Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2021.2008275
S. Sarkar, R. Chowdhury
ABSTRACT The physical properties of a biological system vary with time due to the growth of biomass, and thus the flowability of such a medium inside any bioreactor also changes with time. The present study aims to study the non-ideal behaviour of a plug flow bioreactor (PFBR) under non-reactive conditions for a biological system. Different physical parameters of this study have been incorporated from the batch growth study of Lactobacillus sp. The growth of bacteria culture was simulated using a PVA solution to conduct residence time distribution (RTD) experiments in pulse and step mode. Different parameters of the dispersion model were measured, and the non-zero variance indicated that dispersion always occurred along the path of reaction which led to turbulence and diffusion. The Peclet No was non-infinite; thus, PFBR always deviates from the ideal behaviour of the plug flow reactor. During the velocity distribution study, it had also been established that the Peclet number was decreased with the increase of Reynolds Number at a certain medium viscosity. Moreover, the non-ideality of PFBR further increased due to the change of physical properties of the medium. Here, a polynomial relation had been established between the Peclet number and medium viscosity. Therefore, the current study might be a value addition towards the designing of the plug flow bioreactor. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Simulation on non-ideal behaviour of plug flow bioreactor based on the growth study of Lactobacillus species","authors":"S. Sarkar, R. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2021.2008275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.2008275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The physical properties of a biological system vary with time due to the growth of biomass, and thus the flowability of such a medium inside any bioreactor also changes with time. The present study aims to study the non-ideal behaviour of a plug flow bioreactor (PFBR) under non-reactive conditions for a biological system. Different physical parameters of this study have been incorporated from the batch growth study of Lactobacillus sp. The growth of bacteria culture was simulated using a PVA solution to conduct residence time distribution (RTD) experiments in pulse and step mode. Different parameters of the dispersion model were measured, and the non-zero variance indicated that dispersion always occurred along the path of reaction which led to turbulence and diffusion. The Peclet No was non-infinite; thus, PFBR always deviates from the ideal behaviour of the plug flow reactor. During the velocity distribution study, it had also been established that the Peclet number was decreased with the increase of Reynolds Number at a certain medium viscosity. Moreover, the non-ideality of PFBR further increased due to the change of physical properties of the medium. Here, a polynomial relation had been established between the Peclet number and medium viscosity. Therefore, the current study might be a value addition towards the designing of the plug flow bioreactor. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"379 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41905280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2101147
K. Maheshwari, M. Agarwal, A. Ghosh
ABSTRACT The textile industries generate highly concentrated and toxic waste streams which are disposed of without any pretreatment leading to environmental imbalances. Therefore, such waste streams need to be treated before directly discharging. This study explores the nano-filtration (NF) approach for dye effluent remediation. Congo red dye is the widely used chemical that imparts red colour to fabric and is highly toxic when emitted in a very minute amount of 3 mg/L. Therefore, a polyamide-based NF HFT-150 was implemented for the removal of Congo red dye (CD), noting the influences of feed pressure (1–12 kg/cm2) and inlet concentration (10–100 mg/L) used for examining the permeate flux in the process. It was reported that 99.7% removal was obtained at a feed pressure of 6 kg/cm2 with permeate flux of 7.9 mL/min cm2 for an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Moreover, the samples from a small scale textile industry from Pali, Rajasthan, were collected, and the physicochemical properties were evaluated, revealing the total dissolved salts of 8560 mg/L. The collected sample was treated by NF HFT-150, indicating that potentially strong discolouration was reported at 6 kg/cm2 feed pressure. Therefore, it can be suggested that nano-filtration could be efficiently implemented for textile effluent treatment. Highlights A polyamide-based NF HFT-150 was implemented for the removal of Congo red dye. A strong efficacy of 99.7% was obtained at a feed pressure of 6 kg/cm2. Wastewater samples from a small-scale textile industry from Pali, Jaipur Rajasthan, were collected. NF HFT-150 membrane resulted in strong discolouration of wastewater sample at 6 kg/cm2 feed pressure. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Investigating the tolerance of nano-filtration for the treatment of wastewater","authors":"K. Maheshwari, M. Agarwal, A. Ghosh","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2101147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2101147","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The textile industries generate highly concentrated and toxic waste streams which are disposed of without any pretreatment leading to environmental imbalances. Therefore, such waste streams need to be treated before directly discharging. This study explores the nano-filtration (NF) approach for dye effluent remediation. Congo red dye is the widely used chemical that imparts red colour to fabric and is highly toxic when emitted in a very minute amount of 3 mg/L. Therefore, a polyamide-based NF HFT-150 was implemented for the removal of Congo red dye (CD), noting the influences of feed pressure (1–12 kg/cm2) and inlet concentration (10–100 mg/L) used for examining the permeate flux in the process. It was reported that 99.7% removal was obtained at a feed pressure of 6 kg/cm2 with permeate flux of 7.9 mL/min cm2 for an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Moreover, the samples from a small scale textile industry from Pali, Rajasthan, were collected, and the physicochemical properties were evaluated, revealing the total dissolved salts of 8560 mg/L. The collected sample was treated by NF HFT-150, indicating that potentially strong discolouration was reported at 6 kg/cm2 feed pressure. Therefore, it can be suggested that nano-filtration could be efficiently implemented for textile effluent treatment. Highlights A polyamide-based NF HFT-150 was implemented for the removal of Congo red dye. A strong efficacy of 99.7% was obtained at a feed pressure of 6 kg/cm2. Wastewater samples from a small-scale textile industry from Pali, Jaipur Rajasthan, were collected. NF HFT-150 membrane resulted in strong discolouration of wastewater sample at 6 kg/cm2 feed pressure. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"213 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48671961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2101146
Kevin Joseph Sam, Maya Suresh Nair, S. Velmurugan, R. Rajarathinam, L. Arumugam
ABSTRACT This study explores the extraction of lutein and zeaxanthin from Arthrospira Platensis (spirulina), with traditional protocols as a reference and response surface methodology as a tool for optimisation. An enhanced extraction procedure was developed for obtaining higher lutein concentration. The extraction process is further optimised using the central composite method, with the aid of design software tools. Methanol was used as the extracting solvent in a fixed ratio with dry spirulina powder. Saponification and hydrolysis using KOH, water and ethyl acetate/dichloromethane were done for isolating lutein and zeaxanthin from its ester. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used for analysing the absorbance of the lutein sample at a wavelength of 445 nm. Using the Response Surface Methodology, trials of various combinations are run for finding optimum conditions of saponification. The major variables were reaction time, reaction temperature and concentration of KOH. Temperature range of 45–75°C, the reaction time of 45–70 min and KOH concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% are observed as the optimum range. The sample is filtered using a PVDF membrane and stored in acetone or isopropyl alcohol. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Extraction of lutein/zeaxanthin from Arthrospira Platensis and optimisation of the saponification process using the response surface methodology","authors":"Kevin Joseph Sam, Maya Suresh Nair, S. Velmurugan, R. Rajarathinam, L. Arumugam","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2101146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2101146","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explores the extraction of lutein and zeaxanthin from Arthrospira Platensis (spirulina), with traditional protocols as a reference and response surface methodology as a tool for optimisation. An enhanced extraction procedure was developed for obtaining higher lutein concentration. The extraction process is further optimised using the central composite method, with the aid of design software tools. Methanol was used as the extracting solvent in a fixed ratio with dry spirulina powder. Saponification and hydrolysis using KOH, water and ethyl acetate/dichloromethane were done for isolating lutein and zeaxanthin from its ester. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used for analysing the absorbance of the lutein sample at a wavelength of 445 nm. Using the Response Surface Methodology, trials of various combinations are run for finding optimum conditions of saponification. The major variables were reaction time, reaction temperature and concentration of KOH. Temperature range of 45–75°C, the reaction time of 45–70 min and KOH concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% are observed as the optimum range. The sample is filtered using a PVDF membrane and stored in acetone or isopropyl alcohol. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"249 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47019444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2101148
