Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2169778
W. Ali, Aditi, M. Prasad
This paper illustrates the design of a piezoelectric acoustic sensor based on AlN to be used for aero-acoustic measurements. A significant prerequisite for such sensors is a large sound pressure level (SPL) and flat frequency response in the auditory band (20 Hz to 20 kHz). That is why this sensor has been designed to measure upto an SPL of 180 dB. The design of the device has been achieved through the MEMS-CAD tool Coventorware. The Si-diaphragm thickness has been optimized for the desired SPL range using Coventorware for three different sizes of the device, namely 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm × 1.75 mm and 2 mm × 2 mm. The cavity developed after the diaphragm formation is connected to the exterior environment through a microchannel. The microchannel was designed for low cut-off frequency. The complete frequency response of all the three sensor structures has been determined. Moreover, a comparison has been drawn among the three devices in terms of parameters such as low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and sensitivity to find the optimized device size. The low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and flat band sensitivity of the optimized device are 35 Hz, 83 kHz, and 170 µV/Pa, respectively. In addition to this, a proposed fabrication process flow of the device has been presented.
{"title":"Design and Modeling of Piezoelectric-AlN-based Acoustic Sensor for Sound Pressure Level Measurements","authors":"W. Ali, Aditi, M. Prasad","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2169778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2169778","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates the design of a piezoelectric acoustic sensor based on AlN to be used for aero-acoustic measurements. A significant prerequisite for such sensors is a large sound pressure level (SPL) and flat frequency response in the auditory band (20 Hz to 20 kHz). That is why this sensor has been designed to measure upto an SPL of 180 dB. The design of the device has been achieved through the MEMS-CAD tool Coventorware. The Si-diaphragm thickness has been optimized for the desired SPL range using Coventorware for three different sizes of the device, namely 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm × 1.75 mm and 2 mm × 2 mm. The cavity developed after the diaphragm formation is connected to the exterior environment through a microchannel. The microchannel was designed for low cut-off frequency. The complete frequency response of all the three sensor structures has been determined. Moreover, a comparison has been drawn among the three devices in terms of parameters such as low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and sensitivity to find the optimized device size. The low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and flat band sensitivity of the optimized device are 35 Hz, 83 kHz, and 170 µV/Pa, respectively. In addition to this, a proposed fabrication process flow of the device has been presented.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45594621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2167741
E. Hassan, A. S. Elsafrawey
Power Line Communication (PLC) can achieve noticeable savings in infrastructure deployment time and cost, where it uses the existing power lines for data transmission. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is a promising technique that can accommodate multiple users via non-orthogonal resource allocation and so, it can notably improve spectral efficiency and reduce the electromagnetic compatibility of PLC networks. Data privacy is of crucial importance in PLC design due to its broadcasting nature. Therefore, this paper presents several cooperative secrecy techniques for improving physical layer security in NOMA-based PLC networks considering two different security constraints, which are signal eavesdroppers and multiple cooperative eavesdroppers. The secrecy performance is measured in terms of two performance metrics: ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) and secrecy outage probability (SOP). Monte Carlo simulation results validate the accuracy of the analytical model and derivations.
{"title":"Cooperative Secrecy Techniques for Improving Physical Layer Security in NOMA-Based PLC Networks","authors":"E. Hassan, A. S. Elsafrawey","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2167741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2167741","url":null,"abstract":"Power Line Communication (PLC) can achieve noticeable savings in infrastructure deployment time and cost, where it uses the existing power lines for data transmission. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is a promising technique that can accommodate multiple users via non-orthogonal resource allocation and so, it can notably improve spectral efficiency and reduce the electromagnetic compatibility of PLC networks. Data privacy is of crucial importance in PLC design due to its broadcasting nature. Therefore, this paper presents several cooperative secrecy techniques for improving physical layer security in NOMA-based PLC networks considering two different security constraints, which are signal eavesdroppers and multiple cooperative eavesdroppers. The secrecy performance is measured in terms of two performance metrics: ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) and secrecy outage probability (SOP). Monte Carlo simulation results validate the accuracy of the analytical model and derivations.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46930818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-24DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2165179
Maloth Gopal, S. S. Patil, K. P. Ray
