With the duties and responsibilities of the military, they are on the cutting edge of R&D and the latest and greatest technologies. One significant problem effecting thousands of soldiers are injuries to the lower limbs, specifically the knees, as a result of high impact to the joints and muscles. Through the research of biomechanics and ergonomics during human locomotion of running, cause and effects fatigue, muscular activation during running, gait cycle force analysis, and biomimicry of kangaroos, we were able to identify lower limb exoskeletons as a viable solution to the problem. The purpose of this research was to develop a relatively inexpensive prototype of a passive lower limb exoskeleton to aid in injury mitigation and muscular efficiency for soldiers. The hypothesis was that a lower limb exoskeleton would reduce/mitigate injuries by reducing stride length and increases stride frequency to lower impact on the knees while running. The prototype was tested by one participant on a 2-mile course with two load variations tested while running. The key results were seen from the spring systems potential to increase average stride cadence/frequency by 6–14% and reduce impact on joints and muscles by increasing the number of steps and reducing high center of gravity oscillation by 13–27%. Furthermore, this study provides evidence and research that proves that a passive lower limb exoskeleton design, which increases stride frequency and reduces stride length, can mitigate injuries to the lower limbs when running with weight by reducing the impact forces on the knees and improving running economy.
{"title":"Design of Passive Lower Limb Exoskeleton to Aid in Injury Mitigation and Muscular Efficiency","authors":"D. Tracey, Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22694","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the duties and responsibilities of the military, they are on the cutting edge of R&D and the latest and greatest technologies. One significant problem effecting thousands of soldiers are injuries to the lower limbs, specifically the knees, as a result of high impact to the joints and muscles. Through the research of biomechanics and ergonomics during human locomotion of running, cause and effects fatigue, muscular activation during running, gait cycle force analysis, and biomimicry of kangaroos, we were able to identify lower limb exoskeletons as a viable solution to the problem. The purpose of this research was to develop a relatively inexpensive prototype of a passive lower limb exoskeleton to aid in injury mitigation and muscular efficiency for soldiers. The hypothesis was that a lower limb exoskeleton would reduce/mitigate injuries by reducing stride length and increases stride frequency to lower impact on the knees while running. The prototype was tested by one participant on a 2-mile course with two load variations tested while running. The key results were seen from the spring systems potential to increase average stride cadence/frequency by 6–14% and reduce impact on joints and muscles by increasing the number of steps and reducing high center of gravity oscillation by 13–27%. Furthermore, this study provides evidence and research that proves that a passive lower limb exoskeleton design, which increases stride frequency and reduces stride length, can mitigate injuries to the lower limbs when running with weight by reducing the impact forces on the knees and improving running economy.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115370178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Remanufacturing is a crucial component for our societies to move toward a circular economy. Compared to new manufacturing, the distinctive nature of remanufacturing is found to have high variability, high uncertainty and, thereby, complexity. Therefore, remanufacturers need to enhance their ability to adjust their systems flexibly. Especially, the ability to reconfigure the production planning and control is crucial for reacting to the high variability and uncertainty. However, few practical methods to do that are available so far. Therefore, to solve this problem, this paper aims to propose a method for designing processes of production planning and control in remanufacturing based on the concept of loosely coupled systems. In the proposed method, Design Structure Matrix (DSM) is applied to identify loosely coupled subsystems that enable to localize impacts of changes within themselves. These subsystems are also utilized to appropriately determine leverage points, as well as allocate human resource. Through the application to a real case of remanufacturing, the proposed method was found to be effective for reconfiguring teams and processes for production planning and control depending on given uncertainties, as well as performing production planning and control activities efficiently.
