Spenser Estrada, Emilyn Green, S. Jahanbekam, S. Behdad
Digitization, connected networks, embedded software, and smart devices have resulted in a major paradigm shift in business models. Transformative service-based business models are dominating the market, where advancement in technology has paved the way for offering not only a set of new services but also altering product functionalities and services over time. This paradigm shift calls for new design approaches. Designers should be able to design flexible products and services that can adapt to a wide range of consumer needs over time. To address the need for designing for flexibility, the objective of this study is to develop a graph coloring technique that can model changes in the functional requirements of a product and determine the minimum number of physical parts needed to meet future functionalities. This technique relies on vertex labeling by the designer and the construction of a core graph combining key elements of all desired iterations, which is then colored by label. One numerical example and one real-world example are provided to show the application of the proposed model.
{"title":"Design for Flexibility: A Graph Coloring Technique to Study Design Changes in the Tethered Economy World","authors":"Spenser Estrada, Emilyn Green, S. Jahanbekam, S. Behdad","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22559","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Digitization, connected networks, embedded software, and smart devices have resulted in a major paradigm shift in business models. Transformative service-based business models are dominating the market, where advancement in technology has paved the way for offering not only a set of new services but also altering product functionalities and services over time. This paradigm shift calls for new design approaches. Designers should be able to design flexible products and services that can adapt to a wide range of consumer needs over time. To address the need for designing for flexibility, the objective of this study is to develop a graph coloring technique that can model changes in the functional requirements of a product and determine the minimum number of physical parts needed to meet future functionalities. This technique relies on vertex labeling by the designer and the construction of a core graph combining key elements of all desired iterations, which is then colored by label. One numerical example and one real-world example are provided to show the application of the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133571036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) provides opportunities for new development in numerous areas. Z-directional anisotropic strength caused by weak inter-layer bonding has been recognized as the reason for limited industry adoption of FDM. This paper aims to investigate increasing the Z-directional strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) using a temperature controlled print environment. The ambient temperature during printing was increased to reduce heat transfer from the print, thereby encouraging more polymer chain inter-diffusion between layers. Dogbone specimens were printed at ambient print temperatures between 24.8°C and 71.2°C and tensile tests were performed. A thermal camera was used to identify heat loss in the FDM process. Ultimate tensile strength was found to increase by a maximum of 104% compared to open enclosure printing. A stylus profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to compare the quality of the inter-layer bonds, suggesting that additional polymer inter-diffusion occurred at hotter ambient temperatures. A weak positive relationship was found between ambient air temperature and inter-layer part strength. Further experimentation could provide scope to determine an ideal ambient print temperature that is likely to be dependent on print settings and the printer used.
{"title":"Temperature Control to Increase Inter-Layer Bonding Strength in Fused Deposition Modelling","authors":"Raoul Kumrai-Woodruff, Qing Wang","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22342","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) provides opportunities for new development in numerous areas. Z-directional anisotropic strength caused by weak inter-layer bonding has been recognized as the reason for limited industry adoption of FDM. This paper aims to investigate increasing the Z-directional strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) using a temperature controlled print environment. The ambient temperature during printing was increased to reduce heat transfer from the print, thereby encouraging more polymer chain inter-diffusion between layers. Dogbone specimens were printed at ambient print temperatures between 24.8°C and 71.2°C and tensile tests were performed. A thermal camera was used to identify heat loss in the FDM process. Ultimate tensile strength was found to increase by a maximum of 104% compared to open enclosure printing. A stylus profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to compare the quality of the inter-layer bonds, suggesting that additional polymer inter-diffusion occurred at hotter ambient temperatures. A weak positive relationship was found between ambient air temperature and inter-layer part strength. Further experimentation could provide scope to determine an ideal ambient print temperature that is likely to be dependent on print settings and the printer used.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"351 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124289881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the information available on specifics of the design decision-making process for the case of disruptive technological innovations associated with new products and systems. It defines the term “disruptive technological innovation,” provides with the explanation of decision-making methodology peculiarities for this type of innovation, and describes currently existing techniques and tools to support design decision making in case of disruptive technological innovations. The current paper relates to decision making in systems engineering and design, and therefore deals with the design decision making. The terms “disruptive technologies” and “disruptive innovations” appeared at the end of the 1990s. Researchers frequently mention disruptive innovations and technologies in the description of technical products for different industries: aircraft, automotive, food, petroleum, etc. A disruptive technological innovation is defined as a combination of disruptive technology and disruptive innovation. A new product can be relatively a simple device like an unmanned aerial vehicle and a smartphone, or a complex system like a modern aerospace vehicle or a space information network. Being an innovative developed product, it possesses peculiarities influencing the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process and accompanying supporting techniques and tools. This review investigates the specifics of design decision making of disruptive technologically innovative products that influence different stages of the product development phase in their product lifecycles. The paper combines aspects of systems engineering with innovation theory, key elements of the design of complex systems, and highlights the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process.
