Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.834779
H. Saber
The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (Chapter 26) provided a table that contains the thermal resistances (R-values) of vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped (45°) enclosed airspaces. This table is extensively used by modelers, architects, and building designers in the design for the R-values of building enclosures. The effect of the airspace aspect ratio and the inclination angle (θ) of 30° on the R-values are not accounted for in the ASHRAE table. However, previous studies showed that the aspect ratio of the airspace can affect its R-value. In this article, the previous studies that focused on determining the R-values for vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped enclosed airspaces are extended to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio on the R-values of low-sloped (θ = 30°) enclosed airspaces under downward heat flow for different airspace thicknesses and having a wide range of values for the effective emittance, mean temperature, and temperature differences across the airspaces. Thereafter, practical correlation is developed for determining the R-values of low-sloped enclosed airspaces for future use by modelers, architects, and building designers.
{"title":"Practical correlation for thermal resistance of low-sloped enclosed airspaces with downward heat flow for building applications","authors":"H. Saber","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.834779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.834779","url":null,"abstract":"The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (Chapter 26) provided a table that contains the thermal resistances (R-values) of vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped (45°) enclosed airspaces. This table is extensively used by modelers, architects, and building designers in the design for the R-values of building enclosures. The effect of the airspace aspect ratio and the inclination angle (θ) of 30° on the R-values are not accounted for in the ASHRAE table. However, previous studies showed that the aspect ratio of the airspace can affect its R-value. In this article, the previous studies that focused on determining the R-values for vertical, horizontal, and high-sloped enclosed airspaces are extended to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio on the R-values of low-sloped (θ = 30°) enclosed airspaces under downward heat flow for different airspace thicknesses and having a wide range of values for the effective emittance, mean temperature, and temperature differences across the airspaces. Thereafter, practical correlation is developed for determining the R-values of low-sloped enclosed airspaces for future use by modelers, architects, and building designers.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"112 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72793596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.861689
C. Zilio
My HVAC&R Research editorial deals with refrigeration technology applied to refrigerated warehouses (or cold stores, as we say in Europe). I learned as a student that this topic is one of the oldest and most reliable fields of application of refrigeration technology. Still I am writing this editorial to address new research topics on this kind of plant. My motivation is twofold: social and energetic, that, to some extent, merge together within the framework of sustainability.
{"title":"Moving toward sustainability in refrigeration applications for refrigerated warehouses","authors":"C. Zilio","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.861689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.861689","url":null,"abstract":"My HVAC&R Research editorial deals with refrigeration technology applied to refrigerated warehouses (or cold stores, as we say in Europe). I learned as a student that this topic is one of the oldest and most reliable fields of application of refrigeration technology. Still I am writing this editorial to address new research topics on this kind of plant. My motivation is twofold: social and energetic, that, to some extent, merge together within the framework of sustainability.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74801949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-17DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.869148
R. Radermacher, J. Braun, R. W. Herrick
ed and/or Indexed in: ASHRAE Abstract Center; BSRIA (Building Services Research & Information Association), Information Centre Quarterly and IBSA (International Building Services Abstracts); CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure); Ei (Engineering Information, Inc.), Ei Compendex and Engineering Index; Gale/Cengage Learning, Academic OneFile and InfoTrac; IIR (International Institute of Refrigeration) and Fridoc; ProQuest Technology Research Database, CSA Materials Research Database with METADEX, CSA Engineering Research Database and CSA High Technology Research Database with Aerospace; SciVerse Scopus and Compendex; Thomson Reuters (formerly Institute for Scientific Information [ISI]) Web of Knowledge, Current
编辑和/或索引:ASHRAE摘要中心;BSRIA(建筑服务研究与信息协会)、信息中心季刊和IBSA(国际建筑服务文摘);中国知网(CNKI);Ei (Engineering Information, Inc.)， Ei Compendex and Engineering Index;Gale/Cengage Learning、Academic OneFile和InfoTrac;IIR(国际制冷学会)和Fridoc;ProQuest技术研究数据库、CSA材料研究数据库(METADEX)、CSA工程研究数据库和CSA高技术研究数据库(Aerospace);SciVerse Scopus and Compendex;汤森路透(原科学信息研究所[ISI])知识网，最新
