Hong Zhang, Jinghua Xu, Jiahong Wang, Yanting Gu, Guoxiang Sun
Abstract: Background: A professional foundational course in human anatomy and physiology is required of pharmacy students to establish their understanding of the field. Since it includes human anatomy and human physiology, two crucial theoretical courses for medical students, the teaching material for these subjects was employed to adhere to the standards of medical disciplines rather than those of pharmacy. Objectives: This study aimed to establish a multi-element integrated teaching method for human anatomy and physiology to address the training requirements of pharmacy students. Materials and Methods: For pharmacy majors, we designed a multi-element integrated teaching method of human anatomy and physiology from the viewpoints of medicine, pharmacy, and professional ethics. We also summarized the feasibility, significance, and issues associated with multi-element integrated teaching of human anatomy and physiology. Conclusion: Our multi-element integrated teaching method for human anatomy and physiology increased student interest and enhanced the effectiveness of lessons. This approach will promote the development of skilled pharmaceutical workers who are enthusiastic about scientific research and have a sense of social responsibility. Keywords: Human anatomy and physiology, Pharmacy characteristics, Integrated teaching, Pharmaceutical students growing.
{"title":"Application of Multi-element Integrated Teaching in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Course in Pharmacy Majors","authors":"Hong Zhang, Jinghua Xu, Jiahong Wang, Yanting Gu, Guoxiang Sun","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.142","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: A professional foundational course in human anatomy and physiology is required of pharmacy students to establish their understanding of the field. Since it includes human anatomy and human physiology, two crucial theoretical courses for medical students, the teaching material for these subjects was employed to adhere to the standards of medical disciplines rather than those of pharmacy. Objectives: This study aimed to establish a multi-element integrated teaching method for human anatomy and physiology to address the training requirements of pharmacy students. Materials and Methods: For pharmacy majors, we designed a multi-element integrated teaching method of human anatomy and physiology from the viewpoints of medicine, pharmacy, and professional ethics. We also summarized the feasibility, significance, and issues associated with multi-element integrated teaching of human anatomy and physiology. Conclusion: Our multi-element integrated teaching method for human anatomy and physiology increased student interest and enhanced the effectiveness of lessons. This approach will promote the development of skilled pharmaceutical workers who are enthusiastic about scientific research and have a sense of social responsibility. Keywords: Human anatomy and physiology, Pharmacy characteristics, Integrated teaching, Pharmaceutical students growing.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Nopal fruits ( Opuntia ficus-indica) and their peels contain significant amount of natural colorants which can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications instead of using synthetic dyes. Materials and Methods: The present study focuses on the extraction of betalain from nopal fruit peel by conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and optimizing the UAE process variables using Box Box-Behnken surface design, as well as a preliminary screening of valuable phytochemicals using Gas-Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) which contribute to the medicinal potential of nopal fruits. Results: Soxhlet extraction of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin (BC and BX) was found to be 4.51 mg/g of BC and 0.67 mg/g of BX. The extraction yield of betacyanin and betaxanthin for UAE was extracted at 16 min, 40°C, 1/22 g/mL, and the yield was found to be 3.00 ± 0.23 mg/g BC, 0.225 ± 0.02 mg/g BX. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of nopal fruit ( Opuntia ficus-indica) peel revealed that ethanol extracts of nopal fruit peel revealed two fold higher results of - (+)-Ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate of UAE than soxhlet. Also other phytochemicals such as n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) which posses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activity are found to be higher.
