Heredity最新文献_第9页

Evaluating regional heritability mapping methods for identifying QTLs in a wild population of Soay sheep 评价Soay羊野生群体qtl的区域遗传力定位方法。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00770-0

Caelinn James, Josephine M. Pemberton, Pau Navarro, Sara Knott

The study of complex traits and their genetic underpinnings is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes and mechanisms that shape natural populations. Regional heritability mapping (RHM) is a method for estimating the heritability of genomic segments that may contain both common and rare variants affecting a complex trait. This research is important because it advances our ability to detect genetic loci that contribute to phenotypic variation, even those that might be missed by traditional methods such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we compare three RHM methods: SNP-RHM, which uses genomic relationship matrices (GRMs) based on SNP genotypes; Hap-RHM, which utilizes GRMs based on haplotypes; and SNHap-RHM, which integrates both SNP-based and haplotype-based GRMs jointly. These methods were applied to data from a wild population of sheep, focusing on the analysis of eleven polygenic traits. The results were compared with findings from previous GWAS to assess how RHM performed at identifying both known and novel associated loci. We found that while the inclusion of the regional matrix did not account for significant variation in all regions associated with trait variation as identified by GWAS, it did uncover several regions that were not previously linked to trait variation. This suggests that RHM methods can provide additional insights into the genetic architecture of complex traits, highlighting regions of the genome that may be overlooked by GWAS alone. This study underscores the importance of using complementary approaches to fully understand the genetic basis of complex traits in natural populations.

复杂性状及其遗传基础的研究对于理解形成自然种群的进化过程和机制至关重要。区域遗传作图（RHM）是一种估计基因组片段遗传力的方法，这些片段可能包含影响复杂性状的常见和罕见变异。这项研究很重要，因为它提高了我们检测导致表型变异的基因位点的能力，甚至是那些可能被传统方法（如全基因组关联研究（GWAS））遗漏的基因位点。在这里，我们比较了三种RHM方法：SNP-RHM，使用基于SNP基因型的基因组关系矩阵（GRMs）；Hap-RHM，利用基于单倍型的grm；以及snp - rhm，它将基于snp的grm和基于单倍型的grm结合在一起。将这些方法应用于一个野生绵羊群体的数据，重点分析了11个多基因性状。将结果与先前GWAS的结果进行比较，以评估RHM在识别已知和新的相关位点方面的表现。我们发现，虽然区域矩阵的包含并不能解释与GWAS鉴定的性状变异相关的所有区域的显著变异，但它确实揭示了以前与性状变异无关的几个区域。这表明RHM方法可以为复杂性状的遗传结构提供额外的见解，突出GWAS单独可能忽略的基因组区域。这项研究强调了利用互补方法来充分了解自然种群中复杂性状的遗传基础的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

How partial phenotyping to reduce generation intervals can help to increase annual genetic gain in selected honeybee populations 减少世代间隔的部分表型如何有助于增加选定蜜蜂种群的年遗传增益。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00768-8

Tristan Kistler, Evert W. Brascamp, Benjamin Basso, Florence Phocas, Piter Bijma

Honeybee breeding is organized around annual cycles, following seasonal change. Generation intervals are thus commonly multiples of whole years. Most queens are generally raised during spring or early summer in temperate climates. A generation interval of 1 year limits phenotyping to early recordable traits, before the spring following queens’ births. Some traits, however, can only be recorded later, as is typically the case for total honey yield. Their recording on selection candidates thus increases the generation interval to at least 2 years, a common interval on the dam path. Using stochastic simulation, we investigated the impact of halving the dam generation interval and therefore recording only early traits on candidate dams. The generation interval on the sire path remained at 2 years with complete phenotyping. Breeding goals with varying weights on early and late traits were considered, as well as negative to positive genetic correlations between traits. The acceleration of the breeding scheme generally increased genetic gain for two-trait breeding goals, from 0% up to +47% after 20 years of selection. Although inbreeding rates per generation were slightly lower in the accelerated breeding scheme, inbreeding rates per year were significantly higher. This was due to the faster generation turnover (+33%) leading to 20–30% higher inbreeding coefficients (+0.04 to +0.07) after 20 years of selection. To avoid too high inbreeding, shortening the generation interval should be accompanied by strategies to limit inbreeding while still retaining most of the genetic gain, such as increasing the breeding nucleus size by relaxing selection intensity.