{"title":"A Practical Approach for Managing Uncertainty in Remanufacturing: Identifying Leverage Points Using Design Structure Matrix","authors":"K. Kimita, J. Matschewsky, T. Sakao","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22239","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Remanufacturing is a crucial component for our societies to move toward a circular economy. Compared to new manufacturing, the distinctive nature of remanufacturing is found to have high variability, high uncertainty and, thereby, complexity. Therefore, remanufacturers need to enhance their ability to adjust their systems flexibly. Especially, the ability to reconfigure the production planning and control is crucial for reacting to the high variability and uncertainty. However, few practical methods to do that are available so far. Therefore, to solve this problem, this paper aims to propose a method for designing processes of production planning and control in remanufacturing based on the concept of loosely coupled systems. In the proposed method, Design Structure Matrix (DSM) is applied to identify loosely coupled subsystems that enable to localize impacts of changes within themselves. These subsystems are also utilized to appropriately determine leverage points, as well as allocate human resource. Through the application to a real case of remanufacturing, the proposed method was found to be effective for reconfiguring teams and processes for production planning and control depending on given uncertainties, as well as performing production planning and control activities efficiently.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124285644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are broad claims about how makerspaces, Fab Labs, and hacker spaces are going to make production trends more sustainable and facilitate equitable access to manufacturing opportunities. Absent from most of these discussions are metrics for success: how will these personal fabrication spaces assess their status as self-sufficient, self-serving, and sustainable? Laser cutters are one of the more popular tools in personal fabrication spaces; yet there are gaps in the literature regarding their environmental impacts as compared to popular tools. Research on embodied environmental impacts is lacking for laser cutters and this study aims to fill a part of that gap by examining the embodied impacts of the Universal Laser System’s (ULS) VL-300 laser cutter. Results showed that 49.58 ReCiPe Endpoint H points were required to produce and distribute the ULS VL-300 laser cutter. Specifically, embodied impacts of the electronics — the micro-controllers required to operate the laser cutter — are responsible for the bulk (74%) of the overall laser cutter embodied impacts.
{"title":"A Life Cycle Analysis of Laser Cutter Embodied Impacts","authors":"G. Moore, K. Goucher-Lambert, A. Agogino","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22677","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There are broad claims about how makerspaces, Fab Labs, and hacker spaces are going to make production trends more sustainable and facilitate equitable access to manufacturing opportunities. Absent from most of these discussions are metrics for success: how will these personal fabrication spaces assess their status as self-sufficient, self-serving, and sustainable? Laser cutters are one of the more popular tools in personal fabrication spaces; yet there are gaps in the literature regarding their environmental impacts as compared to popular tools. Research on embodied environmental impacts is lacking for laser cutters and this study aims to fill a part of that gap by examining the embodied impacts of the Universal Laser System’s (ULS) VL-300 laser cutter. Results showed that 49.58 ReCiPe Endpoint H points were required to produce and distribute the ULS VL-300 laser cutter. Specifically, embodied impacts of the electronics — the micro-controllers required to operate the laser cutter — are responsible for the bulk (74%) of the overall laser cutter embodied impacts.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"357 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116517142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Li, Jinqiang Liu, V. Nemani, Navaid Ahmed, G. Kremer, Chao Hu
In agricultural and industrial equipment, both new and remanufactured systems are often available for warranty coverage. In such cases, it may be challenging for equipment manufacturers to properly trade-off between the system reliability and the cost associated with a replacement option (e.g., replace with a new or remanufactured system). To address this problem, we present a reliability-informed life-cycle warranty cost (LCWC) analysis framework that enables equipment manufacturers to evaluate different warranty policies. These warranty policies differ in whether a new or remanufactured system is used for replacement in the case of product failure. The novelty of this LCWC analysis framework lies in its ability to incorporate real-world field reliability data into warranty policy assessment using probabilistic warranty cost models that consider multiple life cycles. First, the reliability functions for the new and remanufactured systems are built as the time-to-failure distributions that provide the best-fit to the field reliability data. Then, these reliability functions and their corresponding warranty policies are used to build the LCWC models according to the specific warranty terms. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation is used to propagate the time-to-failure uncertainty of each system, modeled by its reliability function, through each LCWC model to produce a probability distribution of the LCWC. The effectiveness of the proposed reliability-informed LCWC analysis framework is demonstrated with a real-world case study on a transmission used in some agricultural equipment.