{"title":"EOV Editorial Board","authors":"R. Radermacher, J. Braun, R. W. Herrick","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.869148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.869148","url":null,"abstract":"ed and/or Indexed in: ASHRAE Abstract Center; BSRIA (Building Services Research & Information Association), Information Centre Quarterly and IBSA (International Building Services Abstracts); CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure); Ei (Engineering Information, Inc.), Ei Compendex and Engineering Index; Gale/Cengage Learning, Academic OneFile and InfoTrac; IIR (International Institute of Refrigeration) and Fridoc; ProQuest Technology Research Database, CSA Materials Research Database with METADEX, CSA Engineering Research Database and CSA High Technology Research Database with Aerospace; SciVerse Scopus and Compendex; Thomson Reuters (formerly Institute for Scientific Information [ISI]) Web of Knowledge, Current","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"ebi - ebi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72786672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-17DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.838990
J. Bennett, B. Jones, M. Hosni, Yuanhui Zhang, Jennifer L. Topmiller, Watts L. Dietrich
Airflow is a critical factor that influences air quality, airborne contaminant distribution, and disease transmission in commercial airliner cabins. The general aircraft-cabin air-contaminant transport effect model seeks to build exposure-spatial relationships between contaminant sources and receptors, quantify the uncertainty, and provide a platform for incorporation of data from a variety of studies. Knowledge of infection risk to flight crews and passengers is needed to form a coherent response to an unfolding epidemic, and infection risk may have an airborne pathogen exposure component. The general aircraft-cabin air-contaminant transport effect model was applied to datasets from the University of Illinois and Kansas State University and also to case study information from a flight with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission. Data were fit to regression curves, where the dependent variable was contaminant concentration (normalized for source strength and ventilation rate), and the independent variable was distance between source and measurement locations. The data-driven model showed exposure to viable small droplets and post-evaporation nuclei at a source distance of several rows in a mock-up of a twin-aisle airliner with seven seats per row. Similar behavior was observed in tracer gas, particle experiments, and flight infection data for severe acute respiratory syndrome. The study supports the airborne pathway as part of the matrix of possible disease transmission modes in aircraft cabins.
{"title":"Airborne exposure patterns from a passenger source in aircraft cabins","authors":"J. Bennett, B. Jones, M. Hosni, Yuanhui Zhang, Jennifer L. Topmiller, Watts L. Dietrich","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.838990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.838990","url":null,"abstract":"Airflow is a critical factor that influences air quality, airborne contaminant distribution, and disease transmission in commercial airliner cabins. The general aircraft-cabin air-contaminant transport effect model seeks to build exposure-spatial relationships between contaminant sources and receptors, quantify the uncertainty, and provide a platform for incorporation of data from a variety of studies. Knowledge of infection risk to flight crews and passengers is needed to form a coherent response to an unfolding epidemic, and infection risk may have an airborne pathogen exposure component. The general aircraft-cabin air-contaminant transport effect model was applied to datasets from the University of Illinois and Kansas State University and also to case study information from a flight with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission. Data were fit to regression curves, where the dependent variable was contaminant concentration (normalized for source strength and ventilation rate), and the independent variable was distance between source and measurement locations. The data-driven model showed exposure to viable small droplets and post-evaporation nuclei at a source distance of several rows in a mock-up of a twin-aisle airliner with seven seats per row. Similar behavior was observed in tracer gas, particle experiments, and flight infection data for severe acute respiratory syndrome. The study supports the airborne pathway as part of the matrix of possible disease transmission modes in aircraft cabins.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"962 - 973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79844417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-10DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.840494
Angela Simone, B. Olesen, J. Stoops, Amber W. Watkins
The indoor climate in commercial kitchens is often unsatisfactory, and working conditions can have a significant effect on employees’ comfort and productivity. The type of establishment (fast food, casual, etc.) and climatic zone can influence thermal conditions in the kitchens. Moreover, the size and arrangement of the kitchen zones, appliances, etc., further complicate an evaluation of the indoor thermal environment in commercial kitchens. In general, comfort criteria are stipulated in international standards (e.g., ASHRAE 55 or ISO EN 7730), but are these standardized methods applicable to such environments as commercial kitchens? This article describes a data collection protocol based on measurements of physical and subjective parameters. The procedure was used to investigate more than 100 commercial kitchens in the United States in both summer and winter. The physical measurements revealed that there is a large range of kitchens environments and confirmed that employees are exposed to a warm-to-hot environment. The measured ranges of activities and temperatures in many cases were outside the range recommended by ASHRAE 55 and ISO EN 7730. The study showed that the predicted mean vote/percentage people dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) index is not directly appropriate for all thermal conditions in commercial kitchens.