蜜蜂的繁殖是根据季节变化，按年循环进行的。因此，发电间隔通常是全年的倍数。大多数蜂王通常在春季或初夏在温带地区饲养。1年的世代间隔限制了表型的早期可记录的性状，在春季蜂王出生之前。然而，有些性状只能在以后记录，就像总蜂蜜产量的典型情况一样。因此，它们在选择候选者上的记录将产生间隔增加到至少2年，这是大坝路径上的常见间隔。使用随机模拟，我们研究了水坝产生间隔减半的影响，因此只记录候选水坝的早期特征。在父系路径上的世代间隔保持在2年，表型完整。考虑了早期和晚期性状权重不同的育种目标，以及性状间的负相关和正相关遗传关系。育种计划的加速通常会增加双性状育种目标的遗传增益，经过20年的选择，遗传增益从0%增加到+47%。虽然加速育种方案的每代近交率略低，但年近交率明显较高。这是由于在20年的选择后，更快的世代更替（+33%）使近交系数（+0.04 ~ +0.07）提高了20 ~ 30%。为了避免过高的近交，在缩短世代间隔的同时，应采取限制近交的策略，同时保留大部分遗传增益，如通过放松选择强度来增加育种核的大小。

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引用次数: 0

CDK-4 regulates nucleolar size and metabolism at the cost of late-life fitness in C. elegans. CDK-4调节秀丽隐杆线虫的核仁大小和代谢，以牺牲其晚年的适应性为代价。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-18 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00769-7

Rachel Webster, Maria Quintana, Bin Yu, Stacey Fluke, Ran Kafri, W Brent Derry

Studies on aging have centered on two molecular pathways: CDK4/6 and insulin/mTORC1. These pathways are thought to influence aging through distinct mechanisms: mTORC1 by reprogramming systemic metabolism, and CDK4 through p16-mediated senescence and inflammatory signaling (SASP). Here, we investigate the connection between aging and CDK4 in Caenorhabditis elegans, an organism lacking both p16 and SASP. Using a conditional degradation system, we demonstrate that CDK-4 inhibition in C. elegans phenocopies its aging-related functions observed in mammals. Worms with depleted CDK-4 exhibited accelerated aging phenotypes, including reduced lifespan, decreased motility, increased yolk accumulation, and earlier onset of senescence. At the physiological level, CDK4-inhibited worms show substantial metabolic shifts; including enhanced protein synthesis, elevated ATP production, and increased fat accumulation. These metabo-aging phenotypes occur independently of mTORC1, instead operating through the canonical CDK-4 effectors LIN-35 (Rb) and EFL-1 (E2F).

关于衰老的研究主要集中在CDK4/6和胰岛素/mTORC1两种分子途径上。这些途径被认为通过不同的机制影响衰老：mTORC1通过重编程全身代谢，CDK4通过p16介导的衰老和炎症信号传导（SASP）。在这里，我们研究了秀丽隐杆线虫衰老和CDK4之间的联系，秀丽隐杆线虫是一种缺乏p16和SASP的生物。利用条件降解系统，我们证明了秀丽隐杆线虫对CDK-4的抑制可以复制其在哺乳动物中观察到的衰老相关功能。CDK-4缺失的蠕虫表现出加速的衰老表型，包括寿命缩短、运动能力下降、蛋黄积累增加和衰老提前。在生理水平上，cdk4抑制的蠕虫表现出实质性的代谢变化；包括蛋白质合成增强，ATP生成升高，脂肪积累增加。这些代谢老化表型独立于mTORC1发生，而是通过典型的CDK-4效应物LIN-35 （Rb）和EFL-1 （E2F）起作用。

引用次数: 0

Multiple source locations and long-distance dispersal explain the rapid spread of a recent amphibian invasion 多种来源和远距离传播解释了最近两栖动物入侵的快速传播。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00766-w

Teun Everts, Io Deflem, Charlotte Van Driessche, Sabrina Neyrinck, Tom Ruttink, Hans Jacquemyn, Rein Brys

