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Synthesis of sexual selection: a systematic map of meta-analyses with bibliometric analysis 性选择综述:荟萃分析与文献计量分析的系统图。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13117
Pietro Pollo, Malgorzata Lagisz, Yefeng Yang, Antica Culina, Shinichi Nakagawa

Sexual selection has been a popular subject within evolutionary biology because of its central role in explaining odd and counterintuitive traits observed in nature. Consequently, the literature associated with this field of study became vast. Meta-analytical studies attempting to draw inferences from this literature have now accumulated, varying in scope and quality, thus calling for a synthesis of these syntheses. We conducted a systematic literature search to create a systematic map with a report appraisal of meta-analyses on topics associated with sexual selection, aiming to identify the conceptual and methodological gaps in this secondary literature. We also conducted bibliometric analyses to explore whether these gaps are associated with the gender and origin of the authors of these meta-analyses. We included 152 meta-analytical studies in our systematic map. We found that most meta-analyses focused on males and on certain animal groups (e.g. birds), indicating severe sex and taxonomic biases. The topics in these studies varied greatly, from proximate (e.g. relationship of ornaments with other traits) to ultimate questions (e.g. formal estimates of sexual selection strength), although the former were more common. We also observed several common methodological issues in these studies, such as lack of detailed information regarding searches, screening, and analyses, which ultimately impairs the reliability of many of these meta-analyses. In addition, most of the meta-analyses' authors were men affiliated to institutions from developed countries, pointing to both gender and geographical authorship biases. Most importantly, we found that certain authorship aspects were associated with conceptual and methodological issues in meta-analytical studies. Many of our findings might simply reflect patterns in the current state of the primary literature and academia, suggesting that our study can serve as an indicator of issues within the field of sexual selection at large. Based on our findings, we provide both conceptual and analytical recommendations to improve future studies in the field of sexual selection.

性选择一直是进化生物学中的热门话题,因为它在解释自然界中观察到的奇特和反直觉特征方面发挥着核心作用。因此,与这一研究领域相关的文献变得浩如烟海。现在,试图从这些文献中得出推论的元分析研究已经积累了很多,这些研究的范围和质量参差不齐,因此需要对这些综述进行综合。我们进行了一次系统的文献检索,绘制了一张系统地图,对与性别选择相关的主题进行了元分析报告评估,旨在找出这些二手文献在概念和方法上的差距。我们还进行了文献计量分析,以探讨这些差距是否与这些荟萃分析作者的性别和籍贯有关。我们在系统地图中纳入了 152 项元分析研究。我们发现,大多数荟萃分析都集中在雄性动物和某些动物群体(如鸟类)上,这表明存在严重的性别和分类偏见。这些研究的主题差异很大,从近似问题(如装饰品与其他特征的关系)到终极问题(如性选择强度的正式估计),但前者更为常见。在这些研究中,我们还发现了一些常见的方法问题,如缺乏有关搜索、筛选和分析的详细信息,这最终影响了许多荟萃分析的可靠性。此外,大多数荟萃分析的作者都是隶属于发达国家机构的男性,这表明作者的性别和地域偏见。最重要的是,我们发现某些作者身份与荟萃分析研究中的概念和方法问题有关。我们的许多发现可能仅仅反映了原始文献和学术界的现状,这表明我们的研究可以作为整个性选择领域问题的指标。基于我们的发现,我们提出了概念和分析方面的建议,以改进今后在性选择领域的研究。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review of invasive non-native freshwater bivalves 对入侵的非本地淡水双壳类动物进行系统回顾。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13113
Juliani Giselli Prestes, Laís Carneiro, Natali Oliva Roman Miiller, Ananda Karla Alves Neundorf, Clemerson Richard Pedroso, Raul Rennó Braga, Ronaldo Sousa, Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule

The introduction of invasive species has become an increasing environmental problem in freshwater ecosystems due to the high economic and ecological impacts it has generated. This systematic review covers publications from 2010 to 2020, focusing on non-native invasive freshwater bivalves, a particularly relevant and widespread introduced taxonomic group in fresh waters. We collected information on the most studied species, the main objectives of the studies, their geographical location, study duration, and type of research. Furthermore, we focused on assessing the levels of ecological evidence presented, the type of interactions of non-native bivalves with other organisms and the classification of their impacts. A total of 397 publications were retrieved. The studies addressed a total of 17 species of non-native freshwater bivalves; however, most publications focused on the species Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha, which are recognised for their widespread distribution and extensive negative impacts. Many other non-native invasive bivalve species have been poorly studied. A high geographical bias was also present, with a considerable lack of studies in developing countries. The most frequent studies had shorter temporal periods, smaller spatial extents, and more observational data, were field-based, and usually evaluated possible ecological impacts at the individual and population levels. There were 94 publications documenting discernible impacts according to the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT). However, 41 of these publications did not provide sufficient data to determine an impact. The most common effects of invasive bivalves on ecosystems were structural alterations, and chemical and physical changes, which are anticipated due to their role as ecosystem engineers. Despite a considerable number of studies in the field and advances in our understanding of some species over the past decade, long-term data and large-scale studies are still needed to understand better the impacts, particularly at the community and ecosystem levels and in less-studied geographic regions. The widespread distribution of several non-native freshwater bivalves, their ongoing introductions, and high ecological and economic impacts demand continued research. Systematic reviews such as this are essential for identifying knowledge gaps and guiding future research to enable a more complete understanding of the ecological implications of invasive bivalves, and the development of effective management strategies.

入侵物种的引入已成为淡水生态系统中一个日益严重的环境问题,对经济和生态造成了巨大影响。这篇系统性综述涵盖了 2010 年至 2020 年期间的出版物,重点关注非外来入侵淡水双壳类动物,这是淡水中一个特别相关且广泛引入的分类群。我们收集了有关研究最多的物种、研究的主要目的、地理位置、研究持续时间和研究类型的信息。此外,我们还重点评估了所提供的生态学证据的水平、非本地双壳类动物与其他生物的相互作用类型及其影响的分类。共检索到 397 篇出版物。这些研究共涉及 17 种非淡水外来双壳类动物,但大多数研究都集中在珊瑚笛贝(Corbicula fluminea)和多孔笛贝(Dreissena polymorpha)上。对许多其他非本地入侵双壳类物种的研究很少。地域偏差也很严重,发展中国家的研究相当缺乏。最常见的研究时间跨度较短,空间范围较小,观察数据较多,以实地研究为主,通常评估个体和种群层面可能的生态影响。根据外来物种环境影响分类法(EICAT),有 94 篇出版物记录了明显的影响。不过,其中 41 篇出版物没有提供足够的数据来确定影响。入侵双壳类动物对生态系统最常见的影响是结构改变以及化学和物理变化,这是由于它们扮演着生态系统工程师的角色。尽管在过去十年中进行了大量的实地研究,而且我们对一些物种的了解也有了进步,但仍需要长期数据和大规模研究来更好地了解其影响,特别是在群落和生态系统层面以及研究较少的地理区域。几种非本地淡水双壳类动物的广泛分布、它们的不断引入以及对生态和经济的巨大影响要求我们继续开展研究。像本报告这样的系统性综述对于确定知识差距和指导未来研究至关重要,这样才能更全面地了解入侵双壳类动物的生态影响,并制定有效的管理策略。
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引用次数: 0
Woody encroachment: social–ecological impacts and sustainable management 木质侵蚀:社会生态影响与可持续管理。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13104
Jingyi Ding, David J. Eldridge

Woody plants are encroaching across terrestrial ecosystems globally, and this has dramatic effects on how these systems function and the livelihoods of producers who rely on the land to support livestock production. Consequently, the removal of woody plants is promoted widely in the belief that it will reinstate former grasslands or open savanna. Despite this popular management approach to encroachment, we still have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of removal on society, and of alternative management practices that could balance the competing needs of pastoral production, biodiversity conservation and cultural values. This information is essential for maintaining both ecological and societal benefits in encroached systems under predicted future climate changes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the social–ecological perspectives of woody encroachment based on recent studies and global meta-analyses by assessing the ecological impacts of encroachment and its effects on sustainable development goals (SDGs) when woody plants are retained and when they are removed. We propose a working definition of woody encroachment based on species- and community-level characteristics; such a definition is needed to evaluate accurately the effects of encroachment. We show that encroachment is a natural process of succession rather than a sign of degradation, with encroachment resulting in an overall 8% increase in ecosystem multifunctionality. Removing woody plants can increase herbaceous plant richness, biomass and cover, but at the expense of biocrust cover. The effectiveness of woody plant removal depends on plant identity, and where, when and how they are removed. Under current management practices, either removal or retention of woody plants can induce trade-offs among ecosystem services, with no management practice maximising all SDGs [e.g. SDG2 (end hunger), SDG13 (climate change), SDG 15 (combat desertification)]. Given that encroachment of woody plants is likely to increase under future predicted hotter and drier climates, alternative management options such as carbon farming and ecotourism could be effective land uses for areas affected by encroachment.