商业厨房的室内气候往往不令人满意，工作条件会对员工的舒适度和生产力产生重大影响。机构类型(快餐，休闲等)和气候带会影响厨房的热条件。此外，厨房区域的大小和布置，电器等，进一步复杂化了商业厨房室内热环境的评估。一般来说，舒适标准是在国际标准中规定的(例如，ASHRAE 55或ISO EN 7730)，但是这些标准化方法适用于商业厨房这样的环境吗?本文描述了一种基于物理参数和主观参数测量的数据收集协议。该程序在夏季和冬季对美国100多家商业厨房进行了调查。物理测量显示，有很大范围的厨房环境，并确认员工暴露在一个温暖到炎热的环境。在许多情况下，测量的活动范围和温度超出了ASHRAE 55和ISO EN 7730推荐的范围。研究表明，预测的平均投票/不满意人数百分比(PMV/PPD)指数并不直接适用于商业厨房的所有热条件。
{"title":"Thermal comfort in commercial kitchens (RP-1469): Procedure and physical measurements (Part 1)","authors":"Angela Simone, B. Olesen, J. Stoops, Amber W. Watkins","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.840494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.840494","url":null,"abstract":"The indoor climate in commercial kitchens is often unsatisfactory, and working conditions can have a significant effect on employees’ comfort and productivity. The type of establishment (fast food, casual, etc.) and climatic zone can influence thermal conditions in the kitchens. Moreover, the size and arrangement of the kitchen zones, appliances, etc., further complicate an evaluation of the indoor thermal environment in commercial kitchens. In general, comfort criteria are stipulated in international standards (e.g., ASHRAE 55 or ISO EN 7730), but are these standardized methods applicable to such environments as commercial kitchens? This article describes a data collection protocol based on measurements of physical and subjective parameters. The procedure was used to investigate more than 100 commercial kitchens in the United States in both summer and winter. The physical measurements revealed that there is a large range of kitchens environments and confirmed that employees are exposed to a warm-to-hot environment. The measured ranges of activities and temperatures in many cases were outside the range recommended by ASHRAE 55 and ISO EN 7730. The study showed that the predicted mean vote/percentage people dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) index is not directly appropriate for all thermal conditions in commercial kitchens.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"1001 - 1015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76694709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-08DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.842819
C. Sekhar, Cheong “David” Kok Wai, J. Toftum
We are delighted to produce this special issue of HVAC&R Research arising out of Healthy Buildings 2012—10th International Conference (HB2012), held July 7–12, 2012, in Brisbane, Australia. The Healthy Buildings series of conferences first started in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1988 and is one of the two flagship conferences of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ). This and the Indoor Air series of conferences are central to ISIAQ’s commitment to foster the sharing of knowledge and networking of researchers, experts, professionals, and students in the area of indoor air sciences. ISIAQ is an international, independent, multidisciplinary, scientific, nonprofit organization whose purpose is to support the creation of healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor environments. HB2012 attracted 670 participants from 43 countries, with the largest delegations (apart from the host country— Australia) from China, Korea, Japan, and the United States. The technical program of the conference included 10 plenary presentations (3 of them—for the first time—of student presenters), 14 workshops (with 6 of them presented by ISIAQ’s STCs [Scientific and Technical Committees]), as well of 3 symposia that included three panel discussions each. More than 600 papers were presented as part of the technical program. Among the several themes and topics that the conference covered, this special issue focuses on ventilation and thermal comfort related papers, in which there were 92 and 86 papers, respectively. Out of these 178 papers, 31 were selected and the authors were invited to submit an expanded version of their papers presented at HB2012. The criteria for selection included novelty in the approach employed, sound methodology, and potential for an expanded article and good field studies with data that could support new and interesting hypotheses. This issue contains the following articles broadly classified into four categories: ventilation and health, ventilation, thermal comfort, and others. This issue also includes two articles that were not originally presented at HB2012 but fall in the domain of ventilation or thermal comfort.
