Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1846630
Friedrich Y. Lee, M. Baldea, T. Edgar, Jietae Lee
ABSTRACT Relay in the feedback loop produces a stable oscillation whose cyclic steady state response contains process information of ultimate gain and ultimate period. By measuring these process data and Ziegler-Nichols type tuning rules, PID controllers can be designed. Due to its simplicity and performances, this earlier relay feedback method becomes one of the standard methods for autotuning of PID controllers. Later the first-order plus time delay (FOPTD) models are used for the relay feedback method with additional process data such as the process steady-state gain, improving autotuning performances. Like other FOPTD model-based methods, this FOPTD model-based relay feedback method is very popular in the field. However, for some high-order processes, the FOPTD model-based method shows oscillatory closed-loop responses that are not acceptable. For such processes, the critically damped second-order plus time delay (C2PTD) identifiable with the same three process information of steady state gain, ultimate gain and ultimate period can be used. Unfortunately, the C2PTD model-based relay feedback method cannot cover the whole range of processes. One solution is the selective use of FOPTD and C2PTD models. For this purpose of selection, a shape factor that uses the process measurement of average residence time is proposed here. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Shape factor for the relay feedback autotuning","authors":"Friedrich Y. Lee, M. Baldea, T. Edgar, Jietae Lee","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1846630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1846630","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Relay in the feedback loop produces a stable oscillation whose cyclic steady state response contains process information of ultimate gain and ultimate period. By measuring these process data and Ziegler-Nichols type tuning rules, PID controllers can be designed. Due to its simplicity and performances, this earlier relay feedback method becomes one of the standard methods for autotuning of PID controllers. Later the first-order plus time delay (FOPTD) models are used for the relay feedback method with additional process data such as the process steady-state gain, improving autotuning performances. Like other FOPTD model-based methods, this FOPTD model-based relay feedback method is very popular in the field. However, for some high-order processes, the FOPTD model-based method shows oscillatory closed-loop responses that are not acceptable. For such processes, the critically damped second-order plus time delay (C2PTD) identifiable with the same three process information of steady state gain, ultimate gain and ultimate period can be used. Unfortunately, the C2PTD model-based relay feedback method cannot cover the whole range of processes. One solution is the selective use of FOPTD and C2PTD models. For this purpose of selection, a shape factor that uses the process measurement of average residence time is proposed here. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"27 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1846630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1845987
S. Das, K. Nath, V. Gupta, R. Chowdhury
ABSTRACT Algae can simultaneously be used for bio-capture of CO2, generation of biofuels and biochar. In the present study, the kinetics of autotrophic growth of a power-plant blue–green algae Leptolyngbya subtilis JUCHE1 have been determined along with the assessment of capability of lipid production. The gas phase concentrations of CO2 have been varied in the range of 5–20% (v/v). Illuminated 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks have been used as small scale photobioreactors. The temperature and light intensity have been maintained at 37oC and 2.5 kLux respectively. Substrate inhibition has been observed beyond 15% CO2 concentration in gas phase. Haldane model explains the growth kinetics. The values of growth kinetic parameters namely μmax, Ks, KI have been determined to be 0.6064d−1, 0.0165 and 1.7429 g/L, respectively. The algal oil has been extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol 2:1(v/v) and the dry algal biomass has been pyrolysed in an isothermal semi-batch reactor in the temperature range of 300oC–700°C. The lipid content varies in the range of 4.0–12.5% (wt./wt.) and is strongly influenced by the concentration of CO2 and the culture period. The yield of bio-char increases from 29 to 44% with the decrease of pyrolysis temperature from 700°C to 300°C. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Studies on power plant algae: assessment of growth kinetics and bio-char production from slow pyrolysis process","authors":"S. Das, K. Nath, V. Gupta, R. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1845987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1845987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Algae can simultaneously be used for bio-capture of CO2, generation of biofuels and biochar. In the present study, the kinetics of autotrophic growth of a power-plant blue–green algae Leptolyngbya subtilis JUCHE1 have been determined along with the assessment of capability of lipid production. The gas phase concentrations of CO2 have been varied in the range of 5–20% (v/v). Illuminated 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks have been used as small scale photobioreactors. The temperature and light intensity have been maintained at 37oC and 2.5 kLux respectively. Substrate inhibition has been observed beyond 15% CO2 concentration in gas phase. Haldane model explains the growth kinetics. The values of growth kinetic parameters namely μmax, Ks, KI have been determined to be 0.6064d−1, 0.0165 and 1.7429 g/L, respectively. The algal oil has been extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol 2:1(v/v) and the dry algal biomass has been pyrolysed in an isothermal semi-batch reactor in the temperature range of 300oC–700°C. The lipid content varies in the range of 4.0–12.5% (wt./wt.) and is strongly influenced by the concentration of CO2 and the culture period. The yield of bio-char increases from 29 to 44% with the decrease of pyrolysis temperature from 700°C to 300°C. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"129 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1845987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1847697
Shirish Prakash Bandsode, C. Besta
ABSTRACT Reactive distillation (RD), a process intensified technique, involves integrating reaction and separation in a single unit. High non-linearities associated with the RD process constrict the control degrees of freedom and set the key challenge in designing a robust control system. In the present work, the design is optimised for reactive distillation–diphenyl carbonate and a decentralised feedback control configuration is applied to carry out the control studies. A comparative decentralised control performance is studied for different transfer function models obtained by using analytical and optimisation-based process identification techniques. The controller parameters obtained from the simple internal model control tuning relations are applied to (i) the linear transfer function model and (ii) non-linear plant model. Set-point tracking and load rejection studies are carried out to compare the performance of different models and investigate the non-linear model’s controller performance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Dynamic analysis and decentralised control system design for diphenyl carbonate reactive distillation process","authors":"Shirish Prakash Bandsode, C. Besta","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1847697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847697","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reactive distillation (RD), a process intensified technique, involves integrating reaction and separation in a single unit. High non-linearities associated with the RD process constrict the control degrees of freedom and set the key challenge in designing a robust control system. In the present work, the design is optimised for reactive distillation–diphenyl carbonate and a decentralised feedback control configuration is applied to carry out the control studies. A comparative decentralised control performance is studied for different transfer function models obtained by using analytical and optimisation-based process identification techniques. The controller parameters obtained from the simple internal model control tuning relations are applied to (i) the linear transfer function model and (ii) non-linear plant model. Set-point tracking and load rejection studies are carried out to compare the performance of different models and investigate the non-linear model’s controller performance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"151 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45347715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1847698
Chandrima Roy, R. Chowdhury, P. Bhattacharya