{"title":"A Literature Review of Design Decision Making in Disruptive Technological Innovations of New Products","authors":"M. Nikolaev, C. Fortin","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reviews the information available on specifics of the design decision-making process for the case of disruptive technological innovations associated with new products and systems. It defines the term “disruptive technological innovation,” provides with the explanation of decision-making methodology peculiarities for this type of innovation, and describes currently existing techniques and tools to support design decision making in case of disruptive technological innovations. The current paper relates to decision making in systems engineering and design, and therefore deals with the design decision making.\u0000 The terms “disruptive technologies” and “disruptive innovations” appeared at the end of the 1990s. Researchers frequently mention disruptive innovations and technologies in the description of technical products for different industries: aircraft, automotive, food, petroleum, etc. A disruptive technological innovation is defined as a combination of disruptive technology and disruptive innovation. A new product can be relatively a simple device like an unmanned aerial vehicle and a smartphone, or a complex system like a modern aerospace vehicle or a space information network. Being an innovative developed product, it possesses peculiarities influencing the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process and accompanying supporting techniques and tools.\u0000 This review investigates the specifics of design decision making of disruptive technologically innovative products that influence different stages of the product development phase in their product lifecycles. The paper combines aspects of systems engineering with innovation theory, key elements of the design of complex systems, and highlights the product development phase of the product lifecycle design decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"124 19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125322933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent development in technology has made bio-based plastics an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum-based plastics to tackle plastic pollution. However, currently, bio-based plastics have not been widely adopted in the design and manufacturing of new products. To advocate the use of bio-based plastics, this paper proposes two visualization-based tools to educate designers and engineers about the availabilities and the properties of different bio-based plastics. After analyzing the literature on visual tools for sustainable design and material selection, two new prototype tools for screening bio-plastic alternatives are designed with the advice and support of the engineers of a major U.S. manufacturer of agricultural equipment. Surveys and focus groups with the manufacturer’s engineers are conducted to improve the tools, and a first case study is completed to examine their usefulness.
{"title":"Switching From Petroleum- to Bio-Based Plastics: Visualization Tools to Screen Sustainable Material Alternatives During the Design Process","authors":"Michael Saidani, Erik Pan, Harrison M. Kim","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22429","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The recent development in technology has made bio-based plastics an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum-based plastics to tackle plastic pollution. However, currently, bio-based plastics have not been widely adopted in the design and manufacturing of new products. To advocate the use of bio-based plastics, this paper proposes two visualization-based tools to educate designers and engineers about the availabilities and the properties of different bio-based plastics. After analyzing the literature on visual tools for sustainable design and material selection, two new prototype tools for screening bio-plastic alternatives are designed with the advice and support of the engineers of a major U.S. manufacturer of agricultural equipment. Surveys and focus groups with the manufacturer’s engineers are conducted to improve the tools, and a first case study is completed to examine their usefulness.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128079520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew Klesmith, Abigail R. Clarke-Sather, K. Schofield
The greenhouse industry is a multibillion-dollar sector of U.S. agricultural production. Greenhouse workers often experience hazardous working conditions placing them at risk for injury. These injuries include but are not limited to mechanized operations causing machine and tool related injuries, on-site shipping and loading practices placing excessive strain on a worker’s body, working from height leading to slips and falls, and a strenuous indoor working environment exceeding workers’ physical capabilities. This project focused on identifying greenhouse worker injury trends using workers’ compensation data from the Midwest region and observing and interviewing workers at one specific greenhouse company host site. Physical exertion, lifting and handling, and falls were all high value workers’ compensation problems for Midwestern regional greenhouses. A new piece of equipment and process was designed to prevent worker injury identified within the host site. The baseline risk from the original equipment was compared to the new equipment using a newly proposed indicator of social sustainability based on a validated safety professional tool, the risk assessment matrix (RAM), was utilized. The RAM found a reduction in risk between the original and new equipment. The new equipment design and process exhibited improvement in six out of the eleven hazards identified in the RAM. These improvements addressed lifting and handling concerns. Combining workers’ compensation data analysis, on-site observation, and worker interviews together was an effective method to rapidly deploy and design safer and thus more socially sustainable equipment for greenhouse workers.