{"title":"Influence of Extraction Techniques on Betalain Yield and Bioactive Phytochemical Analysis of Nopal Fruit Peels","authors":"Anbarasi Karunanithi","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.130","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nopal fruits ( Opuntia ficus-indica) and their peels contain significant amount of natural colorants which can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications instead of using synthetic dyes. Materials and Methods: The present study focuses on the extraction of betalain from nopal fruit peel by conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and optimizing the UAE process variables using Box Box-Behnken surface design, as well as a preliminary screening of valuable phytochemicals using Gas-Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) which contribute to the medicinal potential of nopal fruits. Results: Soxhlet extraction of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin (BC and BX) was found to be 4.51 mg/g of BC and 0.67 mg/g of BX. The extraction yield of betacyanin and betaxanthin for UAE was extracted at 16 min, 40°C, 1/22 g/mL, and the yield was found to be 3.00 ± 0.23 mg/g BC, 0.225 ± 0.02 mg/g BX. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of nopal fruit ( Opuntia ficus-indica) peel revealed that ethanol extracts of nopal fruit peel revealed two fold higher results of - (+)-Ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate of UAE than soxhlet. Also other phytochemicals such as n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) which posses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activity are found to be higher.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Aim: The major objective of this research was to synthesize and evaluate the hypolipidemic Activities of Coumarin Oxime esters and develop the possible target. Materials and Methods: Using salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate as raw materials, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid was synthesized by Knoevenagel reaction, and then reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form oxime, which was then dehydrated and condensed with niacin and acetylsalicylic acid respectively to obtain six coumarin oxime ester target compounds. MS and HNMR were MS and HNMR were employed to confirm the structures of the examined compounds. to validate the chemical structures of the investigated synthetics. The hypolipidemic effect of these compounds was evaluated by experimental mice models. The interaction of small-molecules and possible targets was assessed by Discovery Studio (v4.5). Results: The optimal reaction condition for oxime was as follows: n (3-acetyl coumarin): n (pyridine) = 1:30, the yield was 76.8%. The optimal reaction condition for synthesis oxime ester was as follows: the reaction time was 48 hr, the yield was 57.2%. The results of enzyme immunosorbent assay showed that the substances C1 and C4 both demonstrated specific lipid-lowering properties and were able to considerably decrease the triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in mice. Coumarin oxime nicotinate has a stronger effect on reducing serum triglyceride, while coumarin oxime aspirin has a stronger effect on reducing total cholesterol. The docking result indicated the 3QNT may be the possible hypolipidemic target of C1 with binding energy of -1.65 kcal/mol. Conclusion: It can be concluded that coumarin oxime esters would be carefully explored and developed as hypolipidemic drugs. The future research work should emphasis on the alteration of the coumarin oxime backbone at the mean time keeping the right-hand side of the nicotinic acid and aspirin structures. Keywords: Coumarin, Oxime esters, Synthesis, Hypolipidemic, Targets
摘要:目的:合成并评价香豆素肟酯类降血脂活性，寻找可能的靶点。材料与方法:以水杨酸醛和乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料，通过Knoevenagel反应合成香豆素-3-羧酸，再与盐酸羟胺反应生成肟，分别与烟酸和乙酰水杨酸脱水缩合，得到6个香豆素肟酯靶化合物。用质谱和核磁共振来确定化合物的结构。验证所研究的合成物的化学结构。通过小鼠实验模型评价了这些化合物的降血脂作用。通过Discovery Studio (v4.5)评估小分子与可能靶点的相互作用。结果:肟的最佳反应条件为n(3-乙酰香豆素):n(吡啶)= 1:30，得率为76.8%。合成肟酯的最佳反应条件为:反应时间为48小时，收率为57.2%。酶免疫吸附试验结果表明，C1和C4物质均表现出特定的降脂性能，并能显著降低小鼠的甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平。香豆素肟烟酸酯对降低血清甘油三酯有较强的作用，而香豆素肟阿司匹林对降低总胆固醇有较强的作用。对接结果表明3QNT可能是C1的降血脂靶点，结合能为-1.65 kcal/mol。结论:香豆素肟酯类药物可作为降血脂药物进行探索和开发。今后的研究工作应侧重于香豆素肟主链的改变，同时保持烟酸和阿司匹林的右侧结构。关键词:香豆素，肟酯，合成，降血脂，靶点
{"title":"Study on the Synthesis and Hypolipidemic Activities of Coumarin Oxime Esters Derivatives","authors":"Haoyun Chang, Guangyao Li, Peng Liu, Supei Hu, Peng Huang, Haixia Hu, Nongzhang Xu, Yang Zhou","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.138","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Aim: The major objective of this research was to synthesize and evaluate the hypolipidemic Activities of Coumarin Oxime esters and develop the possible target. Materials and Methods: Using salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate as raw materials, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid was synthesized by Knoevenagel reaction, and then reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form oxime, which was then dehydrated and condensed with niacin and acetylsalicylic acid respectively to obtain six coumarin oxime ester target compounds. MS and HNMR were MS and HNMR were employed to confirm the structures of the examined compounds. to validate the chemical structures of the investigated synthetics. The hypolipidemic effect of these compounds was evaluated by experimental mice models. The interaction of small-molecules and possible targets was assessed by Discovery Studio (v4.5). Results: The optimal reaction condition for oxime was as