木本植物正在蚕食全球陆地生态系统,这对这些系统的功能以及依靠土地支持畜牧业生产的生产者的生计产生了巨大影响。因此,人们广泛提倡清除木本植物,认为这样做可以恢复以前的草原或开阔的稀树草原。尽管这种管理侵蚀的方法很受欢迎,但我们对移除木质植物对社会的影响以及可平衡畜牧生产、生物多样性保护和文化价值等相互竞争的需求的替代管理方法的了解仍然相对较少。这些信息对于在预测的未来气候变化下保持侵蚀系统的生态和社会效益至关重要。在本综述中,我们根据最新研究和全球荟萃分析,通过评估侵占的生态影响及其对可持续发展目标(SDGs)的影响,全面综述了林木侵占的社会生态观点。我们根据物种和群落层面的特征提出了木本植物侵占的工作定义;准确评估侵占的影响需要这样一个定义。我们的研究表明,侵占是一个自然演替过程,而不是退化的标志,侵占导致生态系统多功能性总体增加了 8%。移除木本植物可以增加草本植物的丰富度、生物量和覆盖度,但要以牺牲生物覆盖度为代价。移除木本植物的效果取决于植物的特性,以及移除的地点、时间和方式。在当前的管理实践中,无论是移除还是保留木本植物,都会导致生态系统服务之间的权衡,没有一种管理实践能最大限度地实现所有可持续发展目标[如可持续发展目标 2(消除饥饿)、可持续发展目标 13(气候变化)、可持续发展目标 15(防治荒漠化)]。鉴于在未来预测的更炎热、更干燥的气候条件下,木本植物的侵蚀可能会加剧,碳耕和生态旅游等替代管理方案可成为受侵蚀影响地区的有效土地利用方式。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary biology of social expertise 社会专业知识的进化生物学。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13115
Reuven Dukas, Nathan W. Bailey

There is increasing evidence that competent handling of social interactions among conspecifics has positive effects on individual fitness. While individual variation in social competence has been appreciated, the role of long-term experience in the acquisition of superior social skills has received less attention. With the goal of promoting further research, we integrate knowledge across disciplines to assess social expertise, defined as the characteristics, skills and knowledge allowing individuals with extensive social experience to perform significantly better than novices on a given social task. We focus on three categories of social behaviour. First, animals can gain from adjusting social behaviour towards individually recognised conspecifics that they interact with on a regular basis. For example, there is evidence that some territorial animals individually recognise their neighbours and modify their social interactions based on experience with each neighbour. Similarly, individuals in group-living species learn to associate with specific group members based on their expected benefits from such social connections. Individuals have also been found to devote considerable time and effort to learning about the spatial location and timing of sexual receptivity of opposite-sex neighbours to optimise reproduction. Second, signallers can enhance their signals, and receivers can refine their response to signals with experience. In many birds and insects, individuals can produce more consistent signals with experience, and females across a wide taxonomic range can adaptively adjust mating preferences after perceiving distinct male signals. Third, in many species, individuals that succeed in reproducing encounter the novel, complex task of caring for vulnerable offspring. Evidence from a few species of mammals indicates that mothers improve in providing for and protecting their young over successive broods. Finally, for social expertise to evolve, heritable variation in social expertise has to be positively associated with fitness. Heritable variation has been shown in traits contributing to social expertise including social attention, empathy, individual recognition and maternal care. There are currently limited data associating social expertise with fitness, most likely owing to sparse research effort. Exceptions include maternal care, signal refinement, and familiarity with neighbours and group members. Overall, there is evidence that individuals in many species keep refining their social skills with experience throughout life. Hence we propose promising lines of research that can quantify more thoroughly the development of social expertise and its effects on fitness.