{"title":"Healthy Buildings 2012—Ventilation and Thermal Comfort","authors":"C. Sekhar, Cheong “David” Kok Wai, J. Toftum","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.842819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.842819","url":null,"abstract":"We are delighted to produce this special issue of HVAC&R Research arising out of Healthy Buildings 2012—10th International Conference (HB2012), held July 7–12, 2012, in Brisbane, Australia. The Healthy Buildings series of conferences first started in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1988 and is one of the two flagship conferences of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ). This and the Indoor Air series of conferences are central to ISIAQ’s commitment to foster the sharing of knowledge and networking of researchers, experts, professionals, and students in the area of indoor air sciences. ISIAQ is an international, independent, multidisciplinary, scientific, nonprofit organization whose purpose is to support the creation of healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor environments. HB2012 attracted 670 participants from 43 countries, with the largest delegations (apart from the host country— Australia) from China, Korea, Japan, and the United States. The technical program of the conference included 10 plenary presentations (3 of them—for the first time—of student presenters), 14 workshops (with 6 of them presented by ISIAQ’s STCs [Scientific and Technical Committees]), as well of 3 symposia that included three panel discussions each. More than 600 papers were presented as part of the technical program. Among the several themes and topics that the conference covered, this special issue focuses on ventilation and thermal comfort related papers, in which there were 92 and 86 papers, respectively. Out of these 178 papers, 31 were selected and the authors were invited to submit an expanded version of their papers presented at HB2012. The criteria for selection included novelty in the approach employed, sound methodology, and potential for an expanded article and good field studies with data that could support new and interesting hypotheses. This issue contains the following articles broadly classified into four categories: ventilation and health, ventilation, thermal comfort, and others. This issue also includes two articles that were not originally presented at HB2012 but fall in the domain of ventilation or thermal comfort.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"923 - 925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86921353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-08DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.838470
C. K. Lee, K. F. Fong, Zhang Lin, T. Chow
The energy performances of three types of ventilation systems, namely the mixing, displacement, and stratum ventilation systems, are compared when applied to a traditional class, a study group, and an E-learning class in a school. A solid desiccant dehumidification cycle, coupled with a solar heat collecting system, is employed to faciliate the humidity control in the displacement and stratum ventilation systems. Meanwhile, a higher design coefficient of performance for the chillers is adopted in view of the possibility to apply the systems to the entire school. It was found that the stratum ventilation systems are the best among the three ventilation systems investigated, particularly when applied to a study group class and a E-learning class, which represent a trend in school education development. With promising results even without solar provision, the stratum ventilation systems could be a good choice for use in the schools in Hong Kong.
{"title":"Year-round energy saving potential of stratum ventilated classrooms with temperature and humidity control","authors":"C. K. Lee, K. F. Fong, Zhang Lin, T. Chow","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.838470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.838470","url":null,"abstract":"The energy performances of three types of ventilation systems, namely the mixing, displacement, and stratum ventilation systems, are compared when applied to a traditional class, a study group, and an E-learning class in a school. A solid desiccant dehumidification cycle, coupled with a solar heat collecting system, is employed to faciliate the humidity control in the displacement and stratum ventilation systems. Meanwhile, a higher design coefficient of performance for the chillers is adopted in view of the possibility to apply the systems to the entire school. It was found that the stratum ventilation systems are the best among the three ventilation systems investigated, particularly when applied to a study group class and a E-learning class, which represent a trend in school education development. With promising results even without solar provision, the stratum ventilation systems could be a good choice for use in the schools in Hong Kong.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"986 - 991"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91086992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-08DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.818468
A. Melikov, V. Dzhartov
The performance of personalized ventilation combined with local exhaust at each seat was studied for the purpose of minimizing airborne cross-infection in spaces whose occupants are sedentary, such as transportation environments. Experiments were carried out in a simulated aircraft cabin section (3 rows, 21 seats). One breathing thermal manikin simulated an “infected” passenger as a source of pollution, and a second breathing manikin simulated an “exposed” passenger. The personalized ventilation supplied clean air at 6 or 10 L/s (12.7 of 21.2 cfm) from in front of each manikin's face. Air was withdrawn at a rate of 6 or 10 L/s (12.7 or (21.2 cfm) by the local exhaust system, which consisted of two exhaust terminals, one on each side of the head of the “infected” manikin. The cabin was ventilated with 180 L/s (381 cfm) of fresh air. Freon was mixed with the air exhaled by the “infected” manikin to simulate airborne pathogens. The airflow from the personalized supply outlet pushed the contaminated exhaled air backward, where it was exhausted before it had mixed with cabin air. This resulted in a substantial decrease of the tracer gas concentration in the air inhaled by the “exposed” manikin and in the air exhausted from the cabin.
