We provide an empirical assessment of EC cartel enforcement decisions between 2000 and 2011. Following an initial characterisation of our dataset, we especially investigate the determinants of the duration of cartel investigations. We are able to identify several key drivers of investigation length such as the Commission's speed of cartel detection, the type of cartel agreement, the affected industry or the existence of a chief witness.
{"title":"Cartel Enforcement in the European Union: Determinants of the Duration of Investigations","authors":"Kai Hüschelrath, U. Laitenberger, Florian Smuda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2179037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179037","url":null,"abstract":"We provide an empirical assessment of EC cartel enforcement decisions between 2000 and 2011. Following an initial characterisation of our dataset, we especially investigate the determinants of the duration of cartel investigations. We are able to identify several key drivers of investigation length such as the Commission's speed of cartel detection, the type of cartel agreement, the affected industry or the existence of a chief witness.","PeriodicalId":130313,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Antitrust (European) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130050068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
English Abstract: The main focus of the paper is the function of economics in the current application of competition law. While advocating further economization of the law, it is seen as necessary to widen the extent to which aspects of economic efficiency encompassing static and dynamic efficiency are taken into consideration in an antitrust analysis. Much attention is devoted to these issues, while clarifying what is meant by them, how they are to be understood and implemented in the practice of antitrust authorities, as well as discussing their importance for the promotion of innovation. It is noted that accounting for the economic efficiency aspects differently in the light of competition law allows for the assessment of the market behavior of dominant companies, which traditionally has been seen as anticompetitive. This main issue of the paper is analyzed extensively and explained using the case of Microsoft, a company accused by the US and EU antitrust authorities of abusing its dominant position on the market of operating systems in that it integrated the sale of its base product Windows OS exclusively with other applications (Media Player and Internet Explorer). The differences presented in the research part of the paper as to the way Microsoft was treated by these authorities originated in their different methodology of analysis and assessment of the effects of the sales model launched by Microsoft for products offered to the PC manufacturers and their users, in spite of the US and EU antitrust authorities adopting the same evaluation standard – consumer welfare. Aspects of dynamic efficiency adequate in the assessment of the behavior of innovative firms holding a dominant position proved to be deciding. On the other side of the Atlantic, taking into account the aspects of dynamic efficiency was crucial in coming up with a lighter assessment of Microsoft’s tying compared to the European authorities’ assessment which was based largely on the structural analysis, where the benefits arising from dynamic efficiency are not visible. It is clear from the decisions made by the Commission that it favours regulation over effects generated by competition forces at a later time. French Abstract: L'objet principal du papier est la fonction de l'économie dans l'application actuelle du droit de la concurrence. Tout en préconisant une plus loin économisation de la loi, il est jugé nécessaire d'élargir la mesure dans laquelle les aspects de l'efficacité économique englobant l'efficacité statique et dynamique sont pris en compte dans une analyse antitrust. Une grande attention est accordée à ces questions, tout en clarifiant ce qu'on entend par elles, comment elles doivent être comprises et mises en œuvre dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence, et en abordant leur importance pour la promotion de l'innovation. Il est noté que la prise en compte différente des aspects d'efficacité économique à la lumière du droit de la concurrence p