follows: n (3-acetyl coumarin): n (pyridine) = 1:30, the yield was 76.8%. The optimal reaction condition for synthesis oxime ester was as follows: the reaction time was 48 hr, the yield was 57.2%. The results of enzyme immunosorbent assay showed that the substances C1 and C4 both demonstrated specific lipid-lowering properties and were able to considerably decrease the triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in mice. Coumarin oxime nicotinate has a stronger effect on reducing serum triglyceride, while coumarin oxime aspirin has a stronger effect on reducing total cholesterol. The docking result indicated the 3QNT may be the possible hypolipidemic target of C1 with binding energy of -1.65 kcal/mol. Conclusion: It can be concluded that coumarin oxime esters would be carefully explored and developed as hypolipidemic drugs. The future research work should emphasis on the alteration of the coumarin oxime backbone at the mean time keeping the right-hand side of the nicotinic acid and aspirin structures. Keywords: Coumarin, Oxime esters, Synthesis, Hypolipidemic, Targets","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background: One of the most common types of recurrent carcinoma cases worldwide is gastric cancer. Even advances in treatment methods and early discoveries have not been able to significantly lower the death and morbidity rates associated with gastric cancer. On account of their multiple health benefits, apparent lack of toxicity and side effects, and the limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs, natural products have attracted a lot of interest in recent years with the aim of preventing cancer. Aim: A flavonoid class phytochemical known as Artemetin, has been discovered to be present in numerous medicinal plants. Anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective actions are only a few of its many pharmacological effects. Materials and Methods: In the current investigation, the potential of Artemetin as an anticancer agent for gastric cancer was evaluated in AGS cell lines. The influence of Artemetin on the cell viability, apoptotic induction, mitochondrial ATPase activity, ROS generation, and cell cycle progression has been examined. Cisplatin was selected as the positive control for the experiments. Results: The impact of Artemetin on the cell viability revealed that its cytotoxic potential increased in a dose-dependent pattern and IC50 concentrations were chosen for further experiments. The results showed that apoptosis was induced by Artemetin in AGS cells by triggering ROS pathway and DNA damage. The cell viability of AGS cells was reduced with increased concentration of Artemetin. Conclusion: Artemtin's cytotoxic potential in cells is mediated by inducing apoptosis, which is supported by significant levels of ROS and mitochondrial ATPase as well as the findings of the AO/EB staining. All these results suggest that Artemetin can be used as a potent anticancer drug for human gastric carcinoma. Keywords: Gastric cancer, Artemetin, AGS cells, Reactive oxygen species, Apoptosis.
{"title":"Artemetin, A Dietary Flavonoid Inhibits the Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Gastric Carcinoma (AGS) Cells","authors":"Yuxing Lv, Yinquan Wang, Gaopeng Hao","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.139","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: One of the most common types of recurrent carcinoma cases worldwide is gastric cancer. Even advances in treatment methods and early discoveries have not been able to significantly lower the death and morbidity rates associated with gastric cancer. On account of their multiple health benefits, apparent lack of toxicity and side effects, and the limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs, natural products have attracted a lot of interest in recent years with the aim of preventing cancer. Aim: A flavonoid class phytochemical known as Artemetin, has been discovered to be present in numerous medicinal plants. Anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective actions are only a few of its many pharmacological effects. Materials and Methods: In the current investigation, the potential of Artemetin as an anticancer agent for gastric cancer was evaluated in AGS cell lines. The influence of Artemetin on the cell viability, apoptotic induction, mitochondrial ATPase activity, ROS generation, and cell cycle progression has been examined. Cisplatin was selected as the positive control for the experiments. Results: The impact of Artemetin on the cell viability revealed that its cytotoxic potential increased in a dose-dependent pattern and IC50 concentrations were chosen for further experiments. The results showed that apoptosis was induced by Artemetin in AGS cells by triggering ROS pathway and DNA damage. The cell viability of AGS cells was reduced with increased concentration of Artemetin. Conclusion: Artemtin's cytotoxic potential in cells is mediated by inducing apoptosis, which is supported by significant levels of ROS and mitochondrial ATPase as well as the findings of the AO/EB staining. All these results suggest that Artemetin can be used as a potent anticancer drug for human gastric carcinoma. Keywords: Gastric cancer, Artemetin, AGS cells, Reactive oxygen species, Apoptosis.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehmet Dumenci, Filiz Mericli, Ozgur Tosun, Dudu Ozkum Yavuz