A comprehensive analysis on performance of Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution for different array length and side lobe levels has been presented in this paper. Dolph-Tschebyscheff array, which is a compromise between binomial and uniform array, produces optimum side lobe level, efficiency, and half power beamwidth, hence, it is referred to as optimum distribution. For a larger number of elements, the Tschebyscheff array demands higher side lobe suppression in order to avoid the abrupt amplitude distribution at the edges that results from more elements and lower side lobe suppression, at the same time, higher side lobe suppression decreases aperture efficiency and gain. These novel analyses have been carried out by computing parameters such as power pattern, first side lobe level, directivity and half power beamwidth. Plots for optimum SLL and critical SLL are derived for a range of array elements, which defines three regions assisting in selection of appropriate number of elements and desired major-to-minor lobe levels for linear/planar array antenna designs. Practical array analysis is proposed by approximating the amplitude of arrays’ end elements, whenever it becomes higher than their adjacent elements.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Dolph-Tschebyscheff Array for Different SLL and Array Length","authors":"Maloth Gopal, S. S. Patil, K. P. Ray","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2165179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2165179","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive analysis on performance of Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution for different array length and side lobe levels has been presented in this paper. Dolph-Tschebyscheff array, which is a compromise between binomial and uniform array, produces optimum side lobe level, efficiency, and half power beamwidth, hence, it is referred to as optimum distribution. For a larger number of elements, the Tschebyscheff array demands higher side lobe suppression in order to avoid the abrupt amplitude distribution at the edges that results from more elements and lower side lobe suppression, at the same time, higher side lobe suppression decreases aperture efficiency and gain. These novel analyses have been carried out by computing parameters such as power pattern, first side lobe level, directivity and half power beamwidth. Plots for optimum SLL and critical SLL are derived for a range of array elements, which defines three regions assisting in selection of appropriate number of elements and desired major-to-minor lobe levels for linear/planar array antenna designs. Practical array analysis is proposed by approximating the amplitude of arrays’ end elements, whenever it becomes higher than their adjacent elements.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59216493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2165178
Safiullah, Y. V. Hote
Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has emerged as a well-addressed controller design technique in recent years. It is a suitable replacement for the error-based feedback PID controller design approaches. The ADRC constitutes two controller design techniques: linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) and generalized active disturbance rejection control (GADRC). The LADRC design approach requires minimal information about the plant, while in the GADRC approach, detailed information about the plant is needed. For higher-order plants, the design of ADRC controllers and extended state observers may be pretty complex and costlier. So, the performance analysis of the higher order plant becomes difficult. Therefore, to make the controller simpler, it is always advantageous to reduce the controller size. This paper proposes reduced order linear active disturbance rejection control (ROLADRC), and reduced order generalized active disturbance rejection control (ROGADRC) techniques instead of full-order LADRC and GADRC approaches. The stability equation method (SEM) and other widespread model order reduction (MOR) methods are utilized to reduce the order of the plant. Further, ROLADRC and ROGADRC are compared with existing control techniques in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested on the sun tracker system (STS) for position control and power systems for load frequency control (LFC).
{"title":"Reduced Order Based Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Design with Applications","authors":"Safiullah, Y. V. Hote","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2165178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2165178","url":null,"abstract":"Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has emerged as a well-addressed controller design technique in recent years. It is a suitable replacement for the error-based feedback PID controller design approaches. The ADRC constitutes two controller design techniques: linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) and generalized active disturbance rejection control (GADRC). The LADRC design approach requires minimal information about the plant, while in the GADRC approach, detailed information about the plant is needed. For higher-order plants, the design of ADRC controllers and extended state observers may be pretty complex and costlier. So, the performance analysis of the higher order plant becomes difficult. Therefore, to make the controller simpler, it is always advantageous to reduce the controller size. This paper proposes reduced order linear active disturbance rejection control (ROLADRC), and reduced order generalized active disturbance rejection control (ROGADRC) techniques instead of full-order LADRC and GADRC approaches. The stability equation method (SEM) and other widespread model order reduction (MOR) methods are utilized to reduce the order of the plant. Further, ROLADRC and ROGADRC are compared with existing control techniques in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested on the sun tracker system (STS) for position control and power systems for load frequency control (LFC).","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48704312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-08DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2022.2158952
Debasis Gountia
Microfluidic biochips are a prominent class of lab-on-a-chip, i.e. LoC system, guided with some activation sequences devised for a bioprotocol to manipulate fluids used in biomedical and biochemical laboratory syntheses. This paper is a survey of reliability issues for state-of-the-art microfluidic biochips. First, this paper presents the basic structure and working principles for different types of available microfluidic biochips. After that, it elaborates on a systematic analysis of security and reliability issues in performing different fluidic operations using microfluidic biochips. This paper also presents the current attack models and types with their scenarios in different remedy actions, both proactive and reactive. Finally, this paper concludes with future research directions so that the effects due to attacks on biochips will be minimized within the stipulated time for a reliable and sustainable microfluidic biochip world.
