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The social organization of computing: the university and the sociology department 计算机的社会组织:大学和社会学系
Pub Date : 1975-04-01 DOI: 10.1145/1103290.1103291
J. Sonquist, Francis M. Sim
The following material is extracted from a paper presented at the meetings of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, August, 1974. We have concentrated on giving a survey of the positive proposals, and the discussion of problems involved in them, contained in the full paper. Parenthetic comments show where material has been deleted that is not a continuation of the preceding text. Copies of the full paper are available from the authors; it is a working draft, and they earnestly solicit reactions. The general purpose is to stimulate discussion of effective organization of computing for social and behavioral scientists in colleges and universities, and to provide some useful aids for presentation of the case for better computational support to administrative personnel. It may have some wider relevance, both for other settings and for substantive analysis.
以下材料摘自1974年8月在蒙特利尔举行的美国社会学协会会议上发表的一篇论文。我们集中讨论了全文中所载的积极建议,并讨论了这些建议所涉及的问题。插入式注释表明哪些材料已被删除,而不是前一文本的延续。全文可从作者处获得;这是一个工作草案,他们认真征求意见。总的目的是激发高校社会和行为科学家对有效组织计算的讨论,并为行政人员提供更好的计算支持提供一些有用的帮助。它可能对其他情况和实质性分析具有更广泛的相关性。
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引用次数: 1
Managing information access through documentation of the data base: characterizing social science data base text documentation as a minimal information management system 通过数据库文档管理信息访问:将社会科学数据库文本文档描述为一个最小的信息管理系统
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102980
A. Robbin
If data are to be accessed, text documentation must adequately describe the processes of data collection, development, testing and evaluation of the file in order that analysis of the data file can be adequately performed. Text documentation can be conceptualized as a minimal information system with the functions of providing a conceptual framework for the collection process, communication and coordination of processing staff, historical reference, general instruction for communication between specialist and non-specialist, and a report on successful output. Text documentation has three components: source, codebook and technical. This discussion focuses only on the components of source and codebook documentation.
如果要访问数据,文本文件必须充分描述数据收集、开发、测试和评估文件的过程,以便对数据文件进行充分的分析。文本文件可以概念化为一种最低限度的信息系统,其功能是为收集过程提供概念框架、处理工作人员的沟通和协调、历史参考、专家和非专家之间沟通的一般指导以及关于成功产出的报告。文本文档有三个组成部分:源代码、代码本和技术文档。本讨论只关注源代码和代码本文档的组成部分。
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引用次数: 4
Information access at the data file level: documentation prerequisites on the file-level data base inquiry process 数据文件级的信息访问:文件级数据库查询过程的文档先决条件
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102978
Per Nielsen
In the mid-sixties, political and social science was theory-rich and data-poor. [1] In the decade following this statement, the ever-increasing holdings of machine-readable datasets in a growing chain of data repositories throughout the world have made the social science community much more wealthy. But, the vast scientific potential buried in data repositories is being transformed only at a slow pace. In the mid-seventies, quantitative data generated by empirical political and social science research are still heavily underexploited.
60年代中期,政治和社会科学理论丰富,数据匮乏。[1]在这句话之后的十年里,世界各地不断增长的数据存储链中不断增加的机器可读数据集使社会科学界更加富有。但是,隐藏在数据存储库中的巨大科学潜力正在缓慢地转化。在七十年代中期,实证政治和社会科学研究产生的定量数据仍未得到充分利用。
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引用次数: 2
A view of the data file access problem from the perspective of a research librarian 从研究馆员的角度看数据文件存取问题
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102976
James Krikelas
In the 1960s, the emergence of a relatively large number of archives for machine-readable data (i.e., data libraries) gave rise to the notion that traditional university and research libraries would be forced to cope with the integration of such information into their collections. Historically, libraries have been dedicated to the gathering, processing, and storage of information and, in all but the weakest organizations, to providing active and skilled assistance in the interpretation and use of the collection. For a variety of reasons, libraries have occasionally failed to acquire new types of information, either because of inaccurate perception about the need of such material or because of some reluctance to deal with a new medium of distribution. Nonconventional information centers have developed as alternative sources of such materials. The scope and depth of the collection of such centers can be stated in relatively precise terms which describe the narrowly defined target user-group. Under these circumstances special libraries appear to respond much more rapidly to user needs, and users tend to view the center almost as an extension of one's own personal collection. As the special collection grows and the user group diversifies, the informal procedures developed for the acquisition, indexing and storage of materials begins to break down. If this evolution follows traditional patterns, personnel in data libraries will be confronted with increasing problems of storage and retrieval of information. It may be tempting to believe that these are unique difficulties requiring previously untried solutions. In actuality, there are many problems facing the data library manager that have their analogous situations and solutions in traditional libraries. It is the purpose of this paper to share a few observations about these similarities based on a preliminary investigation of the procedures and services offered at one particular data center.