Abstract: Background: The utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has grown remarkably over the years as people seek alternative treatment methods to conventional medicine to manage various health conditions. Aim: The study aimed to assess the utilization of herbal remedies in treating respiratory disorders, enhance the safe and efficient use of herbal medicinal products, and raise awareness of the effectiveness of CAM in respiratory tract diseases in Northern Cyprus. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 610 respiratory patients, 10 pulmonologists, and 150 pharmacists, who participated voluntarily in the survey. The data was collected through three tailored questionnaires distributed to the target participants face-to-face and online. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: The data obtained from the survey indicated that patients with lower income and educational attainment tend to use herbal medicinal products less frequently compared to those with higher income (p= 0.026) and educational levels (p= 0.003). Pharmacists aged under 45 were more knowledgeable about herbal medicinal products than pharmacists over 45 (p<0.05). It was observed that a substantial majority (96%) of pharmacists recommend herbal medicinal products to their patients, primarily for preventive purposes. Additionally, pulmonologists lacked knowledge of herbal medicinal compositions, posology, administration, indications, side effects, and usage warnings. Conclusion: The study highlights the lack of adequate information among pharmacists, patients and pulmonologists regarding using herbal medicinal products for respiratory diseases. There is a pressing need for seminars and credible resources to address this knowledge deficit. Keywords: Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Pharmacists, Herbal Medicinal Products, Respiratory Diseases.
{"title":"The Attitude, Knowledge, and Evaluation of Herbal Medicinal Products for Respiratory Diseases in Northern Cyprus among Pharmacists, Patients, and Pulmonologists","authors":"Mehmet Dumenci, Filiz Mericli, Ozgur Tosun, Dudu Ozkum Yavuz","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.148","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: The utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has grown remarkably over the years as people seek alternative treatment methods to conventional medicine to manage various health conditions. Aim: The study aimed to assess the utilization of herbal remedies in treating respiratory disorders, enhance the safe and efficient use of herbal medicinal products, and raise awareness of the effectiveness of CAM in respiratory tract diseases in Northern Cyprus. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 610 respiratory patients, 10 pulmonologists, and 150 pharmacists, who participated voluntarily in the survey. The data was collected through three tailored questionnaires distributed to the target participants face-to-face and online. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: The data obtained from the survey indicated that patients with lower income and educational attainment tend to use herbal medicinal products less frequently compared to those with higher income (p= 0.026) and educational levels (p= 0.003). Pharmacists aged under 45 were more knowledgeable about herbal medicinal products than pharmacists over 45 (p<0.05). It was observed that a substantial majority (96%) of pharmacists recommend herbal medicinal products to their patients, primarily for preventive purposes. Additionally, pulmonologists lacked knowledge of herbal medicinal compositions, posology, administration, indications, side effects, and usage warnings. Conclusion: The study highlights the lack of adequate information among pharmacists, patients and pulmonologists regarding using herbal medicinal products for respiratory diseases. There is a pressing need for seminars and credible resources to address this knowledge deficit. Keywords: Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Pharmacists, Herbal Medicinal Products, Respiratory Diseases.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Globally, Colorectal cancer is the major cause of death. The current work emphasizes the synthesis of Gramine-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated Iron Oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and the evaluation of the antiproliferative and anticancerous activity in the HCT 116 cell line. Materials and Methods: The physiochemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs were assessed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 (Colon cancer) cell line was assessed using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT), trypan blue exclusion assay, phase contrast microscopy, nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) estimation. Results: The UV spectrum revealed the synthesis of Iron Oxide NPs at the peak of 266.25 nm. The FT-IR results confirmed that Gramine was successfully conjugated and PVA was efficaciously coated to Iron Oxide NPs. The XRD data revealed that the synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs are crystallite in nature. The micrograph of SEM revealed the presence of tetragonal shaped Iron Oxide NPs. In the MTT assay, the proliferation of HCT 116 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 was fixed at 25 μg/ml which showed 52.68% of inhibition. In the trypan blue exclusion assay, the percentage of viable cells gradually decreased and the deformation of cells was seen in phase contrast microscopic analysis. In treated groups, the oxidative stress indicators such as NO, LPO, and ROS levels were substantially higher compared to the control. Conclusion: The synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs exhibited outstanding anticancer activity against HCT 116 cell line. Keywords: Colorectal cancer cell line, Gramine, Polyvinyl alcohol, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Drug delivery.