ABSTRACT The performance of an up-flow 0.5 m high and 0.076 m diameter fixed-film bioreactor treating lipid-rich synthetic wastewater has been investigated under the present study. The initial porosity of the filter bed using immobilised microorganisms were on the support matrices has been measured to be 0.67. Excess biomass accumulation on the support leads to an increase in biofilm thickness with time. The filter bed has been regenerated by backwashing after the stipulated time to regain its efficiency in terms of COD removal through the revival of the contact surface. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the loss of contact area and decrease in the porosity of bed with operation time. The backwashing time has been correlated to the inlet concentration of substrate. Methanogens like Methanococcus sp. and Methanosarcina sp. are detected in the mixed anaerobic consortia and favourable growth condition for methanogens in the reactor leads to a maximum cumulative methane production at the exit of the reactor estimated to be 785 ml CH4 (STP)/(g VSS added). The originality of the present research lies in investigating erucic acid-rich wastewater in a bioreactor with backwash and proposing an integration of this bioconversion with syngas-based 2G-Biorefinery. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
摘要上行0.5的性能 m高，0.076 m直径固定膜生物反应器处理高脂合成废水的研究。使用固定的微生物在支撑基质上的过滤床的初始孔隙率已被测量为0.67。载体上过量的生物量积累导致生物膜厚度随时间增加。在规定的时间后，通过反洗对滤床进行再生，以通过恢复接触表面恢复其COD去除效率。建立了一个数学模型来预测接触面积的损失和床层孔隙率随操作时间的降低。反冲洗时间与基质的入口浓度相关。在混合厌氧群落中检测到甲烷菌属和甲烷球菌属等产甲烷菌，反应器中产甲烷菌的有利生长条件导致反应器出口处的最大累积甲烷产量估计为785 ml CH4（STP）/（添加g VSS）。本研究的独创性在于在带反冲洗的生物反应器中研究富含芥酸的废水，并提出将这种生物转化与基于合成气的2G生物炼油厂相结合。图形摘要
{"title":"Biofuel generation from high-fat effluent in a biofilm reactor with backwash","authors":"Chandrima Roy, R. Chowdhury, P. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1847698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847698","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The performance of an up-flow 0.5 m high and 0.076 m diameter fixed-film bioreactor treating lipid-rich synthetic wastewater has been investigated under the present study. The initial porosity of the filter bed using immobilised microorganisms were on the support matrices has been measured to be 0.67. Excess biomass accumulation on the support leads to an increase in biofilm thickness with time. The filter bed has been regenerated by backwashing after the stipulated time to regain its efficiency in terms of COD removal through the revival of the contact surface. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the loss of contact area and decrease in the porosity of bed with operation time. The backwashing time has been correlated to the inlet concentration of substrate. Methanogens like Methanococcus sp. and Methanosarcina sp. are detected in the mixed anaerobic consortia and favourable growth condition for methanogens in the reactor leads to a maximum cumulative methane production at the exit of the reactor estimated to be 785 ml CH4 (STP)/(g VSS added). The originality of the present research lies in investigating erucic acid-rich wastewater in a bioreactor with backwash and proposing an integration of this bioconversion with syngas-based 2G-Biorefinery. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"119 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45697309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1847699
M. Shanmugam, Sundarajan Sriman, S. Gummadi
ABSTRACT Caffeine is a plant alkaloid present in the large ratio over other emerging pollutants and it causes serious health effects on overdosage. Microbial degradation of caffeine produces metabolites that can be used as a multi-functional drug. In this study, the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on microbial growth and degradation of caffeine in minimal media, synthetic coffee effluent treatment, and theobromine production was studied in presens flask – SFR vario installed in an orbital shaker. Induction studies showed Pseudomonas sp. requires oxygen for caffeine degradation. Theobromine production with induced cells of Pseudomonas sp. showed maximum accumulation of 35 mg/l with a higher molar yield of 80% at higher DO of 60% saturation when compared to experiments done with a lower oxygen level of 25% and 20% saturation. Effluent treatment using induced cells was the fastest caffeine degradation ever reported at 0.055 g/l.h with 0.4 g/l of induced cell concentration without affecting the polyphenol content significantly. Higher DO in the medium is required for efficient conversion of caffeine to theobromine which is in agreement that the reaction is oxidative demethylation. Online monitoring of DO is very important in shake flask studies which will be useful in scaling up processes.
