In a sense, our text for the next few pages is that "the meek should inherit . . . "; or, at least, if they don't get the whole earth, they deserve a fair shake in computing. Hopefully, the title we've chosen is self-explanatory; but if there were to be a subtitle, perhaps we'd choose, "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Interactive Computing."
{"title":"On the need for humane rationing of interactive service","authors":"Francis M. Sim, Roscoe T. Miller, Glen D. Kreider","doi":"10.1145/1103318.1103320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103318.1103320","url":null,"abstract":"In a sense, our text for the next few pages is that \"the meek <u>should</u> inherit . . . \"; or, at least, if they don't get the whole earth, they deserve a fair shake in computing. Hopefully, the title we've chosen is self-explanatory; but if there were to be a subtitle, perhaps we'd choose, \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Interactive Computing.\"","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127191999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. R. Hiltz, M. Turoff, Kenneth Johnson, C. Aronovitch
Computerized Conferencing Systems are a new communications medium which offer an opportunity for geographically dispersed groups of persons to communicate regularly and to interact and make decisions as a group. They also include an embedded language which makes it possible to program and conduct fully automated experiments on group communication processes. The system thereby becomes a "laboratory without walls" which can be transported to the subjects.This paper reviews the methodological aspects of the first of a series of controlled "laboratory" experiments on the effects of the medium on small group communication processes. It focusses on the potentials for use of such systems as a tool for conducting communication experiments. The findings of the experiment itself will be reported more fully elsewhere.
{"title":"Using a computerized conferencing system as a laboratory tool","authors":"S. R. Hiltz, M. Turoff, Kenneth Johnson, C. Aronovitch","doi":"10.1145/1103318.1103319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103318.1103319","url":null,"abstract":"Computerized Conferencing Systems are a new communications medium which offer an opportunity for geographically dispersed groups of persons to communicate regularly and to interact and make decisions as a group. They also include an embedded language which makes it possible to program and conduct fully automated experiments on group communication processes. The system thereby becomes a \"laboratory without walls\" which can be transported to the subjects.This paper reviews the methodological aspects of the first of a series of controlled \"laboratory\" experiments on the effects of the medium on small group communication processes. It focusses on the potentials for use of such systems as a tool for conducting communication experiments. The findings of the experiment itself will be reported more fully elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122672660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the context of a university computing center, user and uses of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) have been investigated. Several methods of data collection are discussed and results are presented. Besides a general user survey and general accounting data, a statistical software logfile proved to be an elegant and powerful method to obtain information on the basis of individual runs.
{"title":"A contribution towards the measurement of user behavior: an analysis of SPSS-use and -users","authors":"H. Wilke","doi":"10.1145/1103318.1103321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103318.1103321","url":null,"abstract":"Within the context of a university computing center, user and uses of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) have been investigated. Several methods of data collection are discussed and results are presented. Besides a general user survey and general accounting data, a statistical software logfile proved to be an elegant and powerful method to obtain information on the basis of individual runs.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129669986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new approach to the way in which users interact with the computer in an on-line environment is presented. The method is designed specifically to provide both a friendly and highly productive means of communicating user requirements. Unlike systems which are targeted toward either novice computer users or experienced programmers, the approach we take is well suited for all levels along this continuum. AmericanProfilesm, a system which provides access to demographic and economic data for both standard geo-political units of analysis (states, counties, SMSA's, Zip codes, etc.) and unique small areas (polygons, circles, etc.), is discussed as an actual case point to illustrate our approach.
