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LiDAR as an Advanced Remote Sensing Technology to Augment Ecosystem Classification and Mapping 激光雷达作为一种增强生态系统分类和制图的先进遥感技术
Pub Date : 2017-04-25 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2017v17n1a588
Lorraine B. Campbell, N. C. Coops, S. Saunders
Observing landscape patterns at various temporal and spatial scales is central to classifying and mapping ecosystems. Traditionally, ecosystem mapping is undertaken through a combination of fieldwork and aerial photography interpretation. These methods, however, are time-consuming, prone to subjectivity, and difficult to update. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an advanced remote sensing technology that has rapidly increased in application in the past decade and has the potential to significantly increase and refine information content of ecosystem mapping, especially in the vertical dimension. LiDAR technology is therefore well-suited to providing detailed information on topography and vegetation structure and has considerable potential to be used for ecosystem classification and mapping. In this article, the potential to use LiDAR data to advance ecosystem mapping is examined. The current state of the science for using LiDAR data to classify and map key ecosystem attributes within an existing ecosystem mapping scheme is discussed by focusing on British Columbia Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping and its associated Predictive Ecosystem Mapping. The article concludes by summarizing which components of ecosystem mapping and classification are best suited to the application of LiDAR data, followed by a discussion of the feasibility and future directions for mapping ecosystems with LiDAR technology.
观察不同时空尺度的景观格局是生态系统分类和制图的核心。传统上,生态系统制图是通过实地调查和航空摄影解释相结合的方式进行的。然而,这些方法耗时长,容易主观,而且难以更新。光探测与测距(LiDAR)是近十年来应用迅速增加的一种先进的遥感技术,有可能显著增加和细化生态系统制图的信息内容,特别是在垂直维度上。因此,激光雷达技术非常适合提供地形和植被结构的详细信息,并具有相当大的潜力用于生态系统分类和制图。本文探讨了利用激光雷达数据推进生态系统测绘的潜力。通过重点讨论不列颠哥伦比亚省陆地生态系统制图及其相关的预测生态系统制图,讨论了在现有生态系统制图方案中使用激光雷达数据分类和绘制关键生态系统属性的科学现状。文章最后总结了生态系统测绘和分类的哪些组成部分最适合激光雷达数据的应用,然后讨论了激光雷达技术在生态系统测绘中的可行性和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 4
Bringing Adaptation to Ground in British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省的土地适应性
Pub Date : 2016-11-18 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2016v16n1a586
T. Stevens, C. Cadrin
Natural resource practitioners are increasingly making decisions that consider future climates. This article examines the regional patterns of change in temperature and precipitation within British Columbia. Based on a review of the literature, regionally specifictables are provided with examples of conservation-oriented adaptation actions to helpspecies and ecosystems adapt to future conditions.
自然资源从业者越来越多地在做决定时考虑未来的气候。本文研究了不列颠哥伦比亚省温度和降水变化的区域模式。在回顾文献的基础上,提供了区域特定的以保护为导向的适应行动的例子,以帮助物种和生态系统适应未来的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Riparian Management of Perennial Coastal Streams with Potential Habitat for a Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) 具有尾蛙潜在栖息地的沿海多年生河流的河岸管理
Pub Date : 2016-08-26 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2016v16n1a587
L. Nordin
Assessments were conducted at stream reaches associated with recent harvesting in the mid-coast of British Columbia to: 1) determine how riparian vegetation has been managed around coastal streams that do not typically require a riparian reserve, but contain potential habitat for tailed frogs, and 2) correlate harvest prescriptions with habitat quality. The results are intended to guide decisions related to harvesting around small fish-bearing, and all non-fish streams on the mid-coast of BC. We found that bedrock-dominated reaches exhibited less disturbance than erodible streams when subjected to riparian cutting but their confined channels may have facilitated the transfer of road debris downstream, creating blockages and dewatering. Tailed-frog tadpoles were observed where some riparian harvesting had occurred, but the channels were stable and stream flow undisturbed. Recommendations for best practices when planning to harvest around perennial coastal streams include the consideration of geologic site characteristics prior to making harvesting decisions.