越来越多的证据表明,有能力处理同类间的社会互动对个体的健康有积极影响。虽然社交能力的个体差异已得到重视,但长期经验在获得卓越社交技能方面的作用却较少受到关注。为了促进进一步的研究,我们整合了各学科的知识来评估社交专长。社交专长的定义是:在特定的社交任务中,具有丰富社交经验的个体的表现明显优于新手的特征、技能和知识。我们重点关注三类社会行为。首先,动物可以通过调整社会行为来适应它们经常交往的、被个体认可的同类。例如,有证据表明,一些有领地的动物会单独识别它们的邻居,并根据与每个邻居相处的经验改变它们的社会互动。同样,群居物种中的个体也会根据从这种社会联系中获得的预期利益,学会与特定的群体成员交往。研究还发现,个体会花费大量时间和精力了解异性邻居的空间位置和性接受时间,以优化繁殖。其次,信号发出者可以增强其信号,而接收者也可以通过经验改进其对信号的反应。在许多鸟类和昆虫中,个体可以根据经验发出更一致的信号,而在广泛的生物分类中,雌性个体在感知到不同的雄性信号后,可以适应性地调整交配偏好。第三,在许多物种中,成功繁殖的个体会遇到照顾脆弱后代这一复杂的新任务。少数哺乳动物物种的证据表明,在连续繁殖的过程中,母亲在供养和保护幼崽方面会有所改进。最后,要使社会专长得到进化,社会专长的遗传变异必须与适应力正相关。遗传变异已经在社会专长的特征中得到了体现,包括社会关注、移情、个体识别和母性关怀。目前将社会专长与适应性联系起来的数据很有限,这很可能是由于研究工作稀少。例外情况包括母性关怀、信号细化以及熟悉邻居和群体成员。总之,有证据表明,许多物种的个体在一生中会随着经验的积累不断改进其社交技能。因此,我们提出了一些很有前景的研究方向,可以更全面地量化社会专业技能的发展及其对适应性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Models of bee responses to land use and land cover changes in agricultural landscapes – a review and research agenda 蜜蜂对农业景观中土地利用和土地覆盖变化的反应模型--综述与研究议程。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13109
Abdelhak Rouabah, Chantal Rabolin-Meinrad, Camille Gay, Olivier Therond

Predictive modelling tools can be used to support the design of agricultural landscapes to promote pollinator biodiversity and pollination services. Despite the proliferation of such modelling tools in recent decades, there remains a gap in synthesising their main characteristics and representation capacities. Here, we reviewed 42 studies that developed non-correlative models to explore the impact of land use and land cover changes on bee populations, and synthesised information about the modelled systems, modelling approaches, and key model characteristics like spatiotemporal extent and resolution. Various modelling approaches are employed to predict the biodiversity of bees and the pollination services they provide, with a prevalence of models focusing on wild populations compared to managed ones. Of these models, landscape indicators and distance decay models are relatively simple, with few parameters. They allow mapping bee visitation probabilities using basic land cover data and considering bee foraging ranges. Conversely, mechanistic or agent-based models delineate, with varying degrees of complexity, a multitude of processes that characterise, among others, the foraging behaviour and population dynamics of bees. The reviewed models collectively encompass 38 ecological, agronomic, and economic processes, producing various outputs including bee abundance, habitat visitation rate, and crop yield. To advance the development of predictive modelling tools aimed at fostering pollinator biodiversity and pollination services in agricultural landscapes, we highlight future avenues for increasing biophysical realism in models predicting the impact of land use and land cover changes on bees. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with balancing model complexity and practical usability.

预测建模工具可用于支持农业景观设计,以促进授粉生物多样性和授粉服务。尽管近几十年来此类建模工具大量涌现,但在总结其主要特征和表示能力方面仍存在差距。在此,我们回顾了 42 项为探索土地利用和土地覆被变化对蜜蜂种群的影响而开发非相关模型的研究,并综合了有关建模系统、建模方法以及时空范围和分辨率等主要模型特征的信息。我们采用了各种建模方法来预测蜜蜂的生物多样性及其提供的授粉服务,与人工管理的蜜蜂相比,野生蜜蜂种群是建模的重点。在这些模型中,景观指标和距离衰减模型相对简单,参数较少。它们可以利用基本的土地覆盖数据绘制蜜蜂造访概率图,并考虑蜜蜂的觅食范围。相反,机械模型或基于代理的模型则以不同的复杂程度描述了蜜蜂觅食行为和种群动态等多种过程的特征。所审查的模型共包括 38 个生态、农艺和经济过程,产生的各种输出结果包括蜜蜂数量、栖息地访问率和作物产量。为了推动旨在促进授粉者生物多样性和农业景观授粉服务的预测建模工具的发展,我们强调了在预测土地利用和土地覆盖变化对蜜蜂的影响的模型中提高生物物理真实性的未来途径。此外,我们还讨论了与平衡模型复杂性和实际可用性有关的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
The relationship between the secondary vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system in fish 鱼类次级血管系统与淋巴管系统之间的关系。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13114
Virginia Panara, Zuzana Varaliová, Jörg Wilting, Katarzyna Koltowska, Michael Jeltsch