{"title":"Reliability Issues in State-of-the-Art Microfluidic Biochips: A Survey","authors":"Debasis Gountia","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2022.2158952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2022.2158952","url":null,"abstract":"Microfluidic biochips are a prominent class of lab-on-a-chip, i.e. LoC system, guided with some activation sequences devised for a bioprotocol to manipulate fluids used in biomedical and biochemical laboratory syntheses. This paper is a survey of reliability issues for state-of-the-art microfluidic biochips. First, this paper presents the basic structure and working principles for different types of available microfluidic biochips. After that, it elaborates on a systematic analysis of security and reliability issues in performing different fluidic operations using microfluidic biochips. This paper also presents the current attack models and types with their scenarios in different remedy actions, both proactive and reactive. Finally, this paper concludes with future research directions so that the effects due to attacks on biochips will be minimized within the stipulated time for a reliable and sustainable microfluidic biochip world.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"694 - 709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43968967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-05DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2022.2162453
Asha P. Nair, N. Selvaganesan, V. Lalithambika
This paper investigates adaptive flight control design strategies which are robust to a wide range of both parametric and non-parametric uncertainties for a highly non-linear, time-varying and under-actuated launch vehicle system. In general, scheduled PID controllers are designed for the rigid body dynamics of the launch vehicle and structural filters/compensators are used to stabilize underactuated dynamics such as slosh and flexibility. In this work, two stable Lyapunov-based adaptive controllers are designed with full-state feedback. In the first controller, adapted gains are constrained to be within the limits defined by the user using a rectangular projection operator. In the second controller, tracking error is also constrained using a barrier Lyapunov function. States of the under-actuated dynamics and rigid body dynamics are estimated from the noisy attitude and attitude rate measurements using an extended Kalman filter. Tracking and regulation control studies are conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed controller update laws using different command signals.
{"title":"Projection and Barrier Lyapunov-Based Controller Update Laws in MRAC Structure for Flexible Satellite Launch Vehicles","authors":"Asha P. Nair, N. Selvaganesan, V. Lalithambika","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2022.2162453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2022.2162453","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates adaptive flight control design strategies which are robust to a wide range of both parametric and non-parametric uncertainties for a highly non-linear, time-varying and under-actuated launch vehicle system. In general, scheduled PID controllers are designed for the rigid body dynamics of the launch vehicle and structural filters/compensators are used to stabilize underactuated dynamics such as slosh and flexibility. In this work, two stable Lyapunov-based adaptive controllers are designed with full-state feedback. In the first controller, adapted gains are constrained to be within the limits defined by the user using a rectangular projection operator. In the second controller, tracking error is also constrained using a barrier Lyapunov function. States of the under-actuated dynamics and rigid body dynamics are estimated from the noisy attitude and attitude rate measurements using an extended Kalman filter. Tracking and regulation control studies are conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed controller update laws using different command signals.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"710 - 724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46339506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2187978
Anupma Sharma, Arjun Yadav, A. Acharya, Arpan Desai, A. Upadhyay, Fazel Sharifi, Feng Ling, Fernando H Silveira
{"title":"Golden List of Reviewers for the year 2022-IETE Technical Review","authors":"Anupma Sharma, Arjun Yadav, A. Acharya, Arpan Desai, A. Upadhyay, Fazel Sharifi, Feng Ling, Fernando H Silveira","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2187978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2187978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"xiii - xvi"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46315721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2187979
{"title":"FORM — IV (See Rule 8 of the PRB Act)","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2187979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2187979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"iii - iii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42773442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2023.2187976
Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar
One invention that transformed all forms of learning was Gutenberg’s mechanized printing press in the fifteenth century. It heralded the shift from script to print with farreaching consequences, such as accentuating the experiential difference between spoken and written words. The power of the printing press was its ability to duplicate and make the same text available to many readers, which is impossible with a single script of a text. Knowledge can therefore diffuse faster among learners with the availability of printed material. The cumulative effect of the invention of the printing press on human affairs, be it education, the research industry, politics, and even religion, was revolutionary. Today, we are rapidly moving away from paper printing to digital technology for formatting and sharing text, images, and other information. Minimizing the use of paper for printing also helps us in protecting trees.
{"title":"ChatGPT is Not What You Think It Is","authors":"Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar","doi":"10.1080/02564602.2023.2187976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2023.2187976","url":null,"abstract":"One invention that transformed all forms of learning was Gutenberg’s mechanized printing press in the fifteenth century. It heralded the shift from script to print with farreaching consequences, such as accentuating the experiential difference between spoken and written words. The power of the printing press was its ability to duplicate and make the same text available to many readers, which is impossible with a single script of a text. Knowledge can therefore diffuse faster among learners with the availability of printed material. The cumulative effect of the invention of the printing press on human affairs, be it education, the research industry, politics, and even religion, was revolutionary. Today, we are rapidly moving away from paper printing to digital technology for formatting and sharing text, images, and other information. Minimizing the use of paper for printing also helps us in protecting trees.","PeriodicalId":13252,"journal":{"name":"IETE Technical Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41850810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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