{"title":"On-line manipulation of small area demographic data: AmericanProfile sm","authors":"G. S. Meyer","doi":"10.1145/1015528.810930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015528.810930","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to the way in which users interact with the computer in an on-line environment is presented. The method is designed specifically to provide both a friendly and highly productive means of communicating user requirements. Unlike systems which are targeted toward either novice computer users or experienced programmers, the approach we take is well suited for all levels along this continuum. AmericanProfilesm, a system which provides access to demographic and economic data for both standard geo-political units of analysis (states, counties, SMSA's, Zip codes, etc.) and unique small areas (polygons, circles, etc.), is discussed as an actual case point to illustrate our approach.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115511713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the Preface-"The SCSS Conversational System... is the product of teachers, researchers, and programmers , all of whom believed that conversational computing could provide the most natural, efficient, and instructive approach to a broad area of data analysis... They sought a system that would allow users to interact not so much with a computer as with the information lying within their data... The SCSS system developed as a comprehensive set of data management and analysis facilities. "As a complement to the SCSS system, this manual incorporates many features to make it both useful as a teaching aid and convenient as a continuing reference to the system. Summary tables at the beginning of the chapters give an overview of the system's facilities, and the thumb index printed on the back cover should make those tables easy to find. Brief sample sessions give examples of how each facility works. For quick reference, equations, figures, and tables are numbered according to the section in which they appear. Lists of keywords with their definitions appear in a consistent format. As a special feature, "advisories" containing information and suggestions for using the system efficiently to accomplish research goals are set off from the main operational discussions." SCSS has been a long time in the making, 1973 or even earlier. The SCSS manual has also gone through many versions. I have personally worked with four prior to this "official" McGraw-Hill publication. September 1977 added only two, a total of 134. Release 3.0 of the Preliminary User's Manual, September 1978, expanded to 184, and now we have 583 pages, large size format, one and one-quarter inches thick, all to tell us how to use an interactive system! The format is easy to follow, with numerous examples, and the above mentioned "advisories" contain useful information such as "In a multiple bivariate plot, no attempt is made to use special symbols for multiple points at one printing position. Consequently, for a large file, the entire plot can be filled with points, especially if many vertical-axis variables are being plotted. Thus, a multiple bivariate plot may not be a useful tool for simultaneously examining a number of bivariate relationships in large files." Yes, a useful bit of information, and I appreciate such tidbits. However, more is not always better, and I continue to dream of an interactive system that would "carry me along", making every effort to "understand" my responses, …
{"title":"Review of \"SCSS A User's Guide to the SCSS Conversational System, by Norman Nie, C. Hadlai Hull, Mark N. Franklin, Jean G. Jenkins, Keith J. Sours, Marija J. Norusis, and Viann Beadle\", McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980","authors":"Lorraine Borman","doi":"10.1145/1103017.1103020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103017.1103020","url":null,"abstract":"From the Preface-\"The SCSS Conversational System... is the product of teachers, researchers, and programmers , all of whom believed that conversational computing could provide the most natural, efficient, and instructive approach to a broad area of data analysis... They sought a system that would allow users to interact not so much with a computer as with the information lying within their data... The SCSS system developed as a comprehensive set of data management and analysis facilities. \"As a complement to the SCSS system, this manual incorporates many features to make it both useful as a teaching aid and convenient as a continuing reference to the system. Summary tables at the beginning of the chapters give an overview of the system's facilities, and the thumb index printed on the back cover should make those tables easy to find. Brief sample sessions give examples of how each facility works. For quick reference, equations, figures, and tables are numbered according to the section in which they appear. Lists of keywords with their definitions appear in a consistent format. As a special feature, \"advisories\" containing information and suggestions for using the system efficiently to accomplish research goals are set off from the main operational discussions.\" SCSS has been a long time in the making, 1973 or even earlier. The SCSS manual has also gone through many versions. I have personally worked with four prior to this \"official\" McGraw-Hill publication. September 1977 added only two, a total of 134. Release 3.0 of the Preliminary User's Manual, September 1978, expanded to 184, and now we have 583 pages, large size format, one and one-quarter inches thick, all to tell us how to use an interactive system! The format is easy to follow, with numerous examples, and the above mentioned \"advisories\" contain useful information such as \"In a multiple bivariate plot, no attempt is made to use special symbols for multiple points at one printing position. Consequently, for a large file, the entire plot can be filled with points, especially if many vertical-axis variables are being plotted. Thus, a multiple bivariate plot may not be a useful tool for simultaneously examining a number of bivariate relationships in large files.\" Yes, a useful bit of information, and I appreciate such tidbits. However, more is not always better, and I continue to dream of an interactive system that would \"carry me along\", making every effort to \"understand\" my responses, …","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122265763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Volume 2, No. 2 of this Bulletin (December 1970), I described the course I was conducting in Computer Applications for the Social Sciences. Now, over eight years later, I am still teaching that course. It is interesting to look at the changes in content and organization.
{"title":"A computer applications course: 1970-1979","authors":"P. Sidel","doi":"10.1145/1103306.1103307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103306.1103307","url":null,"abstract":"In Volume 2, No. 2 of this <u>Bulletin</u> (December 1970), I described the course I was conducting in Computer Applications for the Social Sciences. Now, over eight years later, I am still teaching that course. It is interesting to look at the changes in content and organization.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123030417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Let me tell you what I mean by formative evaluation. For example, in the design of something like Sesame Street or FreeStyle, social science researchers have gotten away from the role they're usually cast in - that is, to come in afterwards and explain why things failed. Instead, they get in right near the beginning and try to make sure that things turn out to be successes. You've all heard of the success of Sesame Street, and you're probably beginning to hear of the success of FreeStyle. When you have a big project and there is a great disparity between the people who are doing it and the people they're supposed to be impacting or who are going to be their users, the possibilities of misunderstanding and potential failure are great. This is a very common problem with large systems that are being designed today. Even though people think they are talking the same language, they find out they aren't. We have a lot of systems that are designed now where the system designers or the system analysts come up with specifications, let out bids, someone gets the bid, and that supposedly is it. Although misunderstandings between the systems analysts and the contractors may exist, that doesn't guarantee that the system analysts have a very good understanding of the end users. The idea in formative evaluation is that as you're getting the design put together and putting the concepts in place, you go out and start gathering representative data from the end user population to see whether in fact it is possible to attain the goals. Everybody knows that design is an iterative process, and evaluation should be a component of it. We give it lip service but very rarely do we do it, and the cliches are, "Well, you know the users don't know what they're going to want, they're going to keep on changing." To some extent that is true, but that is very often used as an excuse to skip the data gathering completely. By focusing on the misunderstandings, by trying to clarify the goals, one can early on learn whether in fact a system can be developed that is useable and satisfactory to those users.