{"title":"Formulation, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Effect of PVA Incorporated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles of Gramine Using HCT-116 Cell Line in vitro","authors":"Ahmed S Alnaim","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background and Objectives: Globally, Colorectal cancer is the major cause of death. The current work emphasizes the synthesis of Gramine-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated Iron Oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and the evaluation of the antiproliferative and anticancerous activity in the HCT 116 cell line. Materials and Methods: The physiochemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs were assessed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 (Colon cancer) cell line was assessed using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT), trypan blue exclusion assay, phase contrast microscopy, nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) estimation. Results: The UV spectrum revealed the synthesis of Iron Oxide NPs at the peak of 266.25 nm. The FT-IR results confirmed that Gramine was successfully conjugated and PVA was efficaciously coated to Iron Oxide NPs. The XRD data revealed that the synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs are crystallite in nature. The micrograph of SEM revealed the presence of tetragonal shaped Iron Oxide NPs. In the MTT assay, the proliferation of HCT 116 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 was fixed at 25 μg/ml which showed 52.68% of inhibition. In the trypan blue exclusion assay, the percentage of viable cells gradually decreased and the deformation of cells was seen in phase contrast microscopic analysis. In treated groups, the oxidative stress indicators such as NO, LPO, and ROS levels were substantially higher compared to the control. Conclusion: The synthesized Gramine loaded PVA coated Iron Oxide NPs exhibited outstanding anticancer activity against HCT 116 cell line. Keywords: Colorectal cancer cell line, Gramine, Polyvinyl alcohol, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background: Depression is a crippling and pervasive illness that can affect a person in many different ways. It can be identified by certain symptoms, such as modifications in behaviour, psychological functioning, and brain physiology. Materials and Methods: One of the animal models for depression has been the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) paradigm. In this study, spirulina algae, which contains tryptophan, was chosen and tested for its anti-depressant effectiveness in the CUS model using Fluoxetine as the gold standard. Wistar rats were chosen to undergo the CUS process for 28 days, and throughout that time, the test drug was given at doses of 400 mg/kg. Results: Behavioural and biochemical parameters were analysed, and has shown significant changes. Conclusion: When compared to the CUS group, spirulina algae at the tested doses had a substantial impact on behavioural and metabolic testing. These findings demonstrated that Spirulina algae specifically exhibited an in vivo anti-depressant-like effect. Keywords: Antidepressant, Spirulina algae, Force swim test, Tail suspensstion test, Sucrose preference test, Chronic Unpredictable Stress.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Depressant Activity of spirulina, a blue-green algae on Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induced Depression in Rats","authors":"Girish Meravanige Basavarajappa, Juturu Balaraju, Nimbagal Raghavendra Naveen, Prakash Goudanavar, Vakkalagadda Siva Ganesh, Sreeharsha Nagaraja, Predeepkumar Narayanappa Shiroorkar, Mallikarjun Telsang","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Depression is a crippling and pervasive illness that can affect a person in many different ways. It can be identified by certain symptoms, such as modifications in behaviour, psychological functioning, and brain physiology. Materials and Methods: One of the animal models for depression has been the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) paradigm. In this study, spirulina algae, which contains tryptophan, was chosen and tested for its anti-depressant effectiveness in the CUS model using Fluoxetine as the gold standard. Wistar rats were chosen to undergo the CUS process for 28 days, and throughout that time, the test drug was given at doses of 400 mg/kg. Results: Behavioural and biochemical parameters were analysed, and has shown significant changes. Conclusion: When compared to the CUS group, spirulina algae at the tested doses had a substantial impact on behavioural and metabolic testing. These findings demonstrated that Spirulina algae specifically exhibited an in vivo anti-depressant-like effect. Keywords: Antidepressant, Spirulina algae, Force swim test, Tail suspensstion test, Sucrose preference test, Chronic Unpredictable Stress.