New technologies have resulted in a better understanding of blood and lymphatic vascular heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. However, we still need to learn more about the heterogeneity of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems among different species at the anatomical and functional levels. Even the deceptively simple question of the functions of fish lymphatic vessels has yet to be conclusively answered. The most common interpretation assumes a similar dual setup of the vasculature in zebrafish and mammals: a cardiovascular circulatory system, and a lymphatic vascular system (LVS), in which the unidirectional flow is derived from surplus interstitial fluid and returned into the cardiovascular system. A competing interpretation questions the identity of the lymphatic vessels in fish as at least some of them receive their flow from arteries via specialised anastomoses, neither requiring an interstitial source for the lymphatic flow nor stipulating unidirectionality. In this alternative view, the ‘fish lymphatics’ are a specialised subcompartment of the cardiovascular system, called the secondary vascular system (SVS). Many of the contradictions found in the literature appear to stem from the fact that the SVS develops in part or completely from an embryonic LVS by transdifferentiation. Future research needs to establish the extent of embryonic transdifferentiation of lymphatics into SVS blood vessels. Similarly, more insight is needed into the molecular regulation of vascular development in fish. Most fish possess more than the five vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes and three VEGF receptor genes that we know from mice or humans, and the relative tolerance of fish to whole-genome and gene duplications could underlie the evolutionary diversification of the vasculature. This review discusses the key elements of the fish lymphatics versus the SVS and attempts to draw a picture coherent with the existing data, including phylogenetic knowledge.

新技术让我们在细胞和分子水平上更好地了解了血液和淋巴管的异质性。然而,我们仍需从解剖和功能层面进一步了解不同物种之间心血管和淋巴系统的异质性。即使是鱼类淋巴管功能这个简单得令人难以置信的问题,也还没有确切的答案。最常见的解释是假设斑马鱼和哺乳动物的血管具有类似的双重设置:心血管循环系统和淋巴管系统(LVS),其中单向流动的淋巴管来自多余的间隙液,并返回心血管系统。另一种与之相左的解释质疑鱼类淋巴管的特性,因为其中至少有一些淋巴管通过专门的吻合口从动脉获得淋巴流,既不要求淋巴流来自间质,也不要求单向性。这种观点认为,"鱼类淋巴管 "是心血管系统的一个特殊分支,称为次级血管系统(SVS)。文献中发现的许多矛盾似乎源于 SVS 部分或完全由胚胎 LVS 通过转分化发育而来这一事实。未来的研究需要确定胚胎淋巴管转分化为 SVS 血管的程度。同样,还需要对鱼类血管发育的分子调控有更深入的了解。大多数鱼类拥有的血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)基因和血管内皮细胞生长因子受体基因不只我们从小鼠或人类那里了解到的五个,鱼类对全基因组和基因重复的相对耐受性可能是血管进化多样化的基础。本综述讨论了鱼类淋巴管与SVS的关键要素,并试图描绘出一幅与现有数据(包括系统发育知识)相一致的图景。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of climate-related stressors on social group cohesion and individual sociability in fish 与气候有关的压力因素对鱼类社会群体凝聚力和个体交际能力的影响。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13111
Izzy C. Tiddy, Amelia Munson, Daphne Cortese, Michael M. Webster, Shaun S. Killen

