The first half of the 18th century, in a way, is a period of preparation, ending with two facts that will soon acquire a considerable symbolic significance: the death of Ludovico Antonio Muratori and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In Milan, Muratori’s legacy mainly lies in the historical studies, but it can also be seen in the project of an increasingly strong interaction between culture and society. The new intellectual generation, gathering around the periodical “Il Caffè”, adds to what Muratori had taught the explosive mixture of novelties from the transalpine countries, first of all, Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie, and the revolutionary place it gives to ‘practice’ within the hierarchy of knowledge. “Il Caffè”, and works such as On Crimes and Punishments, Meditations on Happiness, and Observations on Torture, but even Parini’s civil poetry, hand down to the following century a multifarious reflection on justice, social coexistence, and improvement of mankind, which will become deeply rooted in the collective consciousness, thus reducing the 17th-century gap between Italy and Europe regarding science.
{"title":"LA CULTURA IN LOMBARDIA NELL’ETÀ TERESIANA","authors":"G. Gaspari","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.554","url":null,"abstract":"The first half of the 18th century, in a way, is a period of preparation, ending with two facts that will soon acquire a considerable symbolic significance: the death of Ludovico Antonio Muratori and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In Milan, Muratori’s legacy mainly lies in the historical studies, but it can also be seen in the project of an increasingly strong interaction between culture and society. The new intellectual generation, gathering around the periodical “Il Caffè”, adds to what Muratori had taught the explosive mixture of novelties from the transalpine countries, first of all, Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie, and the revolutionary place it gives to ‘practice’ within the hierarchy of knowledge. “Il Caffè”, and works such as On Crimes and Punishments, Meditations on Happiness, and Observations on Torture, but even Parini’s civil poetry, hand down to the following century a multifarious reflection on justice, social coexistence, and improvement of mankind, which will become deeply rooted in the collective consciousness, thus reducing the 17th-century gap between Italy and Europe regarding science.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130139278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article rethinks the political and institutional causes of the rapid debt growth and its exploitation in the italian “blocked” political system (so-called “First Republic”). Italian State has always lived above its means, with a constant imbalance between income and expenditure and at the same time expanding its distance with respect to society (but the debt was paid by social groups that took advantage of it). This process triggered off a perennial crisis of representation and strengthened the instability of relations between political institutions and society. Therefore, sovereign debt downturns are always crises of institutional legitimization and require a redefinition of the ways in which sovereignty and power are exercised. Thus, the article investigates the impact of the “political use” of the public debt by governments on the relationship between the State and society.
{"title":"LA RELATION ENTRE L’ÉTAT ET LA DETTE PUBLIQUE: LES APPROCHES GÉNÉRALES, LES LOGIQUES POLITIQUES, LA CRISE ET LE CAS ITALIEN (’70-’90)","authors":"Leonida Tedoldi","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.531","url":null,"abstract":"This article rethinks the political and institutional causes of the rapid debt growth and its exploitation in the italian “blocked” political system (so-called “First Republic”). Italian State has always lived above its means, with a constant imbalance between income and expenditure and at the same time expanding its distance with respect to society (but the debt was paid by social groups that took advantage of it). This process triggered off a perennial crisis of representation and strengthened the instability of relations between political institutions and society. Therefore, sovereign debt downturns are always crises of institutional legitimization and require a redefinition of the ways in which sovereignty and power are exercised. Thus, the article investigates the impact of the “political use” of the public debt by governments on the relationship between the State and society.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"167 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114098930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A few, but very meaningful pieces from Petrarch’s Familiari deal with the Holy Roman Empire and its institutions, especially because of the role they played in italian politics. Although Petrarch is not a systematic political thinker, the imperial idea of Rome plays a pivotal role. It seems possible to demonstrare that Petrarch has been influenced by official documents by Henry VII, eventually Manfred of Suabia, and mostly by civil lawyers and the sources of Roman law. These last item belongs to Petrarch’s commitment towards a recovery for his present days of Roman classical heritage. All this said, political issues still play only an instrumental role, connected with the immediate needs of those powers, the Visconti household first and most but also emperor Charles IV himself, Petrarch was intimately connected to. Though Petrarch sincerely advocates Roman classical tradition, he is a ghibellino only for a matter of opportunity, or rather of the opportunity of those powers he decided to serve, and their immediate political needs.
