Abstract: Background: Plants are an open treasure of diverse pharmacologically active scaffolds. Natsiatum herpeticum, a least exploited plant, is known to be consumed by various ethnic groups of Asian origin as edible or as part of traditional remedy. Materials and Methods: The Ethanolic Extract of N. herpeticum (EENH) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity using acute toxic class method (OECD 423). Here, we aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging (antioxidant) and in vitro anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract. Results: Acute toxicity result suggests the plant to be safe and can be categorised under category 5 of GHS classification. The EENH showed promising antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50 value= 84.1 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 value=81.8 μg/mL) method. Similarly, the plant extract demonstrated good in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 value=80.88-93.26 μg/mL). Conclusion: The plant can be considered as safe to be consumed. The plant extract exhibited promising in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which are further to be tested in in vivo models. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Natsiatum herpeticum
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity Study, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.Ham. ex Arn.","authors":"Sangeeta Hazarika, Siva Hemalatha, Katharigatta Narayanaswamy Venugopala","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.132","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Plants are an open treasure of diverse pharmacologically active scaffolds. Natsiatum herpeticum, a least exploited plant, is known to be consumed by various ethnic groups of Asian origin as edible or as part of traditional remedy. Materials and Methods: The Ethanolic Extract of N. herpeticum (EENH) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity using acute toxic class method (OECD 423). Here, we aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging (antioxidant) and in vitro anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract. Results: Acute toxicity result suggests the plant to be safe and can be categorised under category 5 of GHS classification. The EENH showed promising antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50 value= 84.1 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 value=81.8 μg/mL) method. Similarly, the plant extract demonstrated good in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 value=80.88-93.26 μg/mL). Conclusion: The plant can be considered as safe to be consumed. The plant extract exhibited promising in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which are further to be tested in in vivo models. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Natsiatum herpeticum","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haiyun Wang, Binbin Tang, Junjie Shi, Yan Wang, Qili Wang
Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of a herbal formulation “Guyuan Tang” on preventing the recurrence of children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome and its influence on immune function. Materials and Methods: In all, 30 children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome were randomly divided into the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group and the control group. The control group was treated with conventional western medicine, while the TCM group was treated with Guyuan Tang for three months based a control group. The changes in the immune function indices before and after treatment were compared between the two groups, and the frequencies of infection and recurrence were compared after 12 months of follow-up. Results: The level of IgG protein, the proportion of CD3+CD4+T cells, CD4/CD8 and Treg cells in the TCM group increased after three months of Guyuan Tang treatment (p < 0.05), which showed statistical differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05). After one year of follow-up, no statistically significant difference was observed in the incidences of recurrence and infection between the two groups (p > 0.05), but the hospitalization rate and the average number of infections in the TCM group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Guyuan Tang could reduce the frequency of infection in children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome, and regulating the proportion of Treg cells, CD4/CD8 and IgG may be one of its mechanisms. Keywords: Frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome, Infection, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Immune, Children.