{"title":"Advanced air distribution for minimizing airborne cross-infection in aircraft cabins","authors":"A. Melikov, V. Dzhartov","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.818468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.818468","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of personalized ventilation combined with local exhaust at each seat was studied for the purpose of minimizing airborne cross-infection in spaces whose occupants are sedentary, such as transportation environments. Experiments were carried out in a simulated aircraft cabin section (3 rows, 21 seats). One breathing thermal manikin simulated an “infected” passenger as a source of pollution, and a second breathing manikin simulated an “exposed” passenger. The personalized ventilation supplied clean air at 6 or 10 L/s (12.7 of 21.2 cfm) from in front of each manikin's face. Air was withdrawn at a rate of 6 or 10 L/s (12.7 or (21.2 cfm) by the local exhaust system, which consisted of two exhaust terminals, one on each side of the head of the “infected” manikin. The cabin was ventilated with 180 L/s (381 cfm) of fresh air. Freon was mixed with the air exhaled by the “infected” manikin to simulate airborne pathogens. The airflow from the personalized supply outlet pushed the contaminated exhaled air backward, where it was exhausted before it had mixed with cabin air. This resulted in a substantial decrease of the tracer gas concentration in the air inhaled by the “exposed” manikin and in the air exhausted from the cabin.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"236 1","pages":"926 - 933"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-08DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.806173
M. Krajčík, R. Tomasi, Angela Simone, B. Olesen
Sixteen subjects evaluated the indoor environment in four experiments with different combinations of ventilation systems and radiant heating/cooling systems. In the first two tests, the simulated residential room was equipped either by a mixing ventilation system supplying warm air for space heating or by a combination of radiant floor heating and mixing ventilation system. The vertical air temperature distribution was more uniform for floor heating. The discomfort due to cold feet/lower legs was higher for warm air heating, but no significant difference in thermal perceptions between the two mixing ventilation systems was found. The next two tests simulated an office room during summer, ventilated and cooled either by a displacement ventilation system alone or by a displacement ventilation system combined with radiant floor cooling. Displacement ventilation combined with floor cooling had lower floor temperature, warmer supply air, and less homogeneous vertical temperature profile, but it did not result in thermal discomfort on feet/lower legs or discomfort due to a vertical air temperature difference higher than for a displacement ventilation system alone, where the floor temperature was higher, supply air cooler, and vertical temperature profile more uniform.