Group-living in animals comes with a number of benefits associated with predator avoidance, foraging, and reproduction. A large proportion of fish species display grouping behaviour. Fish may also be particularly vulnerable to climate-related stressors including thermal variation, hypoxia, and acidification. As climate-related stressors are expected to increase in magnitude and frequency, any effects on fish behaviour may be increased and affect the ability of fish species to cope with changing conditions. Here we conduct a systematic review of the effects of temperature, hypoxia, and acidification on individual sociability and group cohesion in shoaling and schooling fishes. Searches of the published and grey literature were carried out, and studies were included or excluded based on selection criteria. Data from studies were then included in a meta-analysis to examine broad patterns of effects of climate-related stressors in the literature. Evidence was found for a reduction in group cohesion at low oxygen levels, which was stronger in smaller groups. While several studies reported effects of temperature and acidification, there was no consistent effect of either stressor on sociability or cohesion. There was some evidence that marine fishes are more strongly negatively affected by acidification compared with freshwater species, but results are similarly inconsistent and more studies are required. Additional studies of two or more stressors in combination are also needed, although one study found reduced sociability following exposure to acidification and high temperatures. Overall, there is some evidence that hypoxia, and potentially other climate-related environmental changes, impact sociability and group cohesion in fishes. This may reduce survival and adaptability in shoaling and schooling species and have further ecological implications for aquatic systems. However, this synthesis mainly highlights the need for more empirical studies examining the effects of climate-related factors on social behaviour in fishes.

群居动物在躲避捕食者、觅食和繁殖方面有很多好处。大部分鱼类都有群居行为。鱼类也可能特别容易受到与气候有关的压力因素的影响,包括热变化、缺氧和酸化。由于与气候相关的压力因素预计会在程度和频率上增加,对鱼类行为的任何影响都可能增加,并影响鱼类物种应对条件变化的能力。在此,我们对温度、缺氧和酸化对滩涂鱼类和成群鱼类的个体交际能力和群体凝聚力的影响进行了系统综述。我们检索了已发表的文献和灰色文献,并根据选择标准纳入或排除了相关研究。然后将研究数据纳入荟萃分析,以研究文献中与气候相关的压力因素的广泛影响模式。有证据表明,在氧气含量较低的情况下,群体的凝聚力会降低,这种情况在较小的群体中更为明显。虽然有几项研究报告了温度和酸化的影响,但这两种压力因素对交际能力或凝聚力的影响并不一致。有证据表明,与淡水物种相比,海洋鱼类受酸化的负面影响更大,但结果同样不一致,需要进行更多的研究。还需要对两种或两种以上的压力因素进行更多的研究,尽管有一项研究发现,鱼类在受到酸化和高温的影响后,社会性会降低。总之,有证据表明缺氧以及其他可能与气候相关的环境变化会影响鱼类的社会性和群体凝聚力。这可能会降低浅滩和群游物种的存活率和适应性,并对水生系统产生进一步的生态影响。不过,本综述主要强调需要开展更多实证研究,探讨气候相关因素对鱼类社会行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
In defence of the entity of Macaronesia as a biogeographical region 为马卡罗内西亚作为一个生物地理区域的实体辩护。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13112
José María Fernández-Palacios, Rüdiger Otto, Jorge Capelo, Juli Caujapé-Castells, Lea de Nascimento, Maria Cristina Duarte, Rui B. Elias, Carlos García-Verdugo, Miguel Menezes de Sequeira, Frédéric Médail, Agustín Naranjo-Cigala, Jairo Patiño, Jonathan Price, Maria M. Romeiras, Lázaro Sánchez-Pinto, Robert J. Whittaker

Since its coinage ca. 1850 AD by Philip Barker Webb, the biogeographical region of Macaronesia, consisting of the North Atlantic volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira with the tiny Selvagens, the Canaries and Cabo Verde, and for some authors different continental coastal strips, has been under dispute. Herein, after a brief introduction on the terminology and purpose of regionalism, we recover the origins of the Macaronesia name, concept and geographical adscription, as well as its biogeographical implications and how different authors have positioned themselves, using distinct terrestrial or marine floristic and/or faunistic taxa distributions and relationships for accepting or rejecting the existence of this biogeographical region. Four main issues related to Macaronesia are thoroughly discussed: (i) its independence from the Mediterranean phytogeographical region; (ii) discrepancies according to different taxa analysed; (iii) its geographical limits and the role of the continental enclave(s), and, (iv) the validity of the phytogeographical region level. We conclude that Macaronesia has its own identity and a sound phytogeographical foundation, and that this is mainly based on three different floristic components that are shared by the Macaronesian core (Madeira and the Canaries) and the outermost archipelagos (Azores and Cabo Verde). These floristic components are: (i) the Palaeotropical-Tethyan Geoflora, formerly much more widely distributed in Europe and North Africa and currently restricted to the three northern archipelagos (the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries); (ii) the African Rand Flora, still extant in the coastal margins of Africa and Arabia, and present in the southern archipelagos (Madeira, the Canaries and Cabo Verde), and (iii) the Macaronesian neoendemic floristic component, represented in all the archipelagos, a result of allopatric diversification promoted by isolation of Mediterranean ancestors that manage to colonize Central Macaronesia and, from there, the outer archipelagos. Finally, a differentiating floristic component recently colonized the different archipelagos from the nearest continental coast, providing them with different biogeographic flavours.