对最近在不列颠哥伦比亚省中部海岸收获的河流流域进行了评估,以:1)确定如何管理沿海河流周围的河岸植被,这些河流通常不需要河岸保护区,但含有尾蛙的潜在栖息地;2)将收获处方与栖息地质量联系起来。研究结果旨在指导在不列颠哥伦比亚省中海岸的小型鱼类和所有非鱼类溪流周围进行捕捞的决策。我们发现,基岩占主导地位的河段在遭受河岸切割时比可侵蚀的河流表现出更少的干扰,但其狭窄的河道可能促进了道路碎片向下游的转移,造成阻塞和脱水。在河岸采收的地方观察到尾蛙蝌蚪,但河道稳定,水流未受干扰。当计划在常年生海岸溪流周围进行收获时,最佳做法的建议包括在做出收获决定之前考虑地质地点的特征。
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引用次数: 1
Managing Zone-of-Influence Impacts of Oil and Gas Activities on Terrestrial Wildlife and Habitats in British Columbia 管理不列颠哥伦比亚省石油和天然气活动对陆地野生动物和栖息地的影响区
Pub Date : 2016-07-14 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2016v16n1a585
S. F. Wilson
A “zone of influence” is the difference between an anthropogenic activity’s spatial footprint and the extent of the activity’s effects on surrounding habitat and wildlife. This article reviews studies that have measured zones of influence for site-level activities that are relevant to oil and gas activities in British Columbia in order to inform the development of policies and procedures to manage their effects on terrestrial habitats and wildlife. Creation of edges, as well as noise and activity associated with industrial sites and roads, are the major stressors that generate zones of influence. These stressors create cascading effects that can result in altered ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms. Stressors can create abiotic and floristic effects that generally extend < 100 m into surrounding intact habitat, but effects on wildlife can extend up to 5 km and sometimes farther. Mitigating stressors at their source should reduce zones of influence and the need to apply management buffers to separate industrial activities from ecological resources.
"影响区"是指人类活动的空间足迹与该活动对周围生境和野生动物的影响程度之间的差异。本文回顾了对与不列颠哥伦比亚省石油和天然气活动相关的现场级活动的影响区进行测量的研究,以便为制定政策和程序提供信息,以管理其对陆地栖息地和野生动物的影响。边界的产生,以及与工业场地和道路有关的噪音和活动,是产生影响区域的主要压力因素。这些压力源产生级联效应,可以通过各种机制导致生态系统的改变。压力源可以产生非生物和植物的影响,通常延伸到周围完整的栖息地< 100米,但对野生动物的影响可以延伸到5公里,有时甚至更远。从源头上减轻压力应能减少影响区,并减少运用管理缓冲将工业活动与生态资源分开的必要性。
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引用次数: 3
Science-Based Guidelines for Managing Northern Goshawk Breeding Areas in Coastal British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海北部苍鹰繁殖区管理的科学指南
Pub Date : 2015-11-09 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n2a576
E. Mcclaren, T. Mahon, F. Doyle, W. Harrower
Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis laingi) have been recognized as a species of management concern in western North America for over 20 years. One of the most significant factors threatening Northern Goshawk populations in coastal British Columbia is the loss and fragmentation of structurally old and mature forests they use for breeding, foraging, and roosting. The goal of this report is to provide science-based guidelines for qualified environmental professonals to assist in their decision-making processes concerning Northern Goshawk habitat management in coastal British Columbia. These guidelines were previously unavailable or inconsistent and did not provide a thorough review of the scientific literature. The best management practices presented here are intended for use by qualified environmental professonals and managers when undertaking industrial activities, primarily forestry, around Northern Goshawk breeding areas within coastal British Columbia.