{"title":"Reliability-Informed Life-Cycle Warranty Cost Analysis: A Case Study on a Transmission in Agricultural Equipment","authors":"Meng Li, Jinqiang Liu, V. Nemani, Navaid Ahmed, G. Kremer, Chao Hu","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22710","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In agricultural and industrial equipment, both new and remanufactured systems are often available for warranty coverage. In such cases, it may be challenging for equipment manufacturers to properly trade-off between the system reliability and the cost associated with a replacement option (e.g., replace with a new or remanufactured system). To address this problem, we present a reliability-informed life-cycle warranty cost (LCWC) analysis framework that enables equipment manufacturers to evaluate different warranty policies. These warranty policies differ in whether a new or remanufactured system is used for replacement in the case of product failure. The novelty of this LCWC analysis framework lies in its ability to incorporate real-world field reliability data into warranty policy assessment using probabilistic warranty cost models that consider multiple life cycles. First, the reliability functions for the new and remanufactured systems are built as the time-to-failure distributions that provide the best-fit to the field reliability data. Then, these reliability functions and their corresponding warranty policies are used to build the LCWC models according to the specific warranty terms. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation is used to propagate the time-to-failure uncertainty of each system, modeled by its reliability function, through each LCWC model to produce a probability distribution of the LCWC. The effectiveness of the proposed reliability-informed LCWC analysis framework is demonstrated with a real-world case study on a transmission used in some agricultural equipment.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127645826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the impact of globalization, companies have extended their borders across nations to launch products more competitively. However, globalization affects various uncertainties and risks that may limit the performance of supply chains. Research indicates that models that incorporate uncertainties and risks will help to improve the resilience of global supply chains. In the era of technology, we experience the abundance of textual data from various web-media resources related to companies, which can be deployed to understand the impact of risks on the chain. Accordingly, this study aims to utilize textual data collected from news articles and earnings call transcripts to assess the vulnerability of the suppliers and the chain. Among many, we considered supply chain resource limits as a subcomponent of vulnerability and collected textual data associated with its sub-factors. Then, we proposed an integrated factor analysis and Analytical Network Process (ANP) method to model the company’s supply chain resource limits index. Specifically, factor analysis was used to determine the latent constructs of the variables that are grouped under resource limits and their correlations. This latent construct and correlations were then applied as the interdependencies among variables in the ANP to discover the final importance weights of the variables in terms of supply chain resource limits. The results of the study showed that the shortages of capacity, components, and energy supply are the most critical sub-factors. The company’s supply chain resource limits index (SCRLI) can be further calculated to assist decision-makers of an enterprise in supply chain configuration design, and improve the supply chain resilience.