{"title":"PETRARCA GHIBELLINO? ROMA E L’IMPERO NEI RERUM FAMILIARIUM LIBRI","authors":"Mario Conetti","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.517","url":null,"abstract":"A few, but very meaningful pieces from Petrarch’s Familiari deal with the Holy Roman Empire and its institutions, especially because of the role they played in italian politics. Although Petrarch is not a systematic political thinker, the imperial idea of Rome plays a pivotal role. It seems possible to demonstrare that Petrarch has been influenced by official documents by Henry VII, eventually Manfred of Suabia, and mostly by civil lawyers and the sources of Roman law. These last item belongs to Petrarch’s commitment towards a recovery for his present days of Roman classical heritage. All this said, political issues still play only an instrumental role, connected with the immediate needs of those powers, the Visconti household first and most but also emperor Charles IV himself, Petrarch was intimately connected to. Though Petrarch sincerely advocates Roman classical tradition, he is a ghibellino only for a matter of opportunity, or rather of the opportunity of those powers he decided to serve, and their immediate political needs.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128588259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aims at analyzing the relationship between the image of the Chinese Empire in the writings of travellers and Jesuits and the main themes (Reason of State, Utopianism, Mixed Constitution) of the Italian political thought during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. The writings of travellers and Jesuits presented a complex view of the Empire, which impacts in various ways the spread of the Chinese myth in the political treatises of the Counter-Reformation era. The complexity is evident in the description the relations provide of sovereignty and the behaviour of the emperor. From the very beginning of Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina is presented a complex image of the Chinese government: along with the absolutist delineation of the imperial power, there are conflicting images that, regarding either a distant past or current government practice, recognized other forms: a feudal style of monarchy, a sort of mixed constitution, or a form of dispotic govetrnment. Matteo Ricci and other Jesuits, as Martino Martini and Athanasius Kircher, presented the Mandarins as a slort of Kings-Philosophers of Plato’s Republic. Following the works composed by Jesuits, some authors pf Reason of State and utopist (Giovanni Botero and Ludovico Zuccolo) pointed out that the perfec tion of the Chinese political and social institutions could really preserve the Empire from corruption, an Empire that had to be considered a paradigm of a well ordered state, as another Jesuit, Daniello Bartoli, wrote in his book on China.
{"title":"IMMAGINI DELLA CINA NEL PENSIERO POLITICO ITALIANO IN ETÀ MODERNA","authors":"P. Pissavino","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.515","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims at analyzing the relationship between the image of the Chinese Empire in the writings of travellers and Jesuits and the main themes (Reason of State, Utopianism, Mixed Constitution) of the Italian political thought during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. The writings of travellers and Jesuits presented a complex view of the Empire, which impacts in various ways the spread of the Chinese myth in the political treatises of the Counter-Reformation era. The complexity is evident in the description the relations provide of sovereignty and the behaviour of the emperor. From the very beginning of Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina is presented a complex image of the Chinese government: along with the absolutist delineation of the imperial power, there are conflicting images that, regarding either a distant past or current government practice, recognized other forms: a feudal style of monarchy, a sort of mixed constitution, or a form of dispotic govetrnment. Matteo Ricci and other Jesuits, as Martino Martini and Athanasius Kircher, presented the Mandarins as a slort of Kings-Philosophers of Plato’s Republic. Following the works composed by Jesuits, some authors pf Reason of State and utopist (Giovanni Botero and Ludovico Zuccolo) pointed out that the perfec tion of the Chinese political and social institutions could really preserve the Empire from corruption, an Empire that had to be considered a paradigm of a well ordered state, as another Jesuit, Daniello Bartoli, wrote in his book on China.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129953418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Law no. 76/2016, replying to the requests of the Constitutional Court and of the European Court of Human Rights, regulates same-sex civil partnerships. This contribution deals with some aspects of the new regulation: in particular with the effects in Italian legal system of same-sex marriages entered abroad by Italian citizens, and the conditions according to which other States’ citizens are admitted to enter a same-sex partnership in Italy.
{"title":"I MATRIMONI OMOSESSUALI DI ITALIANI ALL’ESTERO E LE UNIONI OMOSESSUALI DI STRANIERI IN ITALIA","authors":"F. Mosconi, Cristina Campiglio","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.516","url":null,"abstract":"Law no. 76/2016, replying to the requests of the Constitutional Court and of the European Court of Human Rights, regulates same-sex civil partnerships. This contribution deals with some aspects of the new regulation: in particular with the effects in Italian legal system of same-sex marriages entered abroad by Italian citizens, and the conditions according to which other States’ citizens are admitted to enter a same-sex partnership in Italy.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122449177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Macchi and Bagassi propose a conception of mind bounded by the qualitative constraint of relevance at conscious and unconscious levels. The core of this conception is an interpretative function in language and thought as adaptive characteristic of the human cognitive system. This perspective is supported by evidence from the authors' research on insight problem solving, which they consider a privileged route to understanding what kind of special unconscious thought produces the solution. During incubation, in the absence of conscious control, relevance constraint allows multilayered thinking to discover a new interpretation of the data that finally offers an exit from the impasse. The authors speculate that the creative act of restructuring implies a form of high-level unconscious thought, the unconscious analytic thought.