Rapid range expansions are characteristic for non-native invasive species when introduced outside their native range. Understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of expanding non-native invasive species is key for regional management. While population genetics and long-term occurrence records are often used in this context, each provides only partial insights, highlighting the need for a combined approach. We demonstrate this synergy using the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) invasion in the Grote Nete river valley (Belgium) as a case study. It is commonly believed that this invasion constitutes a single metapopulation established by one primary introduction followed by downstream dispersal. However, recent evidence suggests a more complex scenario, involving introduction at multiple locations and bidirectional dispersal. To differentiate between both scenarios, we analysed nearly three decades of occurrence records and 8592 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 372 individuals from 31 localities, and determined the number of source locations, the range expansion rate, the population genetic structure, and the magnitude and direction of gene flow. We found that invasive spread originated from up to six source locations followed by bidirectional dispersal and downstream long-distance dispersal (LDD) events. Our results suggest that at least two source locations were founded by primary introductions, two from LDD events, while the remaining resulted from secondary introductions. A canal crossing the river was identified as a dispersal barrier, leading to different invasion dynamics on both sides. Our study shows how asynchronous introductions at multiple locations, dispersal barriers, and environmental heterogeneity can lead to distinct spread dynamics within a seemingly continuous and interconnected metapopulation.

当非本地入侵物种被引入其本地范围外时，其特征是范围迅速扩展。了解外来入侵物种扩张的动态和机制是区域管理的关键。虽然在这种情况下经常使用群体遗传学和长期发生记录，但每个都只能提供部分见解，突出了综合方法的必要性。我们使用美国牛蛙（Lithobates catesbeianus）入侵Grote Nete河谷（比利时）作为案例研究来证明这种协同作用。人们普遍认为，这种入侵构成了一个单一的元种群，由一次主要的引入和随后的下游分散建立起来。然而，最近的证据显示了一个更复杂的情况，包括在多个地点引入和双向扩散。为了区分这两种情况，我们分析了来自31个地区的372个个体近30年的发生记录和8592个单核苷酸多态性，并确定了源位置的数量、范围扩展率、群体遗传结构以及基因流动的大小和方向。研究发现，入侵性传播起源于多达6个源头，随后是双向扩散和下游长距离扩散（LDD）事件。我们的研究结果表明，至少有两个源位置是由首次介绍建立的，两个来自LDD事件，其余来自二次介绍。一条穿越河流的运河被认为是一个分散屏障，导致了两侧不同的入侵动态。我们的研究表明，在一个看似连续和相互联系的元种群中，多地点的异步引入、扩散障碍和环境异质性如何导致不同的传播动态。

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引用次数: 0

Female-mediated selective sperm activation may remodel major histocompatibility complex-based mate choice decisions in humans 女性介导的选择性精子激活可能重塑人类主要的基于组织相容性复合物的配偶选择决策。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00759-9

Annalaura Jokiniemi, Tanja Turunen, Mikko Kohonen, Martina Magris, Jarmo Ritari, Liisa Kuusipalo, Jukka Partanen, Jukka Kekäläinen

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are known to mediate mate choice both at the individual and gamete level. However, it has remained unclear how different episodes of MHC-associated mate choice interact and contribute to the total selection on MHC genes. Here, we clarified this interaction in humans by performing a full-factorial experiment where 10 females first ranked the attractiveness and intensity of the body odours of 11 males. Then we studied whether female odour preferences in these same 110 male-female combinations predicted sperm performance in the presence of follicular fluid (sperm-stimulating female reproductive fluid). When analyzing the total MHC similarity (including classical and non-classical MHC genes) of the male-female combinations, we found that females preferred the body odours of MHC-similar males, but that sperm motility was positively affected by the MHC dissimilarity of the male-female combinations. No associations were found for classical MHC genes only. Furthermore, odour preferences were negatively associated with sperm motility at the end of the follicular fluid treatment. Together, our results indicate that individual and gamete-level mate choice processes may act in opposing directions and that the most attractive males are not necessarily the most optimal partners at the post-copulatory level. Finally, our findings suggest that gamete-mediated mate choice may have a definitive role in disfavouring genetically incompatible partners from fertilizing oocytes.

已知主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）基因在个体和配子水平上介导配偶选择。然而，目前尚不清楚MHC相关择偶的不同阶段是如何相互作用并对MHC基因的总体选择做出贡献的。在这里，我们通过进行全因子实验来澄清人类的这种相互作用，其中10名女性首先对11名男性的身体气味的吸引力和强度进行排名。然后，我们研究了在这110种男性-女性组合中，女性的气味偏好是否能预测卵泡液（刺激精子的女性生殖液）存在时精子的表现。在分析男女组合的总MHC相似性（包括经典和非经典MHC基因）时，我们发现女性更喜欢MHC相似的男性的体臭，但精子活力受到男女组合MHC差异的积极影响。没有发现仅与经典MHC基因相关。此外，在卵泡液处理结束时，气味偏好与精子活力呈负相关。总之，我们的研究结果表明，个体和配子层面的配偶选择过程可能是相反的，最有吸引力的雄性不一定是交配后最理想的伴侣。最后，我们的研究结果表明，配子介导的配偶选择可能在使基因不相容的伴侣无法使卵母细胞受精方面发挥决定性作用。