{"title":"Formative evaluation: a technique for attaining people-oriented systems","authors":"T. H. Martin","doi":"10.1145/1103002.1103007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103002.1103007","url":null,"abstract":"Let me tell you what I mean by formative evaluation. For example, in the design of something like Sesame Street or FreeStyle, social science researchers have gotten away from the role they're usually cast in - that is, to come in afterwards and explain why things failed. Instead, they get in right near the beginning and try to make sure that things turn out to be successes. You've all heard of the success of Sesame Street, and you're probably beginning to hear of the success of FreeStyle. When you have a big project and there is a great disparity between the people who are doing it and the people they're supposed to be impacting or who are going to be their users, the possibilities of misunderstanding and potential failure are great. This is a very common problem with large systems that are being designed today. Even though people think they are talking the same language, they find out they aren't. We have a lot of systems that are designed now where the system designers or the system analysts come up with specifications, let out bids, someone gets the bid, and that supposedly is it. Although misunderstandings between the systems analysts and the contractors may exist, that doesn't guarantee that the system analysts have a very good understanding of the end users. The idea in formative evaluation is that as you're getting the design put together and putting the concepts in place, you go out and start gathering representative data from the end user population to see whether in fact it is possible to attain the goals. Everybody knows that design is an iterative process, and evaluation should be a component of it. We give it lip service but very rarely do we do it, and the cliches are, \"Well, you know the users don't know what they're going to want, they're going to keep on changing.\" To some extent that is true, but that is very often used as an excuse to skip the data gathering completely. By focusing on the misunderstandings, by trying to clarify the goals, one can early on learn whether in fact a system can be developed that is useable and satisfactory to those users.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114620585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Network Access Machine, developed at the National Bureau of Standards, is directed towards the objective of people-oriented systems. I will begin by providing some background information concerning what stimulated our work, highlight very briefly some of the capabilities of the Network Access Machine, and then review the current extension to this Network Access Machine which in effect reflects our continuing interest in people-oriented systems.
{"title":"The expert assistance system: one approach towards people-oriented systems","authors":"S. Watkins","doi":"10.1145/1103002.1103005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103002.1103005","url":null,"abstract":"The Network Access Machine, developed at the National Bureau of Standards, is directed towards the objective of people-oriented systems. I will begin by providing some background information concerning what stimulated our work, highlight very briefly some of the capabilities of the Network Access Machine, and then review the current extension to this Network Access Machine which in effect reflects our continuing interest in people-oriented systems.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121045799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My object is to discuss what is meant by the notion of a "person-oriented computer system". Typically, we talk about desirable systems being "comfortable" and "responsive" in some way. It seems to me that there are three general conceptual ideas which must underlie responsiveness and comfortableness:In some way the user has an understanding of the system, its purpose, and its behavior.The system has a model of the user that relates to his/her purposes and behavior.That during the process of communication they both modify their behavior towards each other.
{"title":"A view of people-oriented systems","authors":"Hugh Smith","doi":"10.1145/1103002.1103003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103002.1103003","url":null,"abstract":"My object is to discuss what is meant by the notion of a \"person-oriented computer system\". Typically, we talk about desirable systems being \"comfortable\" and \"responsive\" in some way. It seems to me that there are three general conceptual ideas which must underlie responsiveness and comfortableness:In some way the user has an understanding of the system, its purpose, and its behavior.The system has a model of the user that relates to his/her purposes and behavior.That during the process of communication they both modify their behavior towards each other.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129068269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To build effective user-oriented computer systems, we need to develop theories of how people use computer systems and process information. We also must construct user models of various sorts. We need to apply those things that we know, disseminate what we know, and do a lot of teaching. Since we haven't been doing these things very effectively thus far, our computer systems are not particularly user-oriented or people-oriented.
{"title":"The development of user-oriented interactive systems","authors":"J. Foley","doi":"10.1145/1103002.1103006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1103002.1103006","url":null,"abstract":"To build effective user-oriented computer systems, we need to develop theories of how people use computer systems and process information. We also must construct user models of various sorts. We need to apply those things that we know, disseminate what we know, and do a lot of teaching. Since we haven't been doing these things very effectively thus far, our computer systems are not particularly user-oriented or people-oriented.","PeriodicalId":129356,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigsoc Bulletin","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121829682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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