在20世纪60年代,出现了相对大量的机器可读数据档案(即数据图书馆),这使人们产生了一种观念,即传统的大学和研究型图书馆将被迫将这些信息整合到它们的馆藏中。从历史上看,图书馆一直致力于收集、处理和存储信息,除了最弱的组织外,在所有组织中,图书馆都在解释和使用这些信息方面提供积极和熟练的帮助。由于各种原因,图书馆有时无法获得新的资料类型,或者是因为对这种材料的需要的认识不准确,或者是因为不愿意处理新的分发媒介。非传统的信息中心已经发展成为这类材料的替代来源。这些中心集合的范围和深度可以用相对精确的术语来描述,这些术语描述了狭义定义的目标用户群体。在这种情况下,特殊图书馆对用户需求的反应似乎要快得多,用户倾向于把这个中心看作是自己个人藏书的延伸。随着特殊馆藏的增长和用户群体的多样化,为资料的获取、索引和存储而制定的非正式程序开始崩溃。如果这种演变遵循传统模式,数据图书馆的工作人员将面临越来越多的信息存储和检索问题。人们可能很容易相信,这些是独特的困难,需要以前从未尝试过的解决方案。在现实中,数据图书馆管理人员面临着许多与传统图书馆相似的问题和解决方案。本文的目的是在对一个特定数据中心提供的过程和服务进行初步调查的基础上,分享一些关于这些相似性的观察结果。
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引用次数: 0
Facilitating information access: interaction between system components (the data library and the traditional library) 方便信息访问:系统组件(数据库和传统库)之间的交互
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102977
J. Rowe
During the last twenty years, social scientists involved with the establishment and administration of data archives have been making overtures to traditional libraries. But until recently, there has been almost no response. In 1957, York Lucci and Stein Rokkan proposed a "library center of survey research data." [1] In 1965, Ithiel de Sola-Pool argued cogently that "the storing of basic data... [is] a library function." [2] In 1967, Ralph Bisco addressed the question, "Why should university libraries undertake data services...?" [3] That same year, a report prepared for the National Academy of Sciences examined some of the factors which seemed to vitiate against a merger of data archives and traditional libraries. [4] In 1969, at the last conference of the Council of Social Science Data Archives, David Elesh, then director of Wisconsin's Social Science Data and Program Library Service, and Erwin Welsch, Wisconsin's Social Studies Librarian, addressed an audience composed of data archivists and librarians on "The Library of the Future." [5] In 1970, Jack Dennis, present director of the Data and Program Library Service, addressed a conference of librarians where he spoke of the need for "closer integration of the local archive into existing local university information services--particularly those provided by the traditional university library." [6] By 1971, when David Nasitir summarized the history of the data archive movement's attempts to establish a rapprochement with the traditional library [7], there was little positive activity to report. However, in commenting on a paper delivered by Constance Citro in 1968, which was concerned with the desire on the part of the Bureau of the Census to allow libraries to manage the summary tapes of the 1970 census [8], his words proved prophetic. Nasitir said, "This is the one area in which the data archive movement is converging with academic libraries....If the census tapes form the thin end of the wedge, a large number of sample survey data tapes now held in archives may follow." [9] The wedge is now in the door and the remainder of this discussion will look briefly at the evidence of its presence.
在过去的二十年里,参与数据档案的建立和管理的社会科学家一直在向传统图书馆提出建议。但直到最近,几乎没有任何回应。1957年,York Lucci和Stein Rokkan提议建立一个“调查研究数据图书馆中心”。[1] 1965年,伊希尔·德索拉-普尔(Ithiel de Sola-Pool)提出了一个令人信服的观点:“存储基本数据……是图书馆的职能。”[2] 1967年,拉尔夫·比斯科提出了这样一个问题:“为什么大学图书馆应该提供数据服务……?”[3]同年,为美国国家科学院准备的一份报告调查了一些似乎不利于数据档案和传统图书馆合并的因素。[4] 1969年,在社会科学数据档案理事会的最后一次会议上,时任威斯康星州社会科学数据和项目图书馆服务主任的大卫·伊莱什和威斯康星州社会研究图书管理员欧文·韦尔奇向由数据档案管理员和图书管理员组成的听众发表了题为“未来的图书馆”的演讲。[5] 1970年,现任数据和程序图书馆服务主任杰克·丹尼斯在一次图书馆员会议上发表讲话,他在会上谈到了“将地方档案与现有的地方大学信息服务——特别是传统大学图书馆提供的信息服务——更紧密地结合起来”的必要性。[6]到1971年,当David Nasitir总结了数据档案运动试图与传统图书馆建立友好关系的历史[7]时,几乎没有什么积极的活动可以报道。然而,在1968年康斯坦斯·西特罗发表的一篇关于人口普查局希望允许图书馆管理1970年人口普查摘要磁带的论文中[8],他的话被证明是预言性的。Nasitir说:“这是数据存档运动与学术图书馆融合的一个领域....如果人口普查磁带是楔子的一端,那么现在档案馆保存的大量抽样调查数据磁带可能会紧随其后。”[9]〔9〕〔9〕楔子已经插在门上了,接下来的讨论将简要地看看它存在的证据。
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引用次数: 3
Describing a social science data information system, networks and components 描述了一个社会科学数据信息系统、网络和组成部分
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102975
Paul Peters
The acquisition of data has taken its place with the acquisition of literature as a first-order information problem for social science practitioners, researchers, and students. The traditional mechanisms of information dissemination have been serial publications and professional meetings which provide linkages for social science practitioners and researchers, while monographs and textbooks serve the basic needs of students. Brittain (1), however, has suggested that social scientists are unique as scientists because they utilize large volumes of data often produced outside their immediate control. [1] The costs associated with social science data collection in the quantity required for reliable research have occasioned discussions related to the possibility of data resource dissemination. This dissemination leads to secondary or extended analysis', whereby one researcher applies data to problems not thematic to those researchers who collected the data and performed a 'primary analysis'.