{"title":"Injury Prevention by Design: Measuring Greenhouse Worker Social Sustainability for Redesigned Equipment","authors":"Andrew Klesmith, Abigail R. Clarke-Sather, K. Schofield","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The greenhouse industry is a multibillion-dollar sector of U.S. agricultural production. Greenhouse workers often experience hazardous working conditions placing them at risk for injury. These injuries include but are not limited to mechanized operations causing machine and tool related injuries, on-site shipping and loading practices placing excessive strain on a worker’s body, working from height leading to slips and falls, and a strenuous indoor working environment exceeding workers’ physical capabilities. This project focused on identifying greenhouse worker injury trends using workers’ compensation data from the Midwest region and observing and interviewing workers at one specific greenhouse company host site. Physical exertion, lifting and handling, and falls were all high value workers’ compensation problems for Midwestern regional greenhouses. A new piece of equipment and process was designed to prevent worker injury identified within the host site. The baseline risk from the original equipment was compared to the new equipment using a newly proposed indicator of social sustainability based on a validated safety professional tool, the risk assessment matrix (RAM), was utilized. The RAM found a reduction in risk between the original and new equipment. The new equipment design and process exhibited improvement in six out of the eleven hazards identified in the RAM. These improvements addressed lifting and handling concerns. Combining workers’ compensation data analysis, on-site observation, and worker interviews together was an effective method to rapidly deploy and design safer and thus more socially sustainable equipment for greenhouse workers.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125052447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kawabata, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama, Masao Nakagawa, H. Nobe
Metal gears can transmit large torque. The disadvantages associated with metal gears are the noise produced and necessity of lubricants. Plastic gears are advantageous because they are lightweight and can be used without lubricants. However, plastic gears have relatively low strengths and damaging environmental effects. We propose the development of a new type of gear that overcomes the disadvantages associated with metal and plastic gears whilst maintaining their advantages. To address environmental issues within manufacturing, it is particularly important to utilize sustainable and reproducible natural materials. Therefore, we devised a method for extracting high-quality and high-precision bamboo fibers using a machining center. Bamboo bevel gears, which are complex-shaped mechanical elements, were manufactured using the hot-pressing method. This paper outlines the performance and characteristics of the molded bamboo bevel gears. We investigated the degree of burning and strength of the bamboo fiber gears at various cutting and forming conditions. The results demonstrated that the degree of burning (black color) did not affect the gear strength, and the gear strength was at a maximum when the fiber length was 50% of the module size.
{"title":"Basic Performance of Natural Fiber Bevel Gears Made From Only Bamboo Fibers Extracted With a Machining Center","authors":"T. Kawabata, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama, Masao Nakagawa, H. Nobe","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Metal gears can transmit large torque. The disadvantages associated with metal gears are the noise produced and necessity of lubricants. Plastic gears are advantageous because they are lightweight and can be used without lubricants. However, plastic gears have relatively low strengths and damaging environmental effects. We propose the development of a new type of gear that overcomes the disadvantages associated with metal and plastic gears whilst maintaining their advantages. To address environmental issues within manufacturing, it is particularly important to utilize sustainable and reproducible natural materials. Therefore, we devised a method for extracting high-quality and high-precision bamboo fibers using a machining center. Bamboo bevel gears, which are complex-shaped mechanical elements, were manufactured using the hot-pressing method. This paper outlines the performance and characteristics of the molded bamboo bevel gears. We investigated the degree of burning and strength of the bamboo fiber gears at various cutting and forming conditions. The results demonstrated that the degree of burning (black color) did not affect the gear strength, and the gear strength was at a maximum when the fiber length was 50% of the module size.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124519194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph R. Piacenza, K. Faller, B. Regez, Luisfernando Gomez
Motivated by cyber-physical vulnerabilities in precision manufacturing processes, there is a need to externally examine the operational performance of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) manufacturing systems. The overarching objective of this work is to design and fabricate a proof-of-concept CNC machine evaluation device, ultimately re-configurable to the mill and lathe machine classes. This device will assist in identifying potential cyber-physical security threats in manufacturing systems by identifying perturbations, outside the expected variations of machining processes, and comparing the desired command inputted into the numerical controller and the actual machine performance (e.g., tool displacement, frequency). In this directed research, a device design is presented based on specific performance requirements provided by the project sponsor. The first design iteration is tested on a Kuka KR 6 R700 series robotic arm, and machine movement comparisons are performed ex-situ using Keyence laser measurement sensors. Data acquisition is performed with a Raspberry Pi 4 microcomputer, controlled by custom, cross-platform Python code, and includes a touch screen human-computer interface. A device design adapted for a CNC mill is also presented, and the Haas TM-2 is used as a case study, which can be operated by technicians to check CNC machine accuracy, as needed, before a critical manufacturing process.