Yasmin Thalji Cusin, W. Silvestre, G. Pauletti, L. Muniz
ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effect of system absolute pressure on the yield and composition of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, extracted by steam distillation. The extractions were carried out at the absolute pressures of 760, 610, 460, and 310 Torr, for 1 h. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID. According to the results, the reduction of pressure reduced essential oil yield, from 0.6% v/w at 760 Torr to 0.3% v/w at 310 Torr. Regarding the chemical composition, there was an increase in methyl N-methylanthranilate content with the reduction of system pressure, from 88.3 wt.% at 760 Torr to 97.6 wt.% at 310 Torr. However, it was observed a reduction in extraction efficiency due to the lower steam temperature. On the other hand, lower temperatures may imply a smaller degradation of thermolabile compounds. This process may be an alternative to other deterpenation techniques because it couples in a sole stage the extraction and purification/separation of essential oil components. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Extraction of Citrus deliciosa Tenore petitgrain (leaf) essential oil by steam distillation under different operating pressures","authors":"Yasmin Thalji Cusin, W. Silvestre, G. Pauletti, L. Muniz","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2101148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2101148","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effect of system absolute pressure on the yield and composition of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, extracted by steam distillation. The extractions were carried out at the absolute pressures of 760, 610, 460, and 310 Torr, for 1 h. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID. According to the results, the reduction of pressure reduced essential oil yield, from 0.6% v/w at 760 Torr to 0.3% v/w at 310 Torr. Regarding the chemical composition, there was an increase in methyl N-methylanthranilate content with the reduction of system pressure, from 88.3 wt.% at 760 Torr to 97.6 wt.% at 310 Torr. However, it was observed a reduction in extraction efficiency due to the lower steam temperature. On the other hand, lower temperatures may imply a smaller degradation of thermolabile compounds. This process may be an alternative to other deterpenation techniques because it couples in a sole stage the extraction and purification/separation of essential oil components. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"260 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41823425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2098180
A. Mahalingam, Sofia Rani Shaik, L. Kaushik, M. Palanisamy, P. Kalita
ABSTRACT In this paper, the design of a Small-scale Medical Waste Incinerator (SMWI) equipped with an LPG-operated Porous Radiant Burner (PRBLPG) is presented as a solution for disposing of medical waste generated in remote areas. Based on simple mass and heat balance analysis, SMWI having primary and secondary chambers with a volume of 1 and 0.754 m3 is designed. The proposed SMWI is evaluated for its environmental impact by performing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and compared with an SMWI equipped with an Electric Heater (SMWI–EH). The total primary energy required for the construction of SMWI is 48285.56 MJ. It is found that the damage caused by the operation of PRBLPG in SMWI is lesser when compared to that of an Electric Heater (EH). In SMWI–PRB, LPG consumption contributed to about 17488.27 kg CO2−eq in the global warming category, whereas in the case of SMWI–EH, electricity consumption contributed to about 243766.11 kg CO2−eq. The operation of SMWI–PRB showed a reduction of about 54% in the resource utilisation category in comparison with SMWI–EH. The results obtained from the LCA study indicated that PRBLPG is a better option as an auxiliary heating device in SMWI than EH due to its environmental superiority. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
摘要本文介绍了一种配备液化石油气操作多孔辐射燃烧器（PRBLPG）的小型医疗废物焚烧炉（SMWI）的设计，作为处理偏远地区医疗废物的解决方案。基于简单的质量和热平衡分析，设计了具有容积分别为1和0.754m3的一次室和二次室的SMWI。通过进行生命周期评估（LCA）来评估拟议SMWI的环境影响，并将其与配备电加热器的SMWI（SMWI–EH）进行比较。SMWI建设所需的一次能源总量为48285.56 MJ。研究发现，与电加热器（EH）相比，SMWI中PRBLPG的运行所造成的损坏较小。在SMWI–PRB，液化石油气消费量约占17488.27 kg CO2−eq属于全球变暖类别，而在SMWI–EH的情况下，电力消耗约占243766.11 kg CO2−当量。SMWI–PRB的运营显示，与SMWI–EH相比，资源利用类别减少了约54%。LCA研究结果表明，PRBLPG作为SMWI的辅助加热装置比EH更好，因为它具有环境优势。图形摘要