自公元 1850 年菲利普-巴克-韦伯(Philip Barker Webb)发行硬币以来,马卡罗内西亚(Macaronesia)这一生物地理区域就一直被认为是北大西洋的火山群岛。马卡罗内西亚的生物地理区域由北大西洋火山群岛亚速尔群岛、马德拉群岛和小塞尔瓦根群岛、加那利群岛和佛得角群岛组成,还有一些作者认为是不同的大陆沿海地带。在此,在简要介绍了区域主义的术语和目的之后,我们将恢复马卡罗内西亚名称、概念和地理描述的起源,以及其生物地理学意义和不同作者如何利用独特的陆地或海洋植物和/或动物分类群分布和关系来接受或拒绝这一生物地理区域的存在。我们深入讨论了与马卡罗内西亚有关的四个主要问题:(i) 其与地中海植物地理区域的独立性;(ii) 所分析的不同类群之间的差异;(iii) 其地理界限和大陆飞地的作用,以及 (iv) 植物地理区域级别的有效性。我们的结论是,马卡罗内西亚有其自身的特征和良好的植物地理学基础,这主要基于马卡罗内西亚核心区(马德拉岛和加那利群岛)和最外围群岛(亚速尔群岛和佛得角群岛)共有的三个不同的植物成分。这些植物成分是(i) 古热带-泰西岩地植物区系,以前在欧洲和北非分布更广,目前仅限于北部三 个群岛(亚速尔群岛、马德拉群岛和加那利群岛);(iii) 马卡罗内西亚新特有植物群,在所有群岛中都有分布,这是地中海祖先在与世隔绝的情况下,在马卡罗内西亚中部以及从那里到外围群岛进行异地分化的结果。最后,最近从最近的大陆海岸移居到不同群岛的植物成分也各不相同,使这些群岛具有不同的生物地理特征。
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引用次数: 0
Soil–plant–gall relationships: from gall development to ecological patterns 土壤-植物-谷物关系:从胆量发展到生态模式。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13106
Ígor Abba Arriola, Elaine Cotrim Costa, Denis Coelho de Oliveira, Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias

The adaptive nature of the galler habit has been tentatively explained by the nutrition, microenvironment, and enemy hypotheses. Soil attributes have direct relationships with these three hypotheses at the cellular and macroecological scales, but their influence has been restricted previously to effects on the nutritional status of the host plant on gall richness and abundance. Herein, we discuss the ionome patterns within gall tissues and their significance for gall development, physiology, structure, and for the nutrition of the gallers. Previous ecological and chemical quantification focused extensively on nitrogen and carbon contents, evoking the carbon-nutrient defence hypothesis as an explanation for establishing the plant–gall interaction. Different elements are involved in cell wall composition dynamics, antioxidant activity, and regulation of plant–gall water dynamics. An overview of the different soil–plant–gall relationships highlights the complexity of the nutritional requirements of gallers, which are strongly influenced by environmental soil traits. Soil and plant chemical profiles interact to determine the outcome of plant–herbivore interactions and need to be addressed by considering not only the soil features and galler nutrition but also the host plant's physiological traits. The quantitative and qualitative results for iron metabolism in gall tissues, as well as the roles of iron as an essential element in the physiology and reproduction of gallers suggest that it may represent a key nutritional resource, aligning with the nutrition hypothesis, and providing an integrative explanation for higher gall diversity in iron-rich soils.