{"title":"LA FUNZIONE INTERPRETATIVA DEL PENSIERO ‘PARLANTE’ E L’INCONSCIO COGNITIVO","authors":"L. Macchi, M. Bagassi","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.581","url":null,"abstract":"Macchi and Bagassi propose a conception of mind bounded by the qualitative constraint of relevance at conscious and unconscious levels. The core of this conception is an interpretative function in language and thought as adaptive characteristic of the human cognitive system. This perspective is supported by evidence from the authors' research on insight problem solving, which they consider a privileged route to understanding what kind of special unconscious thought produces the solution. During incubation, in the absence of conscious control, relevance constraint allows multilayered thinking to discover a new interpretation of the data that finally offers an exit from the impasse. The authors speculate that the creative act of restructuring implies a form of high-level unconscious thought, the unconscious analytic thought.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121559526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most important and precious manuscripts of ancient Italian literature – the thirteenth-century Saibante-Hamilton 390, now preserved at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – has a hardly readable ownership note. This paper provides its interpretation, allowing to get relevant informations concerning the place of execution, the recipients and the target of the codex.
{"title":"«SCRISI IN FAMAGOSA ... IN MILE TRESENTO CINQUANTA». COSA PUÒ DIRCI UN’ANTICA NOTA DI POSSESSO","authors":"M. Meneghetti","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.555","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important and precious manuscripts of ancient Italian literature – the thirteenth-century Saibante-Hamilton 390, now preserved at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – has a hardly readable ownership note. This paper provides its interpretation, allowing to get relevant informations concerning the place of execution, the recipients and the target of the codex.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133206426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author recalls a dialogue between Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, a Sicilian liberal, and Piero Calamandrei, a liberal and democratic Tuscan socialist, about the language used in parliamentary life. He then dwells on an essay by Orlando who, drawing inspiration from that dialogue, deals with the nature of the democratically elected Parliament, in which, through the delegation of voters to their representatives, the popular will is expressed. The figure of Orlando is then recalled starting from his role during the First World War up to his activity as an opponent of fascism.
{"title":"PARLARE IN PARLAMENTO. VITTORIO EMANUELE ORLANDO NELLA STORIA D’ITALIA","authors":"Valdo Spini","doi":"10.4081/let.2019.529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.529","url":null,"abstract":"The author recalls a dialogue between Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, a Sicilian liberal, and Piero Calamandrei, a liberal and democratic Tuscan socialist, about the language used in parliamentary life. He then dwells on an essay by Orlando who, drawing inspiration from that dialogue, deals with the nature of the democratically elected Parliament, in which, through the delegation of voters to their representatives, the popular will is expressed. The figure of Orlando is then recalled starting from his role during the First World War up to his activity as an opponent of fascism.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123222370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article traces the career of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando: early scholar, he soon became a master in public law, and a political protagonist before the advent of the fascist regime, to which he never gave his adhesion, focusing mainly on his role in the Constituent Assembly, of which he was the dean. His important interventions are recalled, including the one against the ratification of the Peace Treaty, and those, particularly deepened and passionate, on the draft of the Constitution. Orlando expressed his reservations about the choices made by the majority of the Assembly about the form of government, but he finally expressed his hope in the future of the country and his belief in the beginning of a new worldwide era, in which a new "type of State" would take place, in which Italy too, at par with the other States, would have to abandon "the proud affirmation of the absolute sovereignty”.
{"title":"VITTORIO EMANUELE ORLANDO: STUDIOSO, POLITICO, COSTITUENTE","authors":"V. Onida","doi":"10.4081/let.2015.498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/let.2015.498","url":null,"abstract":"The article traces the career of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando: early scholar, he soon became a master in public law, and a political protagonist before the advent of the fascist regime, to which he never gave his adhesion, focusing mainly on his role in the Constituent Assembly, of which he was the dean. His important interventions are recalled, including the one against the ratification of the Peace Treaty, and those, particularly deepened and passionate, on the draft of the Constitution. Orlando expressed his reservations about the choices made by the majority of the Assembly about the form of government, but he finally expressed his hope in the future of the country and his belief in the beginning of a new worldwide era, in which a new \"type of State\" would take place, in which Italy too, at par with the other States, would have to abandon \"the proud affirmation of the absolute sovereignty”.","PeriodicalId":131180,"journal":{"name":"Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115319585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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