北苍鹰(Accipiter gentilis laingi)在北美西部被认为是一种管理关注的物种已有20多年了。在不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海地区,威胁北苍鹰种群的最重要因素之一是它们用来繁殖、觅食和栖息的古老而成熟的森林的丧失和破碎。本报告的目的是为合格的环境专业人员提供科学的指导方针,以协助他们在不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海地区进行北苍鹰栖息地管理的决策过程。这些指南以前是不可用的或不一致的,并且没有提供对科学文献的彻底审查。这里介绍的最佳管理实践是为合格的环境专业人员和管理人员在不列颠哥伦比亚省沿海的北苍鹰繁殖区周围从事工业活动(主要是林业)时使用的。
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引用次数: 2
Impacts and Susceptibility of Young Pine Stands to the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae in British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省幼松林分对山松甲虫的影响及易感性
Pub Date : 2015-11-04 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n1a580
L. Maclauchlan
The impact of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), is the most significant source of mortality of mature pine forests in western North America; however, in 2003-2004, high levels of mortality were observed in young pine stands in central British Columbia. This study investigagtes the impact of mountain pine beetle in these young pine stands. In 2005 and 2006, 24 plots were established throughout the mountain pine beetle-affected area of British Columbia. Cumulative mortality reached 83% in some plots. Secondary bark beetles and other pests contributed to overall stand mortality and decline but to a far lesser degree than mountain pine beetle. Stem deterioration and falldown was very rapid and severe in young stands following attack. Over 70% of attacked trees in the Sub-Boreal Spruce ecosystem were severely deteriorated, or had fallen less than 5 years after attack. The largest pines in young stands were attacked first, and brood production and emergence in these trees was more successful than in smaller, younger cohorts. Many attached stands had received silvicultural treatments. Once the outbreak in adjacent mature stands had subsided, very little new attack occurred in these young stands. Brood production was successful, albeit lower in young trees than in mature trees.
山松甲虫(Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins,鞘翅目:松甲虫科)是北美西部成熟松林最重要的致死源;然而,2003-2004年,在不列颠哥伦比亚省中部的幼松林中观察到高死亡率。研究了山松甲虫对这些幼松林的影响。2005年和2006年,在不列颠哥伦比亚省的山松甲虫疫区建立了24个样地。一些小区的累积死亡率达到83%。次生树皮甲虫和其他害虫对林分总体死亡率和下降有贡献,但其贡献程度远低于山松甲虫。幼林遭受攻击后,树干退化和倒伏非常迅速和严重。在亚北纬云杉生态系统中,超过70%的受袭树木严重退化,或在受袭后不到5年就倒下了。幼林中最大的松树首先受到攻击,这些树木的产卵和羽化比较小的幼林更成功。许多附属林分都进行了造林处理。一旦相邻成熟林分的爆发平息,这些幼林就很少发生新的攻击。幼树产卵是成功的,尽管幼树比成熟树低。
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引用次数: 7
Observations and Considerations on Appropriate Buffer Zones and Limiting Disturbance to Nesting Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) During a Large Scale Construction Project 大型施工项目中适当缓冲区的观察和考虑以及限制对筑巢 Killdeer(Charadrius vociferus)的干扰
Pub Date : 2015-11-03 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n1a581
J. Baxter
  
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引用次数: 2
Arboreal Squirrel Abundance in Response to a Gradient of Mountain Pine Beetle Attack in Sub-boreal Forests 亚北方森林树栖松鼠丰度对山松甲虫攻击梯度的响应
Pub Date : 2015-09-22 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n1a579
J. D. Steventon
To assist in evaluating habitat retention options, the abundance of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) wer examined in 2005 and again in 2010 across a gradient of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) attack intensity in sub-boreal forests of west-central British Columbia. Among 30, 16-ha live-trapping grids, estimated mean abundance of both species increased non-linearly with remaining basal area of live overstorey (live trees ≥ 7.5 cm diameter at 1.3 m height). A weak (most likely positive but possibly negative) additional response of flying squirrels to dead overstorey (on average 1 m2/ha dead ≈ +0.11 m2/ha live basal area) was evident. The basal area of live spruce-fir (Picea spp., Abies spp.) overstorey, understorey tree density, and tree diameter covariates did not have substantive additional effects on estimated squirrel abundance. Whereas survey year affected overall abundance, it did not change the relationship with habitat attributes. The results suggest that dead lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) has low habitat value for arboreal squirrels and thus is of lower impact on squirrels if salvage-harvested; however, retention or re-growth of sufficient live overstorey is necessary to maintain or recover squirrel abundance. The basal area oflive overstorey appears a simple yet useful management metric for prioritizing habitatvalue, at least as indicated by relative abundance for squirrels in beetle-affected forests.