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引用次数: 0

Local adaptation has a role in reducing vulnerability to climate change in a widespread Amazonian forest lizard 在广泛分布的亚马逊森林蜥蜴中，当地适应在减少对气候变化的脆弱性方面发挥了作用。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00765-x

André Yves, Josué A. R. Azevedo, Renata M. Pirani, Fernanda P. Werneck

The extant genetic variation within and among taxa reflects a long history of diversification and adaptive mechanisms in response to climate change and landscape alterations. However, the velocity of current anthropogenic changes poses an imminent threat to global biodiversity. Understanding how species and populations might respond to global climate change provides valuable information for conservation in the face of these impacts. Here, we use genomic data to observe candidate loci under climate selection and test for genetic vulnerability to climate change in a widespread Amazonian ombrophilous lizard population. We found nine populations across Amazonia with a considerable amount of admixture among them. Distinct approaches of genome-environment association analyses revealed 56 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) under climatic selection, showing an east–west gradient in the adaptive landscape and a signal of local climate adaptation across the species range. According to our results, signals of local adaptation indicate that the species may not respond equally throughout its range, with some populations facing higher extinction risks. Genomic offset analysis predicts the southern and central portions of Amazonia to have a higher vulnerability to future climate change. Our findings highlight the importance of considering spatially explicit contexts with a large sampling coverage to evaluate how local adaptation and climatic vulnerability affect Amazonian forest ectothermic fauna.

现存的分类群内部和分类群之间的遗传变异反映了长期的多样化历史和对气候变化和景观变化的适应机制。然而，当前人为变化的速度对全球生物多样性构成了迫在眉睫的威胁。了解物种和种群如何应对全球气候变化，为面对这些影响的保护提供了有价值的信息。在这里，我们利用基因组数据观察了气候选择下的候选位点，并测试了广泛分布的亚马逊穴居蜥蜴种群对气候变化的遗传脆弱性。我们在亚马逊地区发现了9个种群，它们之间有相当数量的混合。不同的基因组-环境关联分析方法揭示了气候选择下56个候选单核苷酸多态性（snp），显示了适应性景观的东西梯度和物种范围内局部气候适应的信号。根据我们的研究结果，局部适应的信号表明，物种可能不会在其整个范围内做出相同的反应，一些种群面临更高的灭绝风险。基因组偏移分析预测，亚马逊南部和中部地区对未来气候变化的脆弱性更高。我们的研究结果强调了考虑具有大采样覆盖率的空间明确背景的重要性，以评估当地适应和气候脆弱性如何影响亚马逊森林变温动物。

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引用次数: 0

The genetic basis of a colorful signal: the polymorphic dewlap of the slender anole (Anolis apletophallus) 一种彩色信号的遗传基础：细长的变色蛇（Anolis apletophallus）的多态脱壳。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00763-z

Renata M. Pirani, Carlos F. Arias, John David Curlis, Daniel J. Nicholson, Jessica Stapley, W. Owen McMillan, Christian L. Cox, Michael L. Logan

Organisms often use colorful morphological traits to communicate with members of their own or other species. While “colorful signaling” systems exemplify well-known examples of the evolution of phenotypic diversity, the genetic basis of most of these traits remains unknown. Male lizards of the genus Anolis possess a colorful throat fan, or “dewlap”, that is flashed during social displays. These displays have been extensively studied in the context of their role in the adaptive radiation of the genus. In contrast, the genetic basis of the Anolis dewlap has received relatively little attention. Here, we studied the dewlap of the slender anole (Anolis apletophallus) which exhibits a dewlap polymorphism: males have either an entirely orange dewlap (“solid” morph) or a white dewlap with a basal orange spot (“bicolor” morph). To understand the inheritance of this polymorphism, we conducted 99 crosses between individuals from populations that were fixed for one morph (single/fixed/monomorphic) or contained both morphs (mixed/polymorphic). Next, we investigated the genetic architecture of this trait using a pooled population sequencing (Pool-seq) experiment. Our findings indicate that the slender anole dewlap polymorphism is best explained as an autosomal, single-locus, Mendelian trait with the solid morph allele dominant to the bicolor morph allele. Our outlier analysis of the Pool-seq data identified a region strongly associated with this trait and within this region we identified a promising candidate locus—the transcription factor single-minded 1 (SIM1)—that may underly the dewlap polymorphism.