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a serious condition with available treatment options, including Selexipag (SXP), a selective prostacyclin receptor agonist that has effectively reduced patient morbidity and mortality. SXP is limited by poor water solubility, especially in acidic solutions, which can affect its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, strategies to tackle the solubility of SXP, such as nano-based Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs), should be explored. Objectives: The study aimed to tackle the poor dissolution rate of SXP and, consequently, improving the clinical efficacy and treatment outcomes of PAH patients. Materials and Methods: Three forms of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) were investigated as a DDS. SXP was loaded to MSNs (SBA-15, MCM-41, and KIT-6) via rotary evaporation technique and characterized for in vitro dissolution rates, drug release kinetics, morphology, crystallinity, interaction and surface properties. Results and Conclusion: Incorporating SXP as a monolayer to SBA-15 formulations significantly improved its dissolution rate, achieving an enhancement ratio of 9.48 at pH 1.2 compared to the pure drug. Notably, the monolayer and double-layer-loaded SBA-15 formulations exhibited the highest dissolution efficiency percentages, with values of 72.85% and 69.01%, respectively, surpassing that of raw SXP. The entrapment of SXP within SBA-15 mesopores was evident from pore volume reduction. The enhancement in dissolution rates was ascribed to the conversion of SXP into an amorphous state upon confinement within the nanostructure, which was indicated through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Keywords: Mesoporous silica, Drug dissolution, Selexipag, Solubility, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Crystallinity.
{"title":"Ameliorating the Poor Dissolution Rate of Selexipag in Aqueous Acidic Conditions Following Confinement into Mesoporous Silica","authors":"Mohamed S Attia, Fakhr Eldin S Ghazy","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a serious condition with available treatment options, including Selexipag (SXP), a selective prostacyclin receptor agonist that has effectively reduced patient morbidity and mortality. SXP is limited by poor water solubility, especially in acidic solutions, which can affect its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, strategies to tackle the solubility of SXP, such as nano-based Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs), should be explored. Objectives: The study aimed to tackle the poor dissolution rate of SXP and, consequently, improving the clinical efficacy and treatment outcomes of PAH patients. Materials and Methods: Three forms of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) were investigated as a DDS. SXP was loaded to MSNs (SBA-15, MCM-41, and KIT-6) via rotary evaporation technique and characterized for in vitro dissolution rates, drug release kinetics, morphology, crystallinity, interaction and surface properties. Results and Conclusion: Incorporating SXP as a monolayer to SBA-15 formulations significantly improved its dissolution rate, achieving an enhancement ratio of 9.48 at pH 1.2 compared to the pure drug. Notably, the monolayer and double-layer-loaded SBA-15 formulations exhibited the highest dissolution efficiency percentages, with values of 72.85% and 69.01%, respectively, surpassing that of raw SXP. The entrapment of SXP within SBA-15 mesopores was evident from pore volume reduction. The enhancement in dissolution rates was ascribed to the conversion of SXP into an amorphous state upon confinement within the nanostructure, which was indicated through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Keywords: Mesoporous silica, Drug dissolution, Selexipag, Solubility, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Crystallinity.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background: Increasing need for control in healthcare spendings and for publicly available services, opens new areas and topics that needs to be discussed. The aim of this paper is assessment of the technic adequacy for evaluation of knowledge level in the subject territory. Materials and Methods: Systematic review has been performed with electronic database PubMed and MEDLINE. The SPIDER model (Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type) was used to create the search strategy, which is more suitable for qualitative research. Results: After the initial check by title and the introductory part of the abstract, 1,282 published articles were eliminated due to inadequate study design. 249 articles that were checked by abstract with a focus on methodology and sample went for additional checking. During this step, 50 articles were selected for checking the complete research, i.e., the published content. Given results has enabled us insight in Delphi method with assessment of advantages and disadvantages. Keywords: Delphi method, Qualitative methods, Pharmacoeconomic, Decision-making
摘要:背景:对控制医疗保健支出和公共服务的需求日益增加，开辟了需要讨论的新领域和主题。本文的目的是评估学科领域知识水平评估的技术充分性。材料和方法:通过PubMed和MEDLINE电子数据库进行系统评价。使用SPIDER模型(Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type)创建更适合定性研究的搜索策略。结果:经过标题和摘要介绍部分的初步检查，1282篇已发表的文章因研究设计不充分而被淘汰。249篇以方法和样本为重点进行摘要检查的文章进行了额外检查。在这一步中，选择50篇文章来检查完整的研究，即发表的内容。给出的结果使我们能够深入了解德尔菲法与评价法的优缺点。关键词:德尔菲法;定性方法;药物经济学