{"title":"Effect of a Herbal Formulation on Infection Prevention and Immune Regulation in Children with Frequent Relapse Nephrotic Syndrome","authors":"Haiyun Wang, Binbin Tang, Junjie Shi, Yan Wang, Qili Wang","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.149","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of a herbal formulation “Guyuan Tang” on preventing the recurrence of children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome and its influence on immune function. Materials and Methods: In all, 30 children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome were randomly divided into the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group and the control group. The control group was treated with conventional western medicine, while the TCM group was treated with Guyuan Tang for three months based a control group. The changes in the immune function indices before and after treatment were compared between the two groups, and the frequencies of infection and recurrence were compared after 12 months of follow-up. Results: The level of IgG protein, the proportion of CD3+CD4+T cells, CD4/CD8 and Treg cells in the TCM group increased after three months of Guyuan Tang treatment (p < 0.05), which showed statistical differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05). After one year of follow-up, no statistically significant difference was observed in the incidences of recurrence and infection between the two groups (p > 0.05), but the hospitalization rate and the average number of infections in the TCM group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Guyuan Tang could reduce the frequency of infection in children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome, and regulating the proportion of Treg cells, CD4/CD8 and IgG may be one of its mechanisms. Keywords: Frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome, Infection, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Immune, Children.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pottathil Shinu, Akash Sharma, Anroop B Nair, Manish Kumar, Shahzad Khan, Abdulaziz K Al Mouslem, Mohamed A Morsy, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, Beena Kumari
Abstract: Background: Tretinoin is generally used to treat acne vulgaris and photoaging. The study aimed to develop a gel composition containing tretinoin nanocrystals and characterize and compare in vitro anti-acne activity. Materials and Methods: The anti-solvent precipitation approach was used to prepare tretinoin nanocrystals. The drug nanocrystals were optimized for parameters such as particle size, drug content, and drug release. The optimized nanocrystals (TN9) were incorporated into the gel system (TNG1-TNG5) and characterized for pharmaceutical properties. The selected formulation (TNG1) was tested for anti-acne activity using Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compared with Doxycycline HCl as standard. Results: Nanocrystals (TN9) showed the lowest particle size of 114.2 nm, the least value of polydispersity of 0.232, the highest drug content of 95.24%, and higher cumulative drug release of 97.2% in 10 hr. TEM and DSC images conformed to the nano-size range and crystalline nature of nanocrystals. The prepared gel composition indicates a clear, smooth, and homogeneous nature, good spreadability, suitable viscosity, pH, and drug content. The drug release from TNG1 was found to be significant (p < 0.0001) and was superior to the commercial gel. Results of anti-acne activity signify that the zone of inhibition exhibited by tretinoin nanocrystals was comparable with Doxycycline HCl (standard) for both microorganisms tested. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the developed tretinoin nanocrystals could be a feasible approach for effective therapy in the treatment of acne. Keywords: Tretinoin, Nanocrystals, Gel, Drug release, Anti-acne activity, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis.
{"title":"Development, Evaluation, and in vitro Anti-Acne Activity of Tretinoin Nanocrystals Gel","authors":"Pottathil Shinu, Akash Sharma, Anroop B Nair, Manish Kumar, Shahzad Khan, Abdulaziz K Al Mouslem, Mohamed A Morsy, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, Beena Kumari","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Tretinoin is generally used to treat acne vulgaris and photoaging. The study aimed to develop a gel composition containing tretinoin nanocrystals and characterize and compare in vitro anti-acne activity. Materials and Methods: The anti-solvent precipitation approach was used to prepare tretinoin nanocrystals. The drug nanocrystals were optimized for parameters such as particle size, drug content, and drug release. The optimized nanocrystals (TN9) were incorporated into the gel system (TNG1-TNG5) and characterized for pharmaceutical properties. The selected formulation (TNG1) was tested for anti-acne activity using Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compared with Doxycycline HCl as standard. Results: Nanocrystals (TN9) showed the lowest particle size of 114.2 nm, the least value of polydispersity of 0.232, the highest drug content of 95.24%, and higher cumulative drug release of 97.2% in 10 hr. TEM and DSC images conformed to the nano-size range and crystalline nature of nanocrystals. The prepared gel composition indicates a clear, smooth, and homogeneous nature, good spreadability, suitable viscosity, pH, and drug content. The drug release from TNG1 was found to be significant (p < 0.0001) and was superior to the commercial gel. Results of anti-acne activity signify that the zone of inhibition exhibited by tretinoin nanocrystals was comparable with Doxycycline HCl (standard) for both microorganisms tested. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the developed tretinoin nanocrystals could be a feasible approach for effective therapy in the treatment of acne. Keywords: Tretinoin, Nanocrystals, Gel, Drug release, Anti-acne activity, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Background Information: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is spiking substantially in both emerging and developed countries and the use of a nutritional approach to diabetes control has recently attracted a lot of attention. The banana (Musa spp.) is ubiquitously favourite in the tropical areas of the world. The wild plant species Musa acuminata, also referred to as the Cavendish banana, is found in tropical and subtropical climates. The health advantages of M. acuminata have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. Every component of the plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases. While the anti-diabetic potential of various parts of Musa acuminata has been reported, the corm has not been extensively studied. Objectives: Considering the lack of data on the anti-diabetic potential of M. acuminata corm, we proposed to evaluate the same using a zebra fish model. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in zebrafish by intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ). The fishes were maintained in 2% sucrose solution for 48 hr for induction of diabetes after which they were transferred to the respective treatment tanks containing the corm extract at 10, 20 or 30 µg/mL; on Day 8, they were all euthanized and used for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: Musa acuminata Corm Extract (MACE), at 10, 20 and 30 µg/mL caused significant glucose lowering action in diabetic zebra fish model. This is evident from the enzyme analysis. The histopathological analysis also revealed the enhanced growth of villi and increased number of goblet cells in the intestine of MACE treated group. Conclusion: The role of MACE in preventing diabetic complications like hypercholesteremia and hyperlipidaemia supports its claim that it can be used as an adjuvant or as an alternative to other diabetic medications. The precise mode of action of the antidiabetic potential of MACE identified in this study could not be completely deciphered at this point. Additional research is required to narrow down on the active phytoconstituents responsible for this effect and also the mechanism by which it exerts this effect. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Musa acuminata Corm Extract (MACE), Anti-diabetic, Zebra fish
{"title":"Evaluation of the Aqueous Extract of Musa acuminata Corm (Rhizome) for its Anti-diabetic Potential in Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetic Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model","authors":"Yahia Ali Kaabi","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.129","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background Information: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is spiking substantially in both emerging and developed countries and the use of a nutritional approach to diabetes control has recently attracted a lot of attention. The banana (Musa spp.) is ubiquitously favourite in the tropical areas of the world. The wild plant species Musa acuminata, also referred to as the Cavendish banana, is found in tropical and subtropical climates. The health advantages of M. acuminata have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. Every component of the plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases. While the anti-diabetic potential of various parts of Musa acuminata has been reported, the corm has not been extensively studied. Objectives: Considering the lack of data on the anti-diabetic potential of M. acuminata corm, we proposed to evaluate the same using a zebra fish model. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in zebrafish by intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ). The fishes were maintained in 2% sucrose solution for 48 hr for induction of diabetes after which they were transferred to the respective treatment tanks containing the corm extract at 10, 20 or 30 µg/mL; on Day 8, they were all euthanized and used for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: Musa acuminata Corm Extract (MACE), at 10, 20 and 30 µg/mL caused significant glucose lowering action in diabetic zebra fish model. This is evident from the enzyme analysis. The histopathological analysis also revealed the enhanced growth of villi and increased number of goblet cells in the intestine of MACE treated group. Conclusion: The role of MACE in preventing diabetic complications like hypercholesteremia and hyperlipidaemia supports its claim that it can be used as an adjuvant or as an alternative to other diabetic medications. The precise mode of action of the antidiabetic potential of MACE identified in this study could not be completely deciphered at this point. Additional research is required to narrow down on the active phytoconstituents responsible for this effect and also the mechanism by which it exerts this effect. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Musa acuminata Corm Extract (MACE), Anti-diabetic, Zebra fish","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"1 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to design, develop, and optimize the buccal tablets containing extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. for the treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods: Buccal tablets were made using the direct compression method, and screening tests with various polymers were run to see how they affected the properties of the tablets. The utilisation of response surface methods, two polymer types, carbopol® and HPMC, were chosen for additional optimization research. Strength of mucoadhesion and % two significant responses that the drug permeated after 8 hr from the buccal mucosa were chosen. By using a swelling index analysis, the profiles and kinetics of in vitro drug release were examined. Results: The Terminalia chebula Retz. content in buccal tablets was determined to be 99.14±0.44%, and a DSC analysis showed that there was no chemical interaction between the ingredients of the tablet (8 g carbopol 934 and 20 g HPMC K15 made up the optimal formulation). After 8 hr of in vitro dissolving studies, a cumulative Terminalia chebula Retz. release of 90% was reached, which was confirmed by swelling analysis. Conclusion: The findings suggested that Terminalia chebula Retz's. optimised buccal tablets would be a promising and different delivery method for the treatment of asthma. Keywords: Terminalia chebula Retz., Buccal tablet, HPMC K15, Optimization, Carbopol, DoE
{"title":"Design, Development and Optimization of Buccal Tablet Containing Extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. for the Treatment of Asthma","authors":"Suruse PB Suruse, Gawali MB Gawali, Kalkotwar RS Kalkotwar, Bhabad RB Bhabad, Bagdane SB Bagdane, Barde LG Barde","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to design, develop, and optimize the buccal tablets containing extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. for the treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods: Buccal tablets were made using the direct compression method, and screening tests with various polymers were run to see how they affected the properties of the tablets. The utilisation of response surface methods, two polymer types, carbopol® and HPMC, were chosen for additional optimization research. Strength of mucoadhesion and % two significant responses that the drug permeated after 8 hr from the buccal mucosa were chosen. By using a swelling index analysis, the profiles and kinetics of in vitro drug release were examined. Results: The Terminalia chebula Retz. content in buccal tablets was determined to be 99.14±0.44%, and a DSC analysis showed that there was no chemical interaction between the ingredients of the tablet (8 g carbopol 934 and 20 g HPMC K15 made up the optimal formulation). After 8 hr of in vitro dissolving studies, a cumulative Terminalia chebula Retz. release of 90% was reached, which was confirmed by swelling analysis. Conclusion: The findings suggested that Terminalia chebula Retz's. optimised buccal tablets would be a promising and different delivery method for the treatment of asthma. Keywords: Terminalia chebula Retz., Buccal tablet, HPMC K15, Optimization, Carbopol, DoE","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiaoli Ma, Hesham S Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Thamaraiselvan Rengarajan
Abstract: Background: Epilepsy, which affects about 1% of the world's population, is the third most common neurological disease after stroke and Alzheimer's disease. It is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to abnormal neuronal excitability and hypersynchrony. Objectives: The current work was aimed at discovering the neuroprotective properties of ruscogenin against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy in rats. Materials and Methods: The epileptic episode was induced in the rats by injecting 45 mg/kg of PTZ. Rats were pretreated with 10 mg/ kg of ruscogenin 30 min before the PTZ challenge. The seizure severity and latency were assessed in the control and experimental rats. The status of oxidative markers, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitters was examined using the corresponding assay kits. The histopathological analysis was done on the brain tissues of the experimental rats. The viability of control and treated neural SHSY-5Y cells was assessed with the MTT assay. Results: The ruscogenin treatment effectively reduced the seizure severity and augmented the latency in the epilepsy rats. The levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO syntheses were effectively reduced in the brain tissues of epilepsy rats by the ruscogenin treatment. Ruscogenin decreased the oxidative index and increased the antioxidant index in the brain tissues of epilepsy rats. The levels of neurotransmitters were increased, and inflammatory cytokines were decreased in the epileptic rats by the ruscogenin. The results of histopathological analysis demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of ruscogenin. The viability of PTZ-challenged neural SHSY-5Y cells was increased by the ruscogenin treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current results revealed that pretreatment with ruscogenin decreased the PTZ-induced epilepsy in rats by exerting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it may be concluded that ruscogenin may be a possible therapeutic option to treat epilepsy. Keywords: Seizure, Gammaaminobutyric acid, Nitric oxide synthase, Ruscogenin, SHSY-5Y cells.