对于社会科学从业者、研究人员和学生来说,数据的获取已经和文献的获取一样,成为一个一级信息问题。传统的信息传播机制是系列出版物和专业会议,为社会科学从业者和研究人员提供联系,而专著和教科书则满足学生的基本需要。然而,Brittain(1)认为社会科学家作为科学家是独一无二的,因为他们利用的大量数据往往是在他们的直接控制之外产生的。[1]收集可靠研究所需数量的社会科学数据的费用引起了与数据资源传播可能性有关的讨论。这种传播导致“二次或扩展分析”,即一个研究人员将数据应用于那些收集数据并进行“初步分析”的研究人员所没有的问题。
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引用次数: 2
Information access at the data item level: approaches to indicator retrieval from survey archive data bases 数据项目一级的信息获取:从调查档案数据库检索指标的方法
Pub Date : 1974-09-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102974.1102979
E. Mochmann
Data archives are being challenged to provide more transparent and directly accessible data. Given the scope of already available materials and the yearly increase of the data base, effective means of information retrieval had to be developed.
数据档案面临着提供更透明和可直接访问的数据的挑战。鉴于现有资料的范围和数据基每年都在增加,必须发展有效的资料检索手段。
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引用次数: 4
Evaluation of statistical program packages 评估统计程序包
Pub Date : 1974-07-01 DOI: 10.1145/1103286.1103287
P. Velleman
I enjoyed and agree with the article on peer review of computing materials by Roberta Ash, Francis Sim, and Ronald Anderson in the last issue of the SIGSOC Bulletin. I am writing to report that a project to sponsor, collect, and publish reviews of statistical Computing software has recently begun under the auspices of the Statistical Computing Section of the American Statistical Association. The committee doing this work is chaired by Ivor Francis (358 Ives Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850) and Richard Heiberger (Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn. 19104). They have issued a preliminary proposal of specific criteria for use by reviewers which I have summarized below. I will be chairing a liaison committee to facilitate communication between this group and SIGSOC. Readers with ideas and suggestions are urged to send them to me or to either of the co-chairmen.
我喜欢并同意Roberta Ash, Francis Sim和Ronald Anderson在SIGSOC公报上发表的关于计算材料同行评审的文章。我写这封信是为了报告一个赞助、收集和出版统计计算软件评论的项目最近在美国统计协会统计计算部门的主持下开始了。从事这项工作的委员会由Ivor Francis (358 Ives Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850)和Richard Heiberger(宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院统计与运筹学系,宾夕法尼亚州费城,19104)担任主席。他们发布了一份供审稿人使用的具体标准的初步建议,我将其总结如下。我将主持一个联络委员会,以促进该小组与SIGSOC之间的沟通。读者如有想法和建议,请寄给我或两位联合主席。
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引用次数: 1
Structured programming in Fortran Fortran中的结构化编程
Pub Date : 1974-07-01 DOI: 10.1145/1103286.1103288
J. M. Sakoda
The basic spirit of structured programming is to write programs that are easy to read and debug. Students who are taught programming should be encouraged to use structured programming principles. Ingredients of structured programming include:
结构化编程的基本精神是编写易于阅读和调试的程序。应该鼓励学习编程的学生使用结构化编程原则。结构化编程的要素包括:
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引用次数: 19
The national science foundation and support for social science computing 国家科学基金和社会科学计算支持
Pub Date : 1974-04-01 DOI: 10.1145/1102964.1102967
Ronald E. Anderson
Nearly two years ago, I spent several months working as a Professional Assistant in the Office of Computing Activities at the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C. Although my assignment was to develop a concept for a program on "Computer Impact on Society", I had opportunity to become familiar with some of the projects supported in the area of computer applications for the social sciences. Actually I was already familiar with most of the projects that had been supported. However, the work assignment enabled me to have an expanded and slightly different perspective on these projects.
大约两年前,我在位于华盛顿特区的美国国家科学基金会计算机活动办公室担任了几个月的专业助理。虽然我的任务是为“计算机对社会的影响”项目开发一个概念,但我有机会熟悉一些在社会科学计算机应用领域得到支持的项目。实际上,我已经熟悉了大多数被支持的项目。然而,工作分配使我对这些项目有了一个扩展的和略有不同的视角。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
ACM Sigsoc Bulletin
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