由于精密制造过程中的网络物理漏洞，需要从外部检查计算机数控(CNC)制造系统的运行性能。这项工作的总体目标是设计和制造一个概念验证的数控机床评估装置，最终可重新配置到铣床和车床机床类。该设备将通过识别加工过程预期变化之外的扰动，并将输入到数控系统的所需命令与实际机器性能(例如，刀具位移，频率)进行比较，帮助识别制造系统中潜在的网络物理安全威胁。在这项定向研究中，根据项目发起人提供的具体性能要求，提出了设备设计。第一次设计迭代在Kuka KR 6 R700系列机械臂上进行了测试，并使用Keyence激光测量传感器进行了机器运动对比。数据采集由Raspberry Pi 4微型计算机执行，由定制的跨平台Python代码控制，并包括触摸屏人机界面。还介绍了一种适用于数控铣床的设备设计，并以哈斯TM-2为例进行了研究，技术人员可以根据需要在关键制造过程之前检查数控机床的精度。
{"title":"Investigating Cyber-Physical Threats of Numerically Controlled Manufacturing Processes","authors":"Joseph R. Piacenza, K. Faller, B. Regez, Luisfernando Gomez","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22324","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Motivated by cyber-physical vulnerabilities in precision manufacturing processes, there is a need to externally examine the operational performance of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) manufacturing systems. The overarching objective of this work is to design and fabricate a proof-of-concept CNC machine evaluation device, ultimately re-configurable to the mill and lathe machine classes. This device will assist in identifying potential cyber-physical security threats in manufacturing systems by identifying perturbations, outside the expected variations of machining processes, and comparing the desired command inputted into the numerical controller and the actual machine performance (e.g., tool displacement, frequency). In this directed research, a device design is presented based on specific performance requirements provided by the project sponsor. The first design iteration is tested on a Kuka KR 6 R700 series robotic arm, and machine movement comparisons are performed ex-situ using Keyence laser measurement sensors. Data acquisition is performed with a Raspberry Pi 4 microcomputer, controlled by custom, cross-platform Python code, and includes a touch screen human-computer interface. A device design adapted for a CNC mill is also presented, and the Haas TM-2 is used as a case study, which can be operated by technicians to check CNC machine accuracy, as needed, before a critical manufacturing process.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129903585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper wants to improve the procurement processes for custom-made machineries and components. Indeed, the current methods and software platforms adopted by industries for purchasing machineries do not consider value generated through the entire lifecycle. Furthermore, the purchasing process of custom-made components from external suppliers is often and still characterized by several negotiation activities. This paper wants to improve this context by proposing two approaches to fostering the procurement processes. The first objective is to define an approach for standardizing the method for configuring machineries to be supplied from suppliers and to establish an approach for estimating their costs. The most important benefits of such an approach consist of (i) machinery selection based on the Total Value of Ownership (TVO), and (ii) optimized suppliers’ selection by strengthening relationships between customers and suppliers. The second objective is to define a method and a software platform for managing the procurement phase of custom-made components. The most important benefits of this approach consist of (i) the standardization of procurement policies for custom and standard components, and (ii) the faster budgeting process. Future work consists of defining a reference model for gathering primary data required for TVO computation and defining standard agreements between suppliers and customers.
{"title":"A Decision-Making Approach for Procuring Custom-Made Machineries and Components","authors":"M. Mandolini, C. Favi, F. Campi, M. Germani","doi":"10.1115/detc2020-22292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22292","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper wants to improve the procurement processes for custom-made machineries and components. Indeed, the current methods and software platforms adopted by industries for purchasing machineries do not consider value generated through the entire lifecycle. Furthermore, the purchasing process of custom-made components from external suppliers is often and still characterized by several negotiation activities.\u0000 This paper wants to improve this context by proposing two approaches to fostering the procurement processes. The first objective is to define an approach for standardizing the method for configuring machineries to be supplied from suppliers and to establish an approach for estimating their costs. The most important benefits of such an approach consist of (i) machinery selection based on the Total Value of Ownership (TVO), and (ii) optimized suppliers’ selection by strengthening relationships between customers and suppliers.\u0000 The second objective is to define a method and a software platform for managing the procurement phase of custom-made components. The most important benefits of this approach consist of (i) the standardization of procurement policies for custom and standard components, and (ii) the faster budgeting process.\u0000 Future work consists of defining a reference model for gathering primary data required for TVO computation and defining standard agreements between suppliers and customers.","PeriodicalId":131252,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 25th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132856419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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