摘要:本文主要研究经济学在现行竞争法适用中的作用。在提倡进一步节约法律的同时，人们认为有必要扩大在反垄断分析中考虑到包括静态和动态效率在内的经济效率方面的程度。本文对这些问题给予了很大的关注，同时澄清了它们的含义，在反垄断当局的实践中如何理解和实施它们，并讨论了它们对促进创新的重要性。值得注意的是，根据竞争法对经济效率方面进行不同的核算，可以对占主导地位的公司的市场行为进行评估，而这种行为传统上被认为是反竞争的。本文的主要问题是广泛分析和解释使用微软的情况下，一家公司被美国和欧盟反垄断当局指控滥用其在操作系统市场上的主导地位，因为它集成销售其基础产品Windows操作系统与其他应用程序(媒体播放器和Internet Explorer)。尽管美国和欧盟反垄断机构采用了相同的评估标准——消费者福利，但在论文的研究部分提出的关于这些当局对待微软的方式的差异，源于他们对微软为提供给PC制造商及其用户的产品推出的销售模式的影响的分析和评估的不同方法。动态效率的各个方面在评估具有主导地位的创新企业的行为中被证明是决定性的。在大西洋的另一边，考虑到动态效率的各个方面，与欧洲当局主要基于结构分析的评估相比，对微软的捆绑进行更轻的评估是至关重要的，在结构分析中，动态效率带来的好处是不可见的。从委员会的决定中可以清楚地看出，它倾向于监管，而不是在以后的时间里由竞争力量产生的影响。摘要:“文书原则”是指“文书的功能”，“文书的应用”是指“文书的权利”。将所有的数据与所有的数据进行比较，将所有的数据与所有的数据进行比较，将所有的数据与所有的数据进行比较，将所有的数据与所有的数据进行比较，将所有的数据与所有的数据进行比较。特别注意的是，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上，在所有的问题上。如果你认为不同的交换条件下的交换条件是有效的，那么你就会认为交换条件下的交换条件是有效的。如果你认为交换条件下的交换条件是有效的，那么你就会认为交换条件下的交换条件是有效的。同样的问题原则也可以用来分析，例如，在应用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，使用程序上，Windows操作系统排他性，使用程序(Media Player和Internet Explorer)。Les差异在现在这样杜矫揉造作的纸的质量不微软的疾病汇票票面ces局provenaient为了methodologie不同模型分析et d”des运用商业兰斯par微软倒Les的offerts辅助法国de PC等他们utilisateurs malgre L 'adoption par Les局de la赞同des美国et de L 'UE de la meme标准d”——le bien-etre des consommateurs。从效率、动态和企业创新角度看，企业创新和企业创新占据了一个主导地位，而企业创新和企业创新占据了一个主导地位。De上次cote De l 'Atlantique拉撬des方面考虑d 'efficacite dynamique疾病determinante倒一个评价+ legere De la出售实地告诉微软其他l”des局产品fondee en grande一部分在分析structurelle欧莱斯优点之一l 'efficacite不是可见的。我将申诉申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉，申诉委员会的申诉。
{"title":"The Role of Economic Efficiency in Competition Law","authors":"Zbigniew Jurczyk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3160504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3160504","url":null,"abstract":"<b>English Abstract:</B> The main focus of the paper is the function of economics in the current application of competition law. While advocating further economization of the law, it is seen as necessary to widen the extent to which aspects of economic efficiency encompassing static and dynamic efficiency are taken into consideration in an antitrust analysis. Much attention is devoted to these issues, while clarifying what is meant by them, how they are to be understood and implemented in the practice of antitrust authorities, as well as discussing their importance for the promotion of innovation. It is noted that accounting for the economic efficiency aspects differently in the light of competition law allows for the assessment of the market behavior of dominant companies, which traditionally has been seen as anticompetitive. This main issue of the paper is analyzed extensively and explained using the case of Microsoft, a company accused by the US and EU antitrust authorities of abusing its dominant position on the market of operating systems in that it integrated the sale of its base product Windows OS exclusively with other applications (Media Player and Internet Explorer). The differences presented in the research part of the paper as to the way Microsoft was treated by these authorities originated in their different methodology of analysis and assessment of the effects of the sales model launched by Microsoft for products offered to the PC manufacturers and their users, in spite of the US and EU antitrust authorities adopting the same evaluation standard – consumer welfare. Aspects of dynamic efficiency adequate in the assessment of the behavior of innovative firms holding a dominant position proved to be deciding. On the other side of the Atlantic, taking into account the aspects of dynamic efficiency was crucial in coming up with a lighter assessment of Microsoft’s tying compared to the European authorities’ assessment which was based largely on the structural analysis, where the benefits arising from dynamic efficiency are not visible. It is clear from the decisions made by the Commission that it favours regulation over effects generated by competition forces at a later time. <b>French Abstract:</B> L'objet principal du papier est la fonction de l'économie dans l'application actuelle du droit de la concurrence. Tout en préconisant une plus loin économisation de la loi, il est jugé nécessaire d'élargir la mesure dans laquelle les aspects de l'efficacité économique englobant l'efficacité statique et dynamique sont pris en compte dans une analyse antitrust. Une grande attention est accordée à ces questions, tout en clarifiant ce qu'on entend par elles, comment elles doivent être comprises et mises en œuvre dans la pratique des autorités de la concurrence, et en abordant leur importance pour la promotion de l'innovation. Il est noté que la prise en compte différente des aspects d'efficacité économique à la lumière du droit de la concurrence p","PeriodicalId":130313,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Antitrust (European) (Topic)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120865188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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