{"title":"Evaluating Supply Chain Resource Limits From News Articles and Earnings Call Transcripts: An Application of Integrated Factor Analysis and Analytical Network Process","authors":"C. Chu, Elif A. Gunay, O. Al-Araidah, G. Kremer","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22699","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to the impact of globalization, companies have extended their borders across nations to launch products more competitively. However, globalization affects various uncertainties and risks that may limit the performance of supply chains. Research indicates that models that incorporate uncertainties and risks will help to improve the resilience of global supply chains. In the era of technology, we experience the abundance of textual data from various web-media resources related to companies, which can be deployed to understand the impact of risks on the chain. Accordingly, this study aims to utilize textual data collected from news articles and earnings call transcripts to assess the vulnerability of the suppliers and the chain. Among many, we considered supply chain resource limits as a subcomponent of vulnerability and collected textual data associated with its sub-factors. Then, we proposed an integrated factor analysis and Analytical Network Process (ANP) method to model the company’s supply chain resource limits index. Specifically, factor analysis was used to determine the latent constructs of the variables that are grouped under resource limits and their correlations. This latent construct and correlations were then applied as the interdependencies among variables in the ANP to discover the final importance weights of the variables in terms of supply chain resource limits. The results of the study showed that the shortages of capacity, components, and energy supply are the most critical sub-factors. The company’s supply chain resource limits index (SCRLI) can be further calculated to assist decision-makers of an enterprise in supply chain configuration design, and improve the supply chain resilience.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121910997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Chen, Xiao Kou, M. Olama, H. Zandi, Chenang Liu, Saiid Kassaee, Brennan T. Smith, Ahmad Abu-Heiba, A. Momen
Grid integration of the increasing distributed energy resources could be challenging in terms of new infrastructure investment, power grid stability, etc. To resolve more renewables locally and reduce the need for extensive electricity transmission, a community energy transaction market is assumed with market operator as the leader whose responsibility is to generate local energy prices and clear the energy transaction payment among the prosumers (followers). The leader and multi-followers have competitive objectives of revenue maximization and operational cost minimization. This non-cooperative leader-follower (Stackelberg) game is formulated using a bi-level optimization framework, where a novel modular pump hydro storage technology (GLIDES system) is set as an upper level market operator, and the lower level prosumers are nearby commercial buildings. The best responses of the lower level model could be derived by necessary optimality conditions, and thus the bi-level model could be transformed into single level optimization model via replacing the lower level model by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) necessary conditions. Several experiments have been designed to compare the local energy transaction behavior and profit distribution with the different demand response levels and different local price structures. The experimental results indicate that the lower level prosumers could benefit the most when local buying and selling prices are equal, while maximum revenue potential for the upper level agent could be reached with non-equal trading prices.
{"title":"Bi-Level Optimization for Electricity Transaction in Smart Community With Modular Pump Hydro Storage","authors":"Yang Chen, Xiao Kou, M. Olama, H. Zandi, Chenang Liu, Saiid Kassaee, Brennan T. Smith, Ahmad Abu-Heiba, A. Momen","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22368","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Grid integration of the increasing distributed energy resources could be challenging in terms of new infrastructure investment, power grid stability, etc. To resolve more renewables locally and reduce the need for extensive electricity transmission, a community energy transaction market is assumed with market operator as the leader whose responsibility is to generate local energy prices and clear the energy transaction payment among the prosumers (followers). The leader and multi-followers have competitive objectives of revenue maximization and operational cost minimization. This non-cooperative leader-follower (Stackelberg) game is formulated using a bi-level optimization framework, where a novel modular pump hydro storage technology (GLIDES system) is set as an upper level market operator, and the lower level prosumers are nearby commercial buildings. The best responses of the lower level model could be derived by necessary optimality conditions, and thus the bi-level model could be transformed into single level optimization model via replacing the lower level model by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) necessary conditions. Several experiments have been designed to compare the local energy transaction behavior and profit distribution with the different demand response levels and different local price structures. The experimental results indicate that the lower level prosumers could benefit the most when local buying and selling prices are equal, while maximum revenue potential for the upper level agent could be reached with non-equal trading prices.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121983935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Level of automation (LoA) is increasingly recognized as an important principle in improving manufacturing strategies. However, many automation decisions are made without formally assessing LoA and can be made based on a host of organizational factors, like varied mental models used by managers in decision-making. In this study, respondents (N = 186) were asked to watch five different assembly tasks being completed in an automotive manufacturing environment, and then identify “how automated” or “how manual” they perceived the task to be. Responses were given using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and sliding scale, where possible responses ranged from 0 (totally manual) to 100 (totally automated). The activity explored how and when individuals recognized the automated technologies being employed in each task. The tasks of the videos varied primarily by whether the human played active or passive role in the process. Focus group comments collected as a part of the study show how rating patterns revealed functional systems-level thinking and a focus on cognitive automation in manufacturing. While the video ratings generally followed the LoA framework discussed, slight departures in the rating of each video were found.