生物经常使用丰富多彩的形态特征来与自己或其他物种的成员交流。虽然“彩色信号”系统是众所周知的表型多样性进化的例子，但大多数这些特征的遗传基础仍然未知。雄性蜥蜴属的蜥蜴有一个彩色的喉扇，或“dewlap”，在社会展示时闪烁。这些显示已被广泛研究的背景下，他们在适应辐射属的作用。相比之下，Anolis dewlap的遗传基础得到的关注相对较少。在这里，我们研究了细长的斑点斑马鱼（Anolis apletophallus）的斑马鱼，它表现出一种斑马鱼的多态性：雄性的斑马鱼要么有一个完全橙色的斑马鱼（“纯色”形态），要么有一个底部有橙色斑点的白色斑马鱼（“双色”形态）。为了了解这种多态性的遗传，我们在固定为一种形态（单一/固定/单态）或包含两种形态（混合/多态）的群体中的个体之间进行了99次杂交。接下来，我们使用池群体测序（Pool-seq）实验研究了该性状的遗传结构。我们的研究结果表明，细长的变色斑点多态可以最好地解释为常染色体的单位点孟德尔性状，其中固体型等位基因显性于双色型等位基因。我们对Pool-seq数据的异常值分析发现了一个与该性状密切相关的区域，并在该区域内发现了一个有希望的候选位点-转录因子单一思想1 (SIM1)-这可能是dewlap多态性的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Aneuploidy and ploidy variation conditioned by the B chromosome of maize. 玉米的非整倍性和倍性变异由B染色体决定。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00764-y

Patrice S Albert, Hua Yang, Zhi Gao, Cassidy DeVore, James A Birchler

The supernumerary B chromosome of maize has a drive mechanism to maintain itself in a population despite being dispensible. This involves nondisjunction of the B centromere at the second pollen mitosis that produces the two sperm followed by preferential fertilization of the egg by the B containing sperm during double fertilization. During an introgression of the supernumerary B chromosome into the inbred line B73, an unusually high frequency of trisomies for A chromosomes was observed. Due to parallels to the High Loss phenomenon in which three or more B chromosomes in a specific genetic background cause chromosomal breakage at heterochromatic knob sites during the second pollen mitosis as well as ploidy changes, this phenomenon was revisited. Examination of pollen of the High Loss line revealed a high frequency of single sperm in the presence of the B chromosomes, which was previously not realized. Crosses to tetraploid females confirmed that the single sperm were diploid and functional but also revealed the presence of diploids with their A chromosomes derived solely from the tetraploid parent indicating a "diploid induction". Collectively, the results reveal two backgrounds in which the B drive mechanism is not confined to this chromosome causing detrimental effects by adherence of heterochromatic knobs and apparently A centromeres at the mitosis preceding sperm development. In most genetic backgrounds this process is restricted to the B chromosome but in B73 and the High Loss line, there is spillover to the normal chromosomes in distinct ways.

玉米的多余B染色体具有一种驱动机制，尽管在群体中是可有可无的，但仍能维持自身。这包括在产生两个精子的第二次花粉有丝分裂中B着丝粒的不分离，随后在双受精过程中含有B的精子优先使卵子受精。在多余的B染色体渗入自交系B73时，观察到A染色体三体的频率异常高。由于与高损失现象相似，在高损失现象中，具有特定遗传背景的三条或更多B染色体在第二次花粉有丝分裂期间导致异色球形位点的染色体断裂以及倍性变化，因此重新研究了这一现象。对高损失系花粉的检测发现，在B染色体存在的情况下，单精子的频率很高，这是以前没有意识到的。与四倍体雌性杂交证实了单精子是二倍体和功能，但也显示了二倍体的存在，其A染色体仅来自四倍体亲本，表明“二倍体诱导”。总的来说，结果揭示了两种背景，其中B驱动机制并不局限于这条染色体，在精子发育之前有丝分裂时，异色旋钮和明显的A着丝粒的粘附导致有害影响。在大多数遗传背景下，这一过程仅限于B染色体，但在B73和高损失系中，这一过程以不同的方式溢出到正常染色体。

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引用次数: 0

Does chromoanagenesis play a role in the origin of B chromosomes? 染色体再生在B染色体的起源中起作用吗？

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00758-w

Andreas Houben, Jörg Fuchs, Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam, Jianyong Chen, Gihwan Kim, Taoran Liu