{"title":"Design and Life Cycle Assessment of small-scale medical waste incinerator equipped with Porous Radiant Burner for remote areas","authors":"A. Mahalingam, Sofia Rani Shaik, L. Kaushik, M. Palanisamy, P. Kalita","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2098180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2098180","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, the design of a Small-scale Medical Waste Incinerator (SMWI) equipped with an LPG-operated Porous Radiant Burner (PRBLPG) is presented as a solution for disposing of medical waste generated in remote areas. Based on simple mass and heat balance analysis, SMWI having primary and secondary chambers with a volume of 1 and 0.754 m3 is designed. The proposed SMWI is evaluated for its environmental impact by performing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and compared with an SMWI equipped with an Electric Heater (SMWI–EH). The total primary energy required for the construction of SMWI is 48285.56 MJ. It is found that the damage caused by the operation of PRBLPG in SMWI is lesser when compared to that of an Electric Heater (EH). In SMWI–PRB, LPG consumption contributed to about 17488.27 kg CO2−eq in the global warming category, whereas in the case of SMWI–EH, electricity consumption contributed to about 243766.11 kg CO2−eq. The operation of SMWI–PRB showed a reduction of about 54% in the resource utilisation category in comparison with SMWI–EH. The results obtained from the LCA study indicated that PRBLPG is a better option as an auxiliary heating device in SMWI than EH due to its environmental superiority. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"494 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44746991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2085194
Kavita J. Lanjekar, V. Rathod
ABSTRACT Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a natural sweetener obtained from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and has numerous biological activities. In the present study, partitioning of GA in the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was optimised using the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). Effects of different operational parameters, such as salt concentration, pH, molecular weight of PEG, and concentration were studied to recover GA. The RSM predicted optimised conditions comprised 15.65% (w/v) of PEG 4000, 19.69% (w/v) of Sodium citrate and pH 8.0, yielding 28.39 mg/g GA. The close resemblance of the predicted and experimental yield of GA outlined the successful validation of the response model. In addition, the ATPS method offered lower energy, process time, cost economics and solvent consumption over conventional Soxhlet extraction. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Response surface methodology for optimisation of glycyrrhizic acid extraction from Glycyrrhiza glabra in the aqueous two-phase system","authors":"Kavita J. Lanjekar, V. Rathod","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2085194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2085194","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a natural sweetener obtained from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and has numerous biological activities. In the present study, partitioning of GA in the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was optimised using the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). Effects of different operational parameters, such as salt concentration, pH, molecular weight of PEG, and concentration were studied to recover GA. The RSM predicted optimised conditions comprised 15.65% (w/v) of PEG 4000, 19.69% (w/v) of Sodium citrate and pH 8.0, yielding 28.39 mg/g GA. The close resemblance of the predicted and experimental yield of GA outlined the successful validation of the response model. In addition, the ATPS method offered lower energy, process time, cost economics and solvent consumption over conventional Soxhlet extraction. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"38 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45457016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2085193
Harshavardhana Krishna Kuruganti, V. Ramasubbaiah, J. Sreenivasulu, D. K. Behara
ABSTRACT Dairy waste scum obtained from the downstream milk production process is a potential source to produce biodiesel. It’s a less dense floating solid mass that primarily consists of triglycerides and fatty acids, which are important constituents for fuel. The present study aims to produce biodiesel using dairy waste scum by a transesterification process using NaOH/KOH catalysts. The present work identifies the better catalyst between two alkaline catalysts NaOH and KOH, using low-cost methodologies. The preliminary confirmation characteristics, such as density, calorific value, Kinematic Viscosity, Specific Gravity, Flash Point, and Fire Point will support the formation of synthesised biodiesel via the proposed methodology. The experimental results lead to a yield of 89.02% of biodiesel using NaOH catalyst with optimised process parameters of the temperature of 55°C, the reaction time of 120 min, and catalyst loading of 1 wt./wt.%. Finally, biodiesel was tested for emission and combustion characteristics in a CI engine. To optimise the process parameters, the response surface methodology (RSM) along with Bootstrap estimation has been performed using MINITAB19. Furthermore, the experimental and predicted yields obtained from ANOVA were reported.