为了帮助评估栖息地保留选择,2005年和2010年在不列颠哥伦比亚省中西部亚北方森林中,研究了北部飞鼠(Glaucomys sabrinus)和北美红松鼠(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)的丰度,并对其攻击强度进行了梯度研究。在30,16 ha的活树捕获网中,两种植物的平均丰度随活树剩余基底面积(活树直径≥7.5 cm,高度为1.3 m)呈非线性增加。飞鼠对上层死亡面积(平均1 m2/ha死亡面积≈+0.11 m2/ha活基面积)的附加响应较弱(很可能是正响应,但也可能是负响应)。活云杉(Picea spp., Abies spp.)上、下树密度和树径协变量对估算的松鼠丰度没有实质性的额外影响。调查年份对总体丰度有影响,但不影响其与生境属性的关系。结果表明,死松(Pinus tortorta)对树栖松鼠的生境价值较低,对树栖松鼠的影响较小;然而,保留或重新生长足够的活的上层是必要的,以维持或恢复松鼠的数量。活的上层的基础面积似乎是一个简单而有用的管理指标,用于优先考虑栖息地价值,至少从甲虫影响的森林中松鼠的相对丰度可以看出。
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引用次数: 1
Queuing up the Olives: Confronting an Invasive Tree 橄榄排队:面对入侵树
Pub Date : 2015-09-18 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n1a582
D. Gayton
The Russian olive tree (eleagnus angustifolia—no relation to the real olive) was brought to North America from southern Europe in the early 1900s, first as a windbreak tree and later as a drought-tolerant ornamental.
俄罗斯橄榄树(eleagnus angustifolia,与真正的橄榄没有关系)在20世纪初从南欧被带到北美,最初是作为防风树,后来作为耐旱的观赏植物。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the Carbon Footprint of Cattle Grazing the Lac du Bois Grasslands of British Columbia 调查在不列颠哥伦比亚省的Lac du Bois草原放牧的牛的碳足迹
Pub Date : 2015-04-07 DOI: 10.22230/jem.2015v15n1a571
J. Church, A. Raymond, Paul E. Moote, J. V. Hamme, D. J. Thompson
Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle have been increasingly recognized as an important anthropogenic source. We investigated the impact of cattle ranching on these emissions in British Columbia in order to determine the overall carbon footprint. The grazing activity within the Lac du Bois grasslands of British Columbia was examined, with emphasis on identifying point sources and removals of greenhouse gas emissions from cattle ranching. Enteric methane emissions were empirically measured at two elevation gradients in the spring and fall of 2010. Cattle emitted on average 370 L CH4 per day; these measurements on native grasslands are comparable to work on tame pastures. A life cycle analysis was conducted with a validated HOLOS model based on empirical measurements. The following grassland improvement strategies were evaluated: reducing stocking density; and reseeding/interseeding grass and legumes with and without synthetic fertilizer additions. Reseeding was the most effective at reducing the carbon footprint of cattle ranching on the Lac du Bois grasslands. Reseeding initiatives could theoretically result in soil carbon sequestration rates of 2.12 Mg CO2 equivalent per hectare. A combination of reductions and removals should be implemented in the future to reduce the overall carbon footprint of cattle ranching in British Columbia.
越来越多的人认识到,牛的温室气体排放是一个重要的人为来源。我们调查了不列颠哥伦比亚省养牛对这些排放的影响,以确定总体碳足迹。对不列颠哥伦比亚省Lac du Bois草原内的放牧活动进行了审查,重点是确定养牛牧场温室气体排放的点源和清除。在2010年春季和秋季两个海拔梯度下对肠道甲烷排放进行了实证测量。牛平均每天排放370升甲烷;这些在天然草原上的测量结果与在驯化牧场上的测量结果相当。采用经过验证的基于经验测量的HOLOS模型进行生命周期分析。对草地改良策略进行了评价:降低放养密度;以及添加和不添加合成肥料的禾草和豆科植物的补播/间种。在减少森林湖草原上放牧的牛的碳足迹方面,重新播种是最有效的。从理论上讲,重新播种可以使土壤固碳率达到每公顷2.12毫克二氧化碳当量。未来应实施减少和清除相结合的措施,以减少不列颠哥伦比亚省养牛的总体碳足迹。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of Ecosystems and Management
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