{"title":"Individual Differences in Describing Levels of Automation","authors":"Chase Wentzky, J. Summers","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Level of automation (LoA) is increasingly recognized as an important principle in improving manufacturing strategies. However, many automation decisions are made without formally assessing LoA and can be made based on a host of organizational factors, like varied mental models used by managers in decision-making. In this study, respondents (N = 186) were asked to watch five different assembly tasks being completed in an automotive manufacturing environment, and then identify “how automated” or “how manual” they perceived the task to be. Responses were given using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and sliding scale, where possible responses ranged from 0 (totally manual) to 100 (totally automated). The activity explored how and when individuals recognized the automated technologies being employed in each task. The tasks of the videos varied primarily by whether the human played active or passive role in the process. Focus group comments collected as a part of the study show how rating patterns revealed functional systems-level thinking and a focus on cognitive automation in manufacturing. While the video ratings generally followed the LoA framework discussed, slight departures in the rating of each video were found.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131702869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a manufacturing process that deposits weld beads layer-by-layer in a planar fashion, leading to a final part. Thus, the accuracy of the printed geometry is largely dependent on the knowledge of the bead profile employed, which by itself is dependent on a variety of process parameters, such as wire feedrate and torch speed. Existing models for modelling bead profile are based on its width and height, which do not necessarily capture the geometry of the weld bead accurately. This could affect the step over increment strategy, which dictates the geometry of the resulting overlapping valley. In this paper, we formulate and evaluate the performance of a variety of machine learning framework for predicting the bead cross-sectional profiles. To model the geometry of a bead, we explored direct cartesian representations using polynomials and vertical coordinates, as well as a higher dimensional representation using planar quaternions for supervised learning. Experiments are conducted on single bead SS316L material to compare the various framework performance. We found that among these, the planar quaternion representation with a non-linear neural network framework captures and retains the curvature characteristics of the bead during the learning and prediction process most accurately with a mean Chi-Square goodness of fit of 0.026.
{"title":"A Study on the Machine Learning Framework for the Geometric Modelling of Wire Arc Bead Profile","authors":"Xi Yu Oh, G. Soh","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22295","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a manufacturing process that deposits weld beads layer-by-layer in a planar fashion, leading to a final part. Thus, the accuracy of the printed geometry is largely dependent on the knowledge of the bead profile employed, which by itself is dependent on a variety of process parameters, such as wire feedrate and torch speed. Existing models for modelling bead profile are based on its width and height, which do not necessarily capture the geometry of the weld bead accurately. This could affect the step over increment strategy, which dictates the geometry of the resulting overlapping valley.\u0000 In this paper, we formulate and evaluate the performance of a variety of machine learning framework for predicting the bead cross-sectional profiles. To model the geometry of a bead, we explored direct cartesian representations using polynomials and vertical coordinates, as well as a higher dimensional representation using planar quaternions for supervised learning. Experiments are conducted on single bead SS316L material to compare the various framework performance. We found that among these, the planar quaternion representation with a non-linear neural network framework captures and retains the curvature characteristics of the bead during the learning and prediction process most accurately with a mean Chi-Square goodness of fit of 0.026.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133223355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing is becoming widely practical for diverse engineering applications, with emerging approaches showing great promise in the food industry. From the realization of complex food designs to the automated preparation of personalized meals, 3D printing promises many innovations in the food manufacturing sector. However, its use is limited due to the need to better understand manufacturing capabilities for different food materials and user preferences for 3D food prints. Our study aims to explore the 3D food printability of design features, such as overhangs and holes, and assess how well they print through quantitative and qualitative measurements. Designs with varied angles and diameters based on the standard design limitations for additive manufacturing were printed and measured using marzipan and chocolate. It was found that marzipan material has a minimum feature size for overhang design at 55° and for hole design at 4mm, while chocolate material has a minimum overhang angle size of 35° and does not reliably print holes. Users were presented a series of designs to determine user preference (N = 30) towards the importance of fidelity and accuracy between the expected design and the 3D printed sample, and how much they liked each sample. Results suggest that users prefer designs with high fidelity to their original shape and perceive the current accuracy/precision of 3D printers sufficient for accurately printing three-dimensional geometries. These results demonstrate the current manufacturing capabilities for 3D food printing and success in achieving high fidelity designs for user satisfaction. Both of these considerations are essential steps in providing automated and personalized manufacturing for specific user needs and preferences.
