaijani managed to capture not only Nachijevan, but Karabagh and other Armenian lands, as well, the struggle for which restarted in 1988-1990.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"7 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabit Zhumatay, A. Yskak, Dariusz Magier, Marcin Kruszyński
The paper explores and analyzes one of the darkest pages of the history of the Polish people linked to the deportation of the Poles from Ukraine in 1936 and from Ukraine and Belarus in 1940-1941 to Kazakhstan. The central argument of the study is that the deportation of Poles from their historical homeland was carried out based exclusively on their ethnicity. We argue that the real intention of the Soviet regime’s genocidal policy was not confined only to the collective punishment and extermination of Poles as a distinct ethnic group, but the regime also sought to subject the deported Poles to slave labor exploitation for profit and to forced Russification. The assumption here is that Poles were uprooted from their homeland not only for extermination, but also the Soviet regime considered Poles to be an important component of its nation building project and their assimilation into Russian-dominated society was on the totalitarian regime’s agenda. The theoretical basis of this study constitutes the concept of ethnification of Stalinism, yet we add another dimension to our research, namely we employ the concept of racialization as a theoretical underpinning of the study to further deepen our analysis and indicate how ethnic identity of Poles was racialized. The study draws upon archival sources and the extant literature on the history of deportation in the Soviet Union, specifically we increasingly focus on Polish deportees’ collective and individual experiences who went through horrendous dehumanization and brutalization in exile in various parts of Kazakhstan between 1936 and 1956.
{"title":"The Deportation of the Poles to Kazakhstan: Ethnic Cleansing, Collective Suffering, and Cultural Assimilation","authors":"Gabit Zhumatay, A. Yskak, Dariusz Magier, Marcin Kruszyński","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.25","url":null,"abstract":"The paper explores and analyzes one of the darkest pages of the history of the Polish people linked to the deportation of the Poles from Ukraine in 1936 and from Ukraine and Belarus in 1940-1941 to Kazakhstan. The central argument of the study is that the deportation of Poles from their historical homeland was carried out based exclusively on their ethnicity. We argue that the real intention of the Soviet regime’s genocidal policy was not confined only to the collective punishment and extermination of Poles as a distinct ethnic group, but the regime also sought to subject the deported Poles to slave labor exploitation for profit and to forced Russification. The assumption here is that Poles were uprooted from their homeland not only for extermination, but also the Soviet regime considered Poles to be an important component of its nation building project and their assimilation into Russian-dominated society was on the totalitarian regime’s agenda. The theoretical basis of this study constitutes the concept of ethnification of Stalinism, yet we add another dimension to our research, namely we employ the concept of racialization as a theoretical underpinning of the study to further deepen our analysis and indicate how ethnic identity of Poles was racialized. The study draws upon archival sources and the extant literature on the history of deportation in the Soviet Union, specifically we increasingly focus on Polish deportees’ collective and individual experiences who went through horrendous dehumanization and brutalization in exile in various parts of Kazakhstan between 1936 and 1956.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The political map of the Balkans changed by the end of the First Balkan War 1912-1913. The Vilayet of Kosovo was occupied by Serbia. This War and the following years brought a tragedy to the vulnerable Albanian civilian population in Kosovo. Many Kosovar Albanians were forced to leave their country or their homes and to go into exile. Most of them sheltered in Albania. Kosovars were welcomed and helped in the Albanian state, they were enabled to have a political organization and representation of their interests and rights. The organization, the National Defense Committee of Kosovo played a key role in preventing migrations and sensitizing international opinion during the years 1918-1924.
{"title":"The National Defense Committee of Kosovo and the Albanian state towards the displacement of the Albanians of Kosovo in 1918-1924","authors":"Ylli Hashani, Bujar Dugolli","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.22","url":null,"abstract":"The political map of the Balkans changed by the end of the First Balkan War 1912-1913. The Vilayet of Kosovo was occupied by Serbia. This War and the following years brought a tragedy to the vulnerable Albanian civilian population in Kosovo. Many Kosovar Albanians were forced to leave their country or their homes and to go into exile. Most of them sheltered in Albania. Kosovars were welcomed and helped in the Albanian state, they were enabled to have a political organization and representation of their interests and rights. The organization, the National Defense Committee of Kosovo played a key role in preventing migrations and sensitizing international opinion during the years 1918-1924.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"24 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the geopolitical implications of a weakened European Union (EU) in relation to Russian interests. A unified EU poses challenges to Russian policy, while internal discord offers Russia opportunities to advance its agenda. The EU's composition of 27 sovereign states often impedes cohesive action, especially in foreign, security, and defense policies, as noted by Judy Dempsey. This fragmentation benefits Russia, which exploits these divisions. The paper analyzes Russia’s foreign policy leading up to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and explores the EU’s role in security during the war, highlighting the impact of EU unity and discord on the crisis.
{"title":"The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood During the Russia-Ukraine War","authors":"T. Stępniewski","doi":"10.34739/his.2024.13.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2024.13.28","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the geopolitical implications of a weakened European Union (EU) in relation to Russian interests. A unified EU poses challenges to Russian policy, while internal discord offers Russia opportunities to advance its agenda. The EU's composition of 27 sovereign states often impedes cohesive action, especially in foreign, security, and defense policies, as noted by Judy Dempsey. This fragmentation benefits Russia, which exploits these divisions. The paper analyzes Russia’s foreign policy leading up to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and explores the EU’s role in security during the war, highlighting the impact of EU unity and discord on the crisis.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"36 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A memoir about Dr. Ryszard Piasek – a Poznań filmmaker","authors":"Katarzyna BALBUZA","doi":"10.34739/his.2023.12.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2023.12.32","url":null,"abstract":"A memoir about Dr. Ryszard Piasek – a filmmaker, reporter, social activist and film producer.","PeriodicalId":127940,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Świat","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135925555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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