B chromosomes (Bs) exist in addition to the standard (A) chromosomes in a wide range of species. The process underlying their origin is still unclear. We propose pathways of intra- and interspecific origin of B chromosomes based on known mechanisms of chromosome evolution and available knowledge of their sequence composition in different species. We speculate that a mitotic or meiotic segregation error of one or more A chromosomes initiates, via chromoanagenesis, the formation of a proto-B chromosome. In the second step, proto-B chromosomes accumulate A chromosome- and organelle-derived sequences over time, most likely via DNA double-strand break (DSB) mis-repair. Consequently, the original structure of the early stage proto-B chromosomes becomes masked by continuous sequence incorporation. The similarity between A chromosome sequences integrated into B chromosomes and the original sequences on the donor chromosomes decreases over time if there is no selection pressure on these sequences on B chromosomes. However, besides chromoanagenesis, also other mechanisms leading to the formation of B chromosomes might exist.

除了标准(A)染色体外，B染色体(B)还存在于许多物种中。它们起源背后的过程尚不清楚。基于已知的染色体进化机制和对不同物种中B染色体序列组成的现有知识，我们提出了B染色体种内和种间起源的途径。我们推测，一条或多条a染色体的有丝分裂或减数分裂分离错误，通过染色体突变，启动了原b染色体的形成。在第二步，随着时间的推移，原b染色体积累了A染色体和细胞器衍生的序列，最有可能是通过DNA双链断裂（DSB）错误修复。因此，早期原b染色体的原始结构被连续的序列整合所掩盖。如果B染色体上的A染色体序列没有选择压力，那么与B染色体整合的A染色体序列与供体染色体上的原序列的相似性会随着时间的推移而降低。然而，除了染色体发育外，可能还存在其他导致B染色体形成的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Phylogeography of introgression: Spatial and temporal analyses identify two introgression events between brown and American black bears 进化演化的系统地理学：空间和时间分析确定了棕熊和美洲黑熊之间的两个进化演化事件。

IF 3.1 2区生物学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Heredity

Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00762-0

Emily E. Puckett

Brown bears (Ursus arctos) colonized North America from Eurasia in two distinct and temporally separated waves. Once in North America they encountered endemic American black bears (U. americanus) during range expansions from eastern Beringia southwards into the interior of the continent. The establishment of sympatry between these species provided the opportunity for hybridization and introgression, which was previously identified at the species level using D-statistics. Both species have broad spatial ranges that should limit the extent of introgression, such that it is found primarily between sympatric populations. Here, we used range-wide sampling and whole genome sequencing of both bear species to test for spatial variability in introgression. We identified two pulses of introgression between brown and American black bears, and demonstrate the introgressed segments occur across spatially structured lineages in both species. The first pulse occurred 270–120 kya, near the initiation of intraspecific divergence, approximately 99–93 kya, within each species. This pulse occurred as sympatry was established in western North America. The second pulse occurred between western American black bears and North American brown bears and lasted to 9 kya. Introgression was bidirectional and sympatric lineages had more introgressed tracts and a larger proportion of the genome introgressed from the other species. This study advances our phylogeographic understanding of both iconic bear species through investigating the timing of divergence and gene flow as bears expanded and contracted their ranges across North America.

棕熊分两波从欧亚大陆移居北美，这两波在时间上是分开的。有一次在北美，它们从东白令陆桥向南扩展到大陆内部时遇到了特有的美洲黑熊（美国黑熊）。这些物种之间的同域关系的建立为杂交和渐渗提供了机会，这是以前在物种水平上使用D-statistics识别的。这两个物种都有广阔的空间范围，这应该限制了渗透的程度，因此它主要是在同域种群之间发现的。在这里，我们使用大范围采样和全基因组测序来测试这两种熊的空间变异。我们确定了棕熊和美洲黑熊之间的两个渐渗脉冲，并证明渐渗片段发生在两个物种的空间结构谱系中。第一次脉冲发生在270-120 kya，接近种内分化的开始，大约99-93 kya，在每个物种内。这种脉动发生在北美西部共情区建立的时候。第二次脉冲发生在美国西部黑熊和北美棕熊之间，持续了9个月。基因渐渗是双向的，同域谱系有更多的基因渐渗束和更大比例的基因组渐渗来自其他物种。这项研究通过调查熊在北美扩张和收缩活动范围时的分化时间和基因流动，推进了我们对这两个标志性熊物种的系统地理学理解。

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引用次数: 0