{"title":"Assessment of the Suitability of the Delphi Method for Assessing the Needs of Pharmacoeconomic Studies in the Decision-Making Process","authors":"Sabina Becirovic, Valentina Marinkovic, Dragana Lakic","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Increasing need for control in healthcare spendings and for publicly available services, opens new areas and topics that needs to be discussed. The aim of this paper is assessment of the technic adequacy for evaluation of knowledge level in the subject territory. Materials and Methods: Systematic review has been performed with electronic database PubMed and MEDLINE. The SPIDER model (Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research Type) was used to create the search strategy, which is more suitable for qualitative research. Results: After the initial check by title and the introductory part of the abstract, 1,282 published articles were eliminated due to inadequate study design. 249 articles that were checked by abstract with a focus on methodology and sample went for additional checking. During this step, 50 articles were selected for checking the complete research, i.e., the published content. Given results has enabled us insight in Delphi method with assessment of advantages and disadvantages. Keywords: Delphi method, Qualitative methods, Pharmacoeconomic, Decision-making","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Bringing a new medicine from concept to market is costly and complex. Years of study and development go into it. Product development operations should be carried out in line with applicable regulatory standards to save time and money when bringing innovations to the marketplace. While the information on regulatory requirements is readily accessible, navigating the regulatory system is complex and becomes considerably more difficult when working with many countries. The primary goal is to improve regulatory awareness and achieve regulatory compliance in product development. An excellent place to start is with one of these ideas. The guide is not a list of laws but a discussion of the foundational ideas and principles governing regulatory policymaking and enforcement in the European Union. Throughout the drug's lifespan, these rules are consistent. Companies may standardise their processes and keep track of every action at every step of the lifecycle by developing a workflow and adhering to its stages of lifecycle compliance for each set of guidelines. Because of the current pharmaceutical market's complexity, more efficient drug research and manufacturing are required. This review article is based on the information collected from various sources from EMA and ICH websites and the articles mentioned. Despite the extreme complexity, Product Lifecycle Management has the potential to make pharmaceutical manufacturing more efficient and less risky. Pharmaceutical product lifecycle management during various phases such as research and development, regulatory submission and approval, commercialisation and marketing plays a significant role. Keywords: Product Lifecycle Management, Navigation Pathway, New Product Development, Post Approval Changes, Regulatory Review, European Union.
{"title":"An Overview on Development, Approval and Post Registration Activities for Pharmaceuticals in European Union","authors":"Thanush Thanush D, Balamuralidhara Balamuralidhara V, Thoyajaksha Thoyajaksha V, Deeksha Deeksha KS, Gowthami Gowthami KR","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Bringing a new medicine from concept to market is costly and complex. Years of study and development go into it. Product development operations should be carried out in line with applicable regulatory standards to save time and money when bringing innovations to the marketplace. While the information on regulatory requirements is readily accessible, navigating the regulatory system is complex and becomes considerably more difficult when working with many countries. The primary goal is to improve regulatory awareness and achieve regulatory compliance in product development. An excellent place to start is with one of these ideas. The guide is not a list of laws but a discussion of the foundational ideas and principles governing regulatory policymaking and enforcement in the European Union. Throughout the drug's lifespan, these rules are consistent. Companies may standardise their processes and keep track of every action at every step of the lifecycle by developing a workflow and adhering to its stages of lifecycle compliance for each set of guidelines. Because of the current pharmaceutical market's complexity, more efficient drug research and manufacturing are required. This review article is based on the information collected from various sources from EMA and ICH websites and the articles mentioned. Despite the extreme complexity, Product Lifecycle Management has the potential to make pharmaceutical manufacturing more efficient and less risky. Pharmaceutical product lifecycle management during various phases such as research and development, regulatory submission and approval, commercialisation and marketing plays a significant role. Keywords: Product Lifecycle Management, Navigation Pathway, New Product Development, Post Approval Changes, Regulatory Review, European Union.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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