{"title":"Design and Manufacturing of 3D Printed Foods With User Validation","authors":"Stefania Chirico Scheele, M. Binks, P. Egan","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22462","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Additive manufacturing is becoming widely practical for diverse engineering applications, with emerging approaches showing great promise in the food industry. From the realization of complex food designs to the automated preparation of personalized meals, 3D printing promises many innovations in the food manufacturing sector. However, its use is limited due to the need to better understand manufacturing capabilities for different food materials and user preferences for 3D food prints. Our study aims to explore the 3D food printability of design features, such as overhangs and holes, and assess how well they print through quantitative and qualitative measurements. Designs with varied angles and diameters based on the standard design limitations for additive manufacturing were printed and measured using marzipan and chocolate. It was found that marzipan material has a minimum feature size for overhang design at 55° and for hole design at 4mm, while chocolate material has a minimum overhang angle size of 35° and does not reliably print holes. Users were presented a series of designs to determine user preference (N = 30) towards the importance of fidelity and accuracy between the expected design and the 3D printed sample, and how much they liked each sample. Results suggest that users prefer designs with high fidelity to their original shape and perceive the current accuracy/precision of 3D printers sufficient for accurately printing three-dimensional geometries. These results demonstrate the current manufacturing capabilities for 3D food printing and success in achieving high fidelity designs for user satisfaction. Both of these considerations are essential steps in providing automated and personalized manufacturing for specific user needs and preferences.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117354132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abigail R. Clarke-Sather, Saleh Mamun, D. Nolan, P. Schoff, M. Aro, Bridget A. Ulrich
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established tool for measuring environmental effects of existing technology. While the most recent LCA research has focused on environmental impacts, in particular on the effects of climate change, there is growing interest in how LCA can be used prospectively. A 2019 workshop in Duluth, Minnesota sought to define the needs and priorities of prospective life cycle assessment from a perspective that considers diverse viewpoints. In that workshop, participants outlined frameworks for how sustainability impacts might figure into a prospective LCA tool focused on assessing technologies currently under development. Those frameworks included social and economic impacts, which were characterized alongside environmental impacts, with the goal of predicting potential impacts and developing recommendations for improving technologies. Cultural perspective, in particular the roots of the German circular economy, was explored and held up as a reminder that different communities are influenced by different sustainability concerns, leading to diverse policy and cultural prerogatives. The purpose of this paper is to catalyze conversation about how to frame methodologies of existing LCA tools that could be used in a prospective sustainability context.
{"title":"Towards Prospective Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment","authors":"Abigail R. Clarke-Sather, Saleh Mamun, D. Nolan, P. Schoff, M. Aro, Bridget A. Ulrich","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22526","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established tool for measuring environmental effects of existing technology. While the most recent LCA research has focused on environmental impacts, in particular on the effects of climate change, there is growing interest in how LCA can be used prospectively. A 2019 workshop in Duluth, Minnesota sought to define the needs and priorities of prospective life cycle assessment from a perspective that considers diverse viewpoints. In that workshop, participants outlined frameworks for how sustainability impacts might figure into a prospective LCA tool focused on assessing technologies currently under development. Those frameworks included social and economic impacts, which were characterized alongside environmental impacts, with the goal of predicting potential impacts and developing recommendations for improving technologies. Cultural perspective, in particular the roots of the German circular economy, was explored and held up as a reminder that different communities are influenced by different sustainability concerns, leading to diverse policy and cultural prerogatives. The purpose of this paper is to catalyze conversation about how to frame methodologies of existing LCA tools that could be used in a prospective sustainability context.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116692280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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