Although much work has been done analysing the possible causes of the New Zealand-Australian income gap, to date there has been little analysis of the extent to which this gap differs by gender and age. Using New Zealand and Australian employment and census data we examine these differences and find that (1) over the last 25 years the incomes of New Zealand women have declined less rapidly than those of New Zealand men, relative to Australian incomes; (2) this poor relative performance of New Zealand males was felt most by those in middle age; and (3) the stronger relative income growth of New Zealand females appears to be largely driven by increased public sector wage growth, and as such, its long term sustainability is questionable.
{"title":"‘No Country for Old Men’: A Note on the Trans-Tasman Income Divide","authors":"A. Coleman, Hugh McDonald","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1678185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1678185","url":null,"abstract":"Although much work has been done analysing the possible causes of the New Zealand-Australian income gap, to date there has been little analysis of the extent to which this gap differs by gender and age. Using New Zealand and Australian employment and census data we examine these differences and find that (1) over the last 25 years the incomes of New Zealand women have declined less rapidly than those of New Zealand men, relative to Australian incomes; (2) this poor relative performance of New Zealand males was felt most by those in middle age; and (3) the stronger relative income growth of New Zealand females appears to be largely driven by increased public sector wage growth, and as such, its long term sustainability is questionable.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123318959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this overview is to take stock of the research into labour, employment and work undertaken in New Zealand as represented by this conference and to summarise as succinctly as possible the key points made in each paper.
{"title":"Research into Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand: An Overview","authors":"P. Morrison","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.906","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this overview is to take stock of the research into labour, employment and work undertaken in New Zealand as represented by this conference and to summarise as succinctly as possible the key points made in each paper.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122202752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research reported in this paper examines the impact in New Zealand of the liberalisation of the statutory regulation on working time in collective employment contract bargaining. Specifically this research reports working time arrangements that are changed in three areas. First the reduction (or extension) of the working week - thus decreasing (or increasing) the number of hours worked by full time workers. Second, the scheduling of the hours worked each week by full time workers. Here changes to the span of days available (and whether that span includes weekend days) and the span of hours available for ordinary work each day have been identified. Third, the application of overtime payments and the specific overtime rate has been examined.
{"title":"Collective Employment Contracts and New Working Time Arrangements in New Zealand","authors":"R. Harbridge, David Tolich","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.894","url":null,"abstract":"The research reported in this paper examines the impact in New Zealand of the liberalisation of the statutory regulation on working time in collective employment contract bargaining. Specifically this research reports working time arrangements that are changed in three areas. First the reduction (or extension) of the working week - thus decreasing (or increasing) the number of hours worked by full time workers. Second, the scheduling of the hours worked each week by full time workers. Here changes to the span of days available (and whether that span includes weekend days) and the span of hours available for ordinary work each day have been identified. Third, the application of overtime payments and the specific overtime rate has been examined.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131015347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New Zealand’s stock of skills is significantly affected by external migration flows - more so than almost any other developed country. Lack of information, particularly on outward migration, has restricted analysis in the past. However the recent integration of data on border movements into Statistics NZ’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) has opened up new avenues for research. This paper uses this new data to produce descriptive statistics on the extent that graduates from tertiary education institutes leave New Zealand post-completion, and the extent to which they return again. It looks at the cohort of New Zealand students who completed a tertiary qualification in 2003 (the earliest year possible) and looks at migration outcomes up to and including 2010.
{"title":"Who Left, Who Returned and Who Was Still Away? Migration Patterns of 2003 Graduates, 2004-2010","authors":"Tas Papadopoulos","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1979","url":null,"abstract":"New Zealand’s stock of skills is significantly affected by external migration flows - more so than almost any other developed country. Lack of information, particularly on outward migration, has restricted analysis in the past. However the recent integration of data on border movements into Statistics NZ’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) has opened up new avenues for research. This paper uses this new data to produce descriptive statistics on the extent that graduates from tertiary education institutes leave New Zealand post-completion, and the extent to which they return again. It looks at the cohort of New Zealand students who completed a tertiary qualification in 2003 (the earliest year possible) and looks at migration outcomes up to and including 2010.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115446472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on the employment experience of women in New Zealand call centres. It seeks to determine whether women can develop satisfactory career progress and links the findings to the employment relations context in New Zealand. The study, initiated in 2003, reports on six case studies. Contra1y to the prevailing negative portrayal of call centre employment and career paths, our findings demonstrate women are achieving career success in call centres. Management practices can accommodate the different labour market needs of women, and many respondents reported feeling passionate about their jobs. Those working at entry level said they enjoyed meeting people and being part of a workplace, which enhanced their career prospects. Most respondents mentioned the development of skills and confidence, rather than deskilling, call centre processes have enabled many respondents to become competent, connected and confident.