{"title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Ruscogenin against Cognitive Impairment on Pentylenetetrazole-induced Epileptic Seizures in Rats","authors":"Qiaoli Ma, Hesham S Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Thamaraiselvan Rengarajan","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.128","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Epilepsy, which affects about 1% of the world's population, is the third most common neurological disease after stroke and Alzheimer's disease. It is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to abnormal neuronal excitability and hypersynchrony. Objectives: The current work was aimed at discovering the neuroprotective properties of ruscogenin against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy in rats. Materials and Methods: The epileptic episode was induced in the rats by injecting 45 mg/kg of PTZ. Rats were pretreated with 10 mg/ kg of ruscogenin 30 min before the PTZ challenge. The seizure severity and latency were assessed in the control and experimental rats. The status of oxidative markers, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitters was examined using the corresponding assay kits. The histopathological analysis was done on the brain tissues of the experimental rats. The viability of control and treated neural SHSY-5Y cells was assessed with the MTT assay. Results: The ruscogenin treatment effectively reduced the seizure severity and augmented the latency in the epilepsy rats. The levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO syntheses were effectively reduced in the brain tissues of epilepsy rats by the ruscogenin treatment. Ruscogenin decreased the oxidative index and increased the antioxidant index in the brain tissues of epilepsy rats. The levels of neurotransmitters were increased, and inflammatory cytokines were decreased in the epileptic rats by the ruscogenin. The results of histopathological analysis demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of ruscogenin. The viability of PTZ-challenged neural SHSY-5Y cells was increased by the ruscogenin treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current results revealed that pretreatment with ruscogenin decreased the PTZ-induced epilepsy in rats by exerting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it may be concluded that ruscogenin may be a possible therapeutic option to treat epilepsy. Keywords: Seizure, Gammaaminobutyric acid, Nitric oxide synthase, Ruscogenin, SHSY-5Y cells.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sunil S Chiplunkar, Shivakumar HG Shivakumar, Meghana Meghana GS, D Vishkanthe Gowda
Abstract: Aim: To understand pharmacological concepts, usefulness for Medical Representatives' sales outcomes, and corporate brand equity outcomes. Background: Teams of medical representatives are deployed by pharmaceutical companies for drug promotion. Pharmaceutical selling is a significant job creator in India – an estimated six lakh plus medical representatives/field personnel are employed in this sector. The Life Sciences Sector Skills Development Council (LSSSDC) has also laid down National Occupational Standards (NOS) for the medical representative job function. The medical representative is a crucial link to the market for pharmaceutical companies involved in drug promotion and making products available. A vital role of the medical representative is to create product presentations by detailing and providing collaterals. In detailing and collateral content, pharmacology talking points are crucial. In this study, we gather feedback through a questionnaire based on a Likert scale from doctors, pharmacists, medical representatives, and field managers (total sample = 1008) regarding the pharmacology talking points. Materials and Methods: The present survey analyzes the influence of pharmacological concepts with doctors, pharmacists, field managers, and medical representatives on sales outcomes. To develop a pharmacological model for product promotion based on the type of product (novel, new and old), niche, and mass me-too brand). Successful pharmaceutical marketing is the key to product and therapy success. Conclusion: This study reiterates the importance of pharmacology in pharmaceutical product promotion and its benefits to the pharmaceutical company for improved corporate image and sales outcomes. Keywords: Pharmacology, Posology, Novel new products, Niche products, Me-too mass products, Drug promotion.
{"title":"Influence of Pharmacology Concepts on Medical Representative Sales Outcomes and Corporate Equity","authors":"Sunil S Chiplunkar, Shivakumar HG Shivakumar, Meghana Meghana GS, D Vishkanthe Gowda","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Aim: To understand pharmacological concepts, usefulness for Medical Representatives' sales outcomes, and corporate brand equity outcomes. Background: Teams of medical representatives are deployed by pharmaceutical companies for drug promotion. Pharmaceutical selling is a significant job creator in India – an estimated six lakh plus medical representatives/field personnel are employed in this sector. The Life Sciences Sector Skills Development Council (LSSSDC) has also laid down National Occupational Standards (NOS) for the medical representative job function. The medical representative is a crucial link to the market for pharmaceutical companies involved in drug promotion and making products available. A vital role of the medical representative is to create product presentations by detailing and providing collaterals. In detailing and collateral content, pharmacology talking points are crucial. In this study, we gather feedback through a questionnaire based on a Likert scale from doctors, pharmacists, medical representatives, and field managers (total sample = 1008) regarding the pharmacology talking points. Materials and Methods: The present survey analyzes the influence of pharmacological concepts with doctors, pharmacists, field managers, and medical representatives on sales outcomes. To develop a pharmacological model for product promotion based on the type of product (novel, new and old), niche, and mass me-too brand). Successful pharmaceutical marketing is the key to product and therapy success. Conclusion: This study reiterates the importance of pharmacology in pharmaceutical product promotion and its benefits to the pharmaceutical company for improved corporate image and sales outcomes. Keywords: Pharmacology, Posology, Novel new products, Niche products, Me-too mass products, Drug promotion.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tahani Awad Alahmadi, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Balasubramani Ravindran, Karunakaran Saravanan