{"title":"Online measurement of dissolved oxygen in shake flask to elucidate its role on caffeine degradation by Pseudomonas sp.","authors":"M. Shanmugam, Sundarajan Sriman, S. Gummadi","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1847699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847699","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Caffeine is a plant alkaloid present in the large ratio over other emerging pollutants and it causes serious health effects on overdosage. Microbial degradation of caffeine produces metabolites that can be used as a multi-functional drug. In this study, the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on microbial growth and degradation of caffeine in minimal media, synthetic coffee effluent treatment, and theobromine production was studied in presens flask – SFR vario installed in an orbital shaker. Induction studies showed Pseudomonas sp. requires oxygen for caffeine degradation. Theobromine production with induced cells of Pseudomonas sp. showed maximum accumulation of 35 mg/l with a higher molar yield of 80% at higher DO of 60% saturation when compared to experiments done with a lower oxygen level of 25% and 20% saturation. Effluent treatment using induced cells was the fastest caffeine degradation ever reported at 0.055 g/l.h with 0.4 g/l of induced cell concentration without affecting the polyphenol content significantly. Higher DO in the medium is required for efficient conversion of caffeine to theobromine which is in agreement that the reaction is oxidative demethylation. Online monitoring of DO is very important in shake flask studies which will be useful in scaling up processes.","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"162 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1847699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46369928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1822761
H. Patil, V. Shanmugam, K. Marathe
ABSTRACT In this study, polyethersulfone (PES)/iron oxide (Fe2O3) mixed matrix membranes have been prepared using the phase inversion technique. Initially, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised with an average size <80 nm and its characteristics were studied. Various PES/ Fe2O3 membranes were fabricated keeping PES composition (16) wt% constant and Fe2O3 loading (0–1.5) wt%. Surface morphology, cross-section morphology, composition characteristics, contact angle along with water flux, solute rejection and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membranes were studied. Numerous analytical instruments like Zeta particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, XPS, and goniometer were used in the study. Experimental results showed that the overall characteristics of the membrane were highly enhanced when the membrane prepared with 16 wt% PES, 5 wt% polyethylene glycol (PEG) doped with 1 wt% Fe2O3. Compared to the neat PES membranes, 1 wt% Fe2O3 blend membranes showed higher water flux of 80.94*10−7 m3/m2.s at trans membrane pressure of 200 kPa. Moreover, the membrane was subject to synthetic wastewater containing reactive black 5, which resulted in high permeate flux of 56.1*10−7 m3/m2.s with 98% rejection at pH 3. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Studies in synthesis and modification of PES membrane and its application for removal of reactive black 5 dye","authors":"H. Patil, V. Shanmugam, K. Marathe","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1822761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1822761","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, polyethersulfone (PES)/iron oxide (Fe2O3) mixed matrix membranes have been prepared using the phase inversion technique. Initially, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised with an average size <80 nm and its characteristics were studied. Various PES/ Fe2O3 membranes were fabricated keeping PES composition (16) wt% constant and Fe2O3 loading (0–1.5) wt%. Surface morphology, cross-section morphology, composition characteristics, contact angle along with water flux, solute rejection and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membranes were studied. Numerous analytical instruments like Zeta particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, XPS, and goniometer were used in the study. Experimental results showed that the overall characteristics of the membrane were highly enhanced when the membrane prepared with 16 wt% PES, 5 wt% polyethylene glycol (PEG) doped with 1 wt% Fe2O3. Compared to the neat PES membranes, 1 wt% Fe2O3 blend membranes showed higher water flux of 80.94*10−7 m3/m2.s at trans membrane pressure of 200 kPa. Moreover, the membrane was subject to synthetic wastewater containing reactive black 5, which resulted in high permeate flux of 56.1*10−7 m3/m2.s with 98% rejection at pH 3. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"111 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1822761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43558853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1833765
P. Ganguly, A. Khan, P. Das, A. Bhowal
ABSTRACT Every year about millions of tons of raw feedstocks having a potential value in solid waste is confined into landfills. One of the present challenges for ecological engineering is to develop economically practical and cost-effective technologies to treat waste into value-added by-products. One of the common types of renewable fuel is Bioethanol. The aim of this research was the utilisation of kitchen wastes (onion peels and tea waste) for bioethanol production and wastewater treatment. Hydrothermal (alkali) followed by acidic pre-treatment was reported best technique for both the feedstocks. Pre-treated wastes were further, hydrolysed by Aspergillus sp. for reducing sugar production. The maximum reducing sugar yield reported was 9.50 mg/ml from the onion peels and 4.88 mg/ml from tea waste. The anaerobic condition was maintained for the fermentation process by utilising Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioethanol production was maximum from onion peels 0.95, and 0.66 g/g was achieved by utilising tea waste. The other environmental concern today is to evolve an effectual treatment methodology for the reuse of the lignocellulosic substrate. In this context, biomass waste was treated and transform to value-added products such as cellulose and lignin, utilised for crystal violet dye removal. The maximum amount of dye removed was 96% using cellulose. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Cellulose from lignocellulose kitchen waste and its application for energy and environment: bioethanol production and dye removal","authors":"P. Ganguly, A. Khan, P. Das, A. Bhowal","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1833765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1833765","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Every year about millions of tons of raw feedstocks having a potential value in solid waste is confined into landfills. One of the present challenges for ecological engineering is to develop economically practical and cost-effective technologies to treat waste into value-added by-products. One of the common types of renewable fuel is Bioethanol. The aim of this research was the utilisation of kitchen wastes (onion peels and tea waste) for bioethanol production and wastewater treatment. Hydrothermal (alkali) followed by acidic pre-treatment was reported best technique for both the feedstocks. Pre-treated wastes were further, hydrolysed by Aspergillus sp. for reducing sugar production. The maximum reducing sugar yield reported was 9.50 mg/ml from the onion peels and 4.88 mg/ml from tea waste. The anaerobic condition was maintained for the fermentation process by utilising Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioethanol production was maximum from onion peels 0.95, and 0.66 g/g was achieved by utilising tea waste. The other environmental concern today is to evolve an effectual treatment methodology for the reuse of the lignocellulosic substrate. In this context, biomass waste was treated and transform to value-added products such as cellulose and lignin, utilised for crystal violet dye removal. The maximum amount of dye removed was 96% using cellulose. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"161 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1833765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43219417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1831406
S. Dutta, Shiladitya Ghosh, Dinabandhu Manna, R. Chowdhury
ABSTRACT Present article focuses on the energy and environmental performance of a rice straw (RS) biorefinery producing bio-butanol as the main product, ethanol and acetone as the by-products and combined heat and power. The analysis highlights the strategic usage of RS-derived glucose and xylose as primary substrates for biobutanol production. The principle of utilization of total carbon and the fulfillment of the criterion of zero-waste management has been followed along with the generation of in-house energy to offset the energy expenditure and reduce CO2 emission. The overall yields of butanol, ethanol and acetone are 28.53kg, 0.84kg and 6.61kg respectively from 100kg RS. By performing energy analysis in this system for 100kg RS, energy content of lignin, extractives and biogas introduced to CHP have been estimated to be 674.78MJ. Net energy input to the steam turbine of the CHP is 539.83MJ and the outputs of electricity and heat energy are 130MJ and 194MJ, respectively. While the energy efficiency of CHP is 87%, the overall efficiency of the biorefinery through generation of alcohol/solvents and recovery of waste energy in the CHP is 68.2%. Due to the substitution of gasoline by butanol and through electricity generation, reduction of CO2 emission by 36.14kg is possible. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Energy and environmental performance of a near-zero-effluent rice straw to butanol production plant","authors":"S. Dutta, Shiladitya Ghosh, Dinabandhu Manna, R. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1831406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1831406","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Present article focuses on the energy and environmental performance of a rice straw (RS) biorefinery producing bio-butanol as the main product, ethanol and acetone as the by-products and combined heat and power. The analysis highlights the strategic usage of RS-derived glucose and xylose as primary substrates for biobutanol production. The principle of utilization of total carbon and the fulfillment of the criterion of zero-waste management has been followed along with the generation of in-house energy to offset the energy expenditure and reduce CO2 emission. The overall yields of butanol, ethanol and acetone are 28.53kg, 0.84kg and 6.61kg respectively from 100kg RS. By performing energy analysis in this system for 100kg RS, energy content of lignin, extractives and biogas introduced to CHP have been estimated to be 674.78MJ. Net energy input to the steam turbine of the CHP is 539.83MJ and the outputs of electricity and heat energy are 130MJ and 194MJ, respectively. While the energy efficiency of CHP is 87%, the overall efficiency of the biorefinery through generation of alcohol/solvents and recovery of waste energy in the CHP is 68.2%. Due to the substitution of gasoline by butanol and through electricity generation, reduction of CO2 emission by 36.14kg is possible. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"63 1","pages":"139 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1831406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45066088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1831407
Sepideh Mansoori, H. Bahmanyar, Elnaz Jafari Ozumchelouei, Iman Najafipour
ABSTRACT In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method is utilised for the extraction of carvone and limonene from the Mentha spicata species. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) is applied for finding a suitable correlation and the optimisation of the extraction parameters. The parameters considered were the ultrasonic amplitude (20-100%), extraction time (20-60 min), and the solvent to solid particles ratio (10-30 mL/g). Optimal conditions for both carvone and limonene extraction yields were determined to be at the ultrasonic amplitude of 95% (380 W), extraction time of 51 min, and the solvent liquid to solid particles ratio of 24 mL/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yields of carvone and limonene were 19.958 and 5.957 mg/g, respectively; agreeing well with the values predicted by the correlation. The results suggested that the UAE method could be an efficient technique for the extraction of constituents from the Mentha spicata species.