营养、微环境和敌害假说初步解释了虫瘿习性的适应性。土壤属性在细胞和宏观生态尺度上与这三个假说有直接关系,但它们的影响以前仅限于寄主植物的营养状况对虫瘿丰富度和丰度的影响。在此,我们将讨论虫瘿组织内的离子组模式及其对虫瘿发育、生理、结构和虫瘿营养的意义。以往的生态和化学定量研究广泛关注氮和碳的含量,将碳-营养防御假说作为建立植物-虫瘿相互作用的解释。不同的元素参与了细胞壁成分动态、抗氧化活性和植物-瘿瘤水分动态的调节。对不同土壤-植物-瘿蚊关系的概述凸显了瘿蚊营养需求的复杂性,这种需求受到土壤环境特征的强烈影响。土壤和植物的化学特征相互作用,决定了植物与食草动物之间的互动结果,因此不仅需要考虑土壤特性和五倍子的营养,还需要考虑寄主植物的生理特征。五倍子组织中铁代谢的定量和定性结果,以及铁作为五倍子生理和繁殖过程中必需元素的作用表明,铁可能是一种关键的营养资源,这与营养假说一致,并为富含铁的土壤中五倍子多样性较高提供了综合解释。
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引用次数: 0
Organismal trade-offs and the pace of planktonic life 生物权衡与浮游生物的生活节奏。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13108
Thomas Kiørboe

No one is perfect, and organisms that perform well in some habitat or with respect to some tasks, do so at the cost of performance in others: there are inescapable trade-offs. Organismal trade-offs govern the structure and function of ecosystems and attempts to demonstrate and quantify trade-offs have therefore been an important goal for ecologists. In addition, trade-offs are a key component in trait-based ecosystem models. Here, I synthesise evidence of trade-offs in plankton organisms, from bacteria to zooplankton, and show how a slow–fast gradient in life histories emerges. I focus on trade-offs related to the main components of an organism's Darwinian fitness, that is resource acquisition, survival, and propagation. All consumers need to balance the need to eat without being eaten, and diurnal vertical migration, where zooplankton hide at depth during the day to avoid visual predators but at the cost of missed feeding opportunities in the productive surface layer, is probably the best documented result of this trade-off. However, there are many other more subtle but equally important behaviours that similarly are the result of an optimisation of these trade-offs. Most plankton groups have also developed more explicit defence mechanisms, such as toxin production or evasive behaviours that are harnessed in the presence of their predators; the costs of these have often proved difficult to quantify or even demonstrate, partly because they only materialise under natural conditions. Finally, all multicellular organisms must allocate time and resources among growth, reproduction, and maintenance (e.g. protein turnover and DNA repair), and mate finding may compromise both survival and feeding. The combined effects of all these trade-offs is the emergence of a slow–fast gradient in the pace-of-life, likely the most fundamental principle for the organisation of organismal life histories. This crystallisation of trade-offs may offer a path to further simplification of trait-based models of marine ecosystems.

没有人是完美无缺的,在某些栖息地或某些任务中表现出色的生物,在其他方面的表现也会受到影响:这就是不可避免的权衡。生物的权衡决定了生态系统的结构和功能,因此,试图证明和量化权衡一直是生态学家的重要目标。此外,权衡也是基于性状的生态系统模型的关键组成部分。在这里,我综合了浮游生物(从细菌到浮游动物)中权衡的证据,并展示了生命史中如何出现慢-快梯度。我将重点放在与生物体达尔文适应性的主要组成部分(即资源获取、生存和繁殖)相关的权衡上。所有消费者都需要在吃而不被吃之间取得平衡,浮游动物白天躲在深海以躲避视觉捕食者,但代价是错过了在富饶表层觅食的机会,这种昼夜垂直迁移可能是这种权衡的最佳记录结果。然而,还有许多其他更微妙但同样重要的行为,同样是这些权衡的优化结果。大多数浮游生物群体还发展出了更明确的防御机制,例如在捕食者出现时利用毒素生产或回避行为;事实证明,这些行为的代价往往难以量化,甚至难以证明,部分原因是它们只有在自然条件下才会出现。最后,所有多细胞生物都必须在生长、繁殖和维持(如蛋白质周转和 DNA 修复)之间分配时间和资源,而寻找配偶可能会影响生存和进食。所有这些权衡的综合效应就是出现了生活节奏的慢-快梯度,这可能是组织生物生活史的最基本原则。这种权衡的具体化可能为进一步简化基于性状的海洋生态系统模型提供了途径。
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