Abstract: Background: C. tinctorius (safflower) natural food colorant and has been used to control high blood pressure, supress oxidation, cancer immunosuppressive drug, inhibits blood clots, dilate blood vessels, and as neuroprotective agents. Several investigations indicate the relationship between oxidative processes and emergence of cancer. The current investigation data confirms the antiproliferative activity of Safflower against A549 cancer cell line but little is known about their antioxidant mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) levels were measured in order to explore the antioxidant properties of safflower extract. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), reduced Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were measured by UV-spectrophotometric analysis. Further, apoptotic key regulator BAX and SMAC gene expression were also analysed. Results: The dose-dependent antioxidant activity of Safflower extract induced apoptosis in A549 cells. There was significant increase in LPO, NO, LDH, SOD and CAT (*p < 0.0001) activities except GSH. Our data confirmed that safflower treated A549 cells inhibits the oxidation by scavenging free radicals and induced apoptosis by increased gene expression BAX and SMAC. Conclusion: The current findings indicates safflower extract might be potential alternative medicine for the treatment of lung cancer. Keywords: Safflower, Antioxidant, Anti-cancer, Lipid Peroxidase, Nitric Oxide, Polymerase Chain Reaction.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Activity of Carthamus tinctorius L. Extract in Lung Cancer A549 Cells","authors":"Tahani Awad Alahmadi, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Balasubramani Ravindran, Karunakaran Saravanan","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.134","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: C. tinctorius (safflower) natural food colorant and has been used to control high blood pressure, supress oxidation, cancer immunosuppressive drug, inhibits blood clots, dilate blood vessels, and as neuroprotective agents. Several investigations indicate the relationship between oxidative processes and emergence of cancer. The current investigation data confirms the antiproliferative activity of Safflower against A549 cancer cell line but little is known about their antioxidant mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) levels were measured in order to explore the antioxidant properties of safflower extract. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), reduced Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were measured by UV-spectrophotometric analysis. Further, apoptotic key regulator BAX and SMAC gene expression were also analysed. Results: The dose-dependent antioxidant activity of Safflower extract induced apoptosis in A549 cells. There was significant increase in LPO, NO, LDH, SOD and CAT (*p < 0.0001) activities except GSH. Our data confirmed that safflower treated A549 cells inhibits the oxidation by scavenging free radicals and induced apoptosis by increased gene expression BAX and SMAC. Conclusion: The current findings indicates safflower extract might be potential alternative medicine for the treatment of lung cancer. Keywords: Safflower, Antioxidant, Anti-cancer, Lipid Peroxidase, Nitric Oxide, Polymerase Chain Reaction.","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Aim: Simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Glimepiride, Glibenclamide and Moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparation. Materials and Methods: Mediterranean C18 column with dimensions of 150mm×4.6mm was used with HPLC Shimadzu_ LC-20 AT model, Version 1:62 is used for processing of chromatograms at room temperature (25± 2°C). 1 mL per minute was the flow rate and detector were set at 254nm with mobile Phase consisting of 85:10:5 v/v methanol: water: acetonitrile. Results: The developed method proved to be accurate, simple, effective precise and reproducible. One way ANOVA was also applied for further confirmation of the results. Conclusion: The method is applicable for the routine analysis of drugs in API and in formulation and for studying in vitro interaction studies. Keywords: Moxifloxacin, Glimepiride, Glibenclamide, in vitro interaction studies
{"title":"Interaction Studies of Moxifloxacin with Anti-diabetic Drugs and Application of RP-HPLC in Analysis","authors":"Sania Bashir, Fatima Qamar, Safila Naveed, Syeda Zainab, Halima Sadia, Aisha Sana, Wajeeha Muzafar","doi":"10.5530/ijper.57.4.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.57.4.146","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Aim: Simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Glimepiride, Glibenclamide and Moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparation. Materials and Methods: Mediterranean C18 column with dimensions of 150mm×4.6mm was used with HPLC Shimadzu_ LC-20 AT model, Version 1:62 is used for processing of chromatograms at room temperature (25± 2°C). 1 mL per minute was the flow rate and detector were set at 254nm with mobile Phase consisting of 85:10:5 v/v methanol: water: acetonitrile. Results: The developed method proved to be accurate, simple, effective precise and reproducible. One way ANOVA was also applied for further confirmation of the results. Conclusion: The method is applicable for the routine analysis of drugs in API and in formulation and for studying in vitro interaction studies. Keywords: Moxifloxacin, Glimepiride, Glibenclamide, in vitro interaction studies","PeriodicalId":13407,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135645443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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