{"title":"Investigation and optimisation of the extraction of carvone and limonene from the Iranian Mentha spicata through the ultrasound-assisted extraction method","authors":"Sepideh Mansoori, H. Bahmanyar, Elnaz Jafari Ozumchelouei, Iman Najafipour","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1831407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1831407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method is utilised for the extraction of carvone and limonene from the Mentha spicata species. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) is applied for finding a suitable correlation and the optimisation of the extraction parameters. The parameters considered were the ultrasonic amplitude (20-100%), extraction time (20-60 min), and the solvent to solid particles ratio (10-30 mL/g). Optimal conditions for both carvone and limonene extraction yields were determined to be at the ultrasonic amplitude of 95% (380 W), extraction time of 51 min, and the solvent liquid to solid particles ratio of 24 mL/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yields of carvone and limonene were 19.958 and 5.957 mg/g, respectively; agreeing well with the values predicted by the correlation. The results suggested that the UAE method could be an efficient technique for the extraction of constituents from the Mentha spicata species.","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"141 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1831407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45867038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1828191
D. Gandhi, R. Bandyopadhyay, S. Parikh
ABSTRACT The effect of acid treatment on kaolin clay from the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India, was explored to prepare a low-cost (−$0.6/kg) catalyst. The clay was treated with 10 M H2SO4 which increased the Si/Al ratio from 1.3 to 2.4, surface area from 10.322 to 54.193 m2/g and pore volume from 0.041 to 0.152 cm3/g. The XRF analysis indicated that the metal oxides in treated clay decreased with increasing acid strength; consequently increasing the SiO2 content. SEM micrographs displayed gradual disaggregation and decrease in the size of clay structure with an increase in acid strength. TG-DTA study confirmed the removal of structural water. FTIR and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated metal removal creating a large degree of structural disorder resulting in reduced crystallinity and leading towards the amorphous phase. BET study confirmed the formation of additional mesopores. The acid-treated clay was applied as a catalyst for the esterification of succinic acid (SA) with ethanol. The conversion of SA increased from 27% to 56% revealing higher activity and selectivity in terms of higher yield (96%) of valuable diester. The catalyst was reused up to three cycles with a slight loss of catalytic activity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Structural and composition enhancement of Indian Kachchh kaolin clay: characterisation and application as low-cost catalyst","authors":"D. Gandhi, R. Bandyopadhyay, S. Parikh","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2020.1828191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2020.1828191","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effect of acid treatment on kaolin clay from the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India, was explored to prepare a low-cost (−$0.6/kg) catalyst. The clay was treated with 10 M H2SO4 which increased the Si/Al ratio from 1.3 to 2.4, surface area from 10.322 to 54.193 m2/g and pore volume from 0.041 to 0.152 cm3/g. The XRF analysis indicated that the metal oxides in treated clay decreased with increasing acid strength; consequently increasing the SiO2 content. SEM micrographs displayed gradual disaggregation and decrease in the size of clay structure with an increase in acid strength. TG-DTA study confirmed the removal of structural water. FTIR and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated metal removal creating a large degree of structural disorder resulting in reduced crystallinity and leading towards the amorphous phase. BET study confirmed the formation of additional mesopores. The acid-treated clay was applied as a catalyst for the esterification of succinic acid (SA) with ethanol. The conversion of SA increased from 27% to 56% revealing higher activity and selectivity in terms of higher yield (96%) of valuable diester. The catalyst was reused up to three cycles with a slight loss of catalytic activity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"121 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00194506.2020.1828191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45271775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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