{"title":"Experimental study including subjective evaluations of mixing and displacement ventilation combined with radiant floor heating/cooling system","authors":"M. Krajčík, R. Tomasi, Angela Simone, B. Olesen","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.806173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.806173","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen subjects evaluated the indoor environment in four experiments with different combinations of ventilation systems and radiant heating/cooling systems. In the first two tests, the simulated residential room was equipped either by a mixing ventilation system supplying warm air for space heating or by a combination of radiant floor heating and mixing ventilation system. The vertical air temperature distribution was more uniform for floor heating. The discomfort due to cold feet/lower legs was higher for warm air heating, but no significant difference in thermal perceptions between the two mixing ventilation systems was found. The next two tests simulated an office room during summer, ventilated and cooled either by a displacement ventilation system alone or by a displacement ventilation system combined with radiant floor cooling. Displacement ventilation combined with floor cooling had lower floor temperature, warmer supply air, and less homogeneous vertical temperature profile, but it did not result in thermal discomfort on feet/lower legs or discomfort due to a vertical air temperature difference higher than for a displacement ventilation system alone, where the floor temperature was higher, supply air cooler, and vertical temperature profile more uniform.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1063 - 1072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80507375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-08DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2013.842734
A. Melikov, Barbora Krejcirikova, J. Kaczmarczyk, M. Duszyk, T. Sakoi
The response of 24 human subjects to local convective cooling, radiant cooling, and combined radiant and convective cooling was studied at 28°C and 50% relative humidity. The local cooling devices used were (1) a tabletop cooling fan, (2) personalized ventilation providing a stream of clean air, (3) radiant panels below and above the desk in front of the desk occupant, and (4) the same two radiant panels but with small fans blowing room air toward the upper panel to be cooled and redirected toward the person. A reference condition without cooling was also tested. The cooling devices significantly (p < 0.05) improved subjects’ thermal comfort compared to the condition without cooling. The acceptability of the thermal environment was similar for all cooling devices. The acceptability of air movement and perceived air quality increased when local cooling methods were used. The best results were achieved with personalized ventilation or the tabletop fan. Only minimal improvement in perceived air quality was reported when the radiant panel was used alone, indicating that in a warm environment, local convective cooling is superior to local radiant cooling as a means of improving perceived air quality. The intensity of the reported sick building syndrome symptoms increased during the exposure time, with or without cooling devices in operation. Air movement had very little effect on sick building syndrome symptoms, but they increased when the pollution level was high. The lowest prevalence of symptoms was reported with personalized ventilation and with the radiant panel with attached fans, which also caused subjects to report less fatigue. Sick building syndrome symptoms increased most when the tabletop fan, generating movement of polluted room air, was in operation. The temperature of the inhaled air rather than any local cooling of the head was associated with sick building syndrome symptoms, although this needs further study. The most preferred cooling method was personalized ventilation for six subjects, fan for eight subjects, and radiant panel (or radiant panel + fans) for nine subjects.
{"title":"Human response to local convective and radiant cooling in a warm environment","authors":"A. Melikov, Barbora Krejcirikova, J. Kaczmarczyk, M. Duszyk, T. Sakoi","doi":"10.1080/10789669.2013.842734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.842734","url":null,"abstract":"The response of 24 human subjects to local convective cooling, radiant cooling, and combined radiant and convective cooling was studied at 28°C and 50% relative humidity. The local cooling devices used were (1) a tabletop cooling fan, (2) personalized ventilation providing a stream of clean air, (3) radiant panels below and above the desk in front of the desk occupant, and (4) the same two radiant panels but with small fans blowing room air toward the upper panel to be cooled and redirected toward the person. A reference condition without cooling was also tested. The cooling devices significantly (p < 0.05) improved subjects’ thermal comfort compared to the condition without cooling. The acceptability of the thermal environment was similar for all cooling devices. The acceptability of air movement and perceived air quality increased when local cooling methods were used. The best results were achieved with personalized ventilation or the tabletop fan. Only minimal improvement in perceived air quality was reported when the radiant panel was used alone, indicating that in a warm environment, local convective cooling is superior to local radiant cooling as a means of improving perceived air quality. The intensity of the reported sick building syndrome symptoms increased during the exposure time, with or without cooling devices in operation. Air movement had very little effect on sick building syndrome symptoms, but they increased when the pollution level was high. The lowest prevalence of symptoms was reported with personalized ventilation and with the radiant panel with attached fans, which also caused subjects to report less fatigue. Sick building syndrome symptoms increased most when the tabletop fan, generating movement of polluted room air, was in operation. The temperature of the inhaled air rather than any local cooling of the head was associated with sick building syndrome symptoms, although this needs further study. The most preferred cooling method was personalized ventilation for six subjects, fan for eight subjects, and radiant panel (or radiant panel + fans) for nine subjects.","PeriodicalId":13238,"journal":{"name":"HVAC&R Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"1023 - 1032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78024502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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