{"title":"Competent, Connected and Confident: Female Career Success in Call Centres?","authors":"Vivienne N Hunt, E. Rasmussen","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1635","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the employment experience of women in New Zealand call centres. It seeks to determine whether women can develop satisfactory career progress and links the findings to the employment relations context in New Zealand. The study, initiated in 2003, reports on six case studies. Contra1y to the prevailing negative portrayal of call centre employment and career paths, our findings demonstrate women are achieving career success in call centres. Management practices can accommodate the different labour market needs of women, and many respondents reported feeling passionate about their jobs. Those working at entry level said they enjoyed meeting people and being part of a workplace, which enhanced their career prospects. Most respondents mentioned the development of skills and confidence, rather than deskilling, call centre processes have enabled many respondents to become competent, connected and confident.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123092764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years New Zealand’s immigration policy has placed an emphasis on increasing human capital through encouraging well qualified immigrants to settle in New Zealand. Apart from the qualifications and work skills that immigrants bring from their countries of origin, they also possess, in many cases, proficiency in other languages as well as an understanding of other cultures. To what extent are these linguistic and cultural resources utilised in New Zealand employment? This paper examines the policies and practices of companies engaged in the international business sector to determine the factors that influence effective use of this pool of expertise. The paper draws upon the findings of a survey of companies involved primarily in exporting and tourism, as well as follow-up interviews with selected companies. On the basis of this study, best practice features in the use of immigrant linguistic and cultural resources are identified.
{"title":"Company Employment Policies and Practices in the use of Immigrant Linguistic and Cultural Studies","authors":"N. Watts, A. Trlin","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1022","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years New Zealand’s immigration policy has placed an emphasis on increasing human capital through encouraging well qualified immigrants to settle in New Zealand. Apart from the qualifications and work skills that immigrants bring from their countries of origin, they also possess, in many cases, proficiency in other languages as well as an understanding of other cultures. To what extent are these linguistic and cultural resources utilised in New Zealand employment? This paper examines the policies and practices of companies engaged in the international business sector to determine the factors that influence effective use of this pool of expertise. The paper draws upon the findings of a survey of companies involved primarily in exporting and tourism, as well as follow-up interviews with selected companies. On the basis of this study, best practice features in the use of immigrant linguistic and cultural resources are identified.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115734285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I investigate the prospect that there has been a general 'upskilling' in the New Zealand workforce. This research allows me to conclude several points. First, there is reason to believe that a general upskilling in the New Zealand workforce has occurred. Second, real incomes have been growing in the face of increasing supply, indicating strong, increasing relative demand for educated workers. Further, there is more to incomes than qualifications; to a tangible extent, the incomes of peers, regardless of qualifications, affect wages. Fourth, women are entering the tabor force at a greater rate than men; significantly, this is true at the university end of the qualification spectrum. Finally, there is evidence to suggest a persistent, wide-spread disparity between the incomes of men and women, regardless of qualification, industry, and occupation.
{"title":"New Zealand's Workforce: Evidence of Upskilling?","authors":"William S Dillingham","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1226","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I investigate the prospect that there has been a general 'upskilling' in the New Zealand workforce. This research allows me to conclude several points. First, there is reason to believe that a general upskilling in the New Zealand workforce has occurred. Second, real incomes have been growing in the face of increasing supply, indicating strong, increasing relative demand for educated workers. Further, there is more to incomes than qualifications; to a tangible extent, the incomes of peers, regardless of qualifications, affect wages. Fourth, women are entering the tabor force at a greater rate than men; significantly, this is true at the university end of the qualification spectrum. Finally, there is evidence to suggest a persistent, wide-spread disparity between the incomes of men and women, regardless of qualification, industry, and occupation.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115825273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a brief overview of some of the main findings from a research review summarising the state of knowledge surrounding New Zealand school children (aged 17 years and under) in paid employment to early 2010. Well over a hundred thousand New Zealand school children participate in paid employment during the school term, making a substantial contribution to the NZ economy. The review brings together formative publications since 2000 and summary findings from analyses undertaken by the Department of Labour over 2009/2010. Key findings on (i) Employment participation, including participation rates, types of work and hours of work;(ii) Employment conditions, including health and safety experiences and prevalence of employment agreements and (iii) Impacts on Education and Employment Outcomes for New Zealand school children are presented and discussed. Gaps in data availability are also identified. A copy of the full Department of Labour report is available at: http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/schoolchildreninpaid employment/youthreport_01.asp .
本文简要概述了一项研究综述中的一些主要发现，总结了2010年初新西兰学龄儿童(17岁及以下)在有偿就业方面的知识状况。超过10万新西兰学生在学期期间参加有薪工作，为新西兰经济做出了重大贡献。该审查汇集了自2000年以来的形成性出版物以及劳动部在2009/2010年进行的分析的总结结果。介绍和讨论了以下方面的主要结论:(一)就业参与，包括参与率、工作类型和工作时间;(二)就业条件，包括健康和安全经验以及就业协议的普及程度;(三)对新西兰学龄儿童教育和就业成果的影响。还确定了数据可用性方面的差距。劳工部报告全文可在http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/schoolchildren - in - paid - employment/youthreport_01.asp获取。
{"title":"School Children in Employment: Issues and Considerations","authors":"D. O'neill","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1697","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a brief overview of some of the main findings from a research review summarising the state of knowledge surrounding New Zealand school children (aged 17 years and under) in paid employment to early 2010. Well over a hundred thousand New Zealand school children participate in paid employment during the school term, making a substantial contribution to the NZ economy. The review brings together formative publications since 2000 and summary findings from analyses undertaken by the Department of Labour over 2009/2010. Key findings on (i) Employment participation, including participation rates, types of work and hours of work;(ii) Employment conditions, including health and safety experiences and prevalence of employment agreements and (iii) Impacts on Education and Employment Outcomes for New Zealand school children are presented and discussed. Gaps in data availability are also identified. A copy of the full Department of Labour report is available at: http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/schoolchildreninpaid employment/youthreport_01.asp .","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121048108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Longitudinal analyses with continuous repeated outcomes provide fuller insight into population and individual behaviour over time. Insights into processes of social change can thus e greatly enhanced through a more extensive use of longitudinal data. Using the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED), factors associated with wage earning were explored. Random effects models were investigated to identify fixed population effects as well as to help understand stochastic processes attributed to individual employee variations. It was found that wages vary significantly across region of residence, industry, age groups and gender. Random intercept adjustments provide an effective alternative for exploring earning variability over time.
{"title":"An Exploratory Analysis of Aggregates and Individual Wage Earnings in the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED)","authors":"Eleanor Guzman-Posadas","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.1324","url":null,"abstract":"Longitudinal analyses with continuous repeated outcomes provide fuller insight into population and individual behaviour over time. Insights into processes of social change can thus e greatly enhanced through a more extensive use of longitudinal data. Using the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED), factors associated with wage earning were explored. Random effects models were investigated to identify fixed population effects as well as to help understand stochastic processes attributed to individual employee variations. It was found that wages vary significantly across region of residence, industry, age groups and gender. Random intercept adjustments provide an effective alternative for exploring earning variability over time.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121082853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the first part of a work for a masters thesis in Economics. The thesis is a qualitative case study of workplace changes in the New Zealand Dairy Manufacturing industry. As a work in progress report this paper describes the key changes in the industry and considers some of the issues which have arisen through the fieldwork.
{"title":"The New Zealand Dairy Manufacturing Industry","authors":"J. Gibson","doi":"10.26686/LEW.V0I0.891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/LEW.V0I0.891","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the first part of a work for a masters thesis in Economics. The thesis is a qualitative case study of workplace changes in the New Zealand Dairy Manufacturing industry. As a work in progress report this paper describes the key changes in the industry and considers some of the issues which have arisen through the fieldwork.","PeriodicalId":130683,"journal":{"name":"Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124826081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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