{"title":"Dairy waste scum as a potential feedstock for bio-diesel production: optimisation, quality and reliability studies","authors":"Harshavardhana Krishna Kuruganti, V. Ramasubbaiah, J. Sreenivasulu, D. K. Behara","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2085193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2085193","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dairy waste scum obtained from the downstream milk production process is a potential source to produce biodiesel. It’s a less dense floating solid mass that primarily consists of triglycerides and fatty acids, which are important constituents for fuel. The present study aims to produce biodiesel using dairy waste scum by a transesterification process using NaOH/KOH catalysts. The present work identifies the better catalyst between two alkaline catalysts NaOH and KOH, using low-cost methodologies. The preliminary confirmation characteristics, such as density, calorific value, Kinematic Viscosity, Specific Gravity, Flash Point, and Fire Point will support the formation of synthesised biodiesel via the proposed methodology. The experimental results lead to a yield of 89.02% of biodiesel using NaOH catalyst with optimised process parameters of the temperature of 55°C, the reaction time of 120 min, and catalyst loading of 1 wt./wt.%. Finally, biodiesel was tested for emission and combustion characteristics in a CI engine. To optimise the process parameters, the response surface methodology (RSM) along with Bootstrap estimation has been performed using MINITAB19. Furthermore, the experimental and predicted yields obtained from ANOVA were reported.","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42332682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2085192
Leandro G. Gutierrez, P. Mancini, M. Kneeteman, C. Ferretti
ABSTRACT A procedure was studied for synthesising isoamyl salicylate by transesterifying methyl salicylate with isoamyl alcohol. The transesterification reaction was evaluated using catalysts with different acid-base properties in microwave irradiation or conventional heating. The amounts of methyl salicylate and isoamyl salicylate in samples were analysed by Gas Chromatography. Acids and neutral catalysts showed zero or shallow catalytic activity, while the most actives were the basic catalysts. Methyl salicylate conversions (higher than 60%) were obtained at 120°C in 4 h of reaction under the Microwave irradiation procedure, using 1% wt. Ca(OH)2, MeONa, or LiOH as catalysts. Under these optimised conditions, using LiOH as a catalyst, it could obtain yields of isoamyl salicylate of 98% in 4 h. Finally, under experimental conditions of isoamyl salicylate synthesis, LiOH did not present catalytic homogeneous contribution. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Transesterification of methyl salicylate with isoamyl alcohol assisted by microwave irradiation and promoted by acid-basic catalysts","authors":"Leandro G. Gutierrez, P. Mancini, M. Kneeteman, C. Ferretti","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2085192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2085192","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A procedure was studied for synthesising isoamyl salicylate by transesterifying methyl salicylate with isoamyl alcohol. The transesterification reaction was evaluated using catalysts with different acid-base properties in microwave irradiation or conventional heating. The amounts of methyl salicylate and isoamyl salicylate in samples were analysed by Gas Chromatography. Acids and neutral catalysts showed zero or shallow catalytic activity, while the most actives were the basic catalysts. Methyl salicylate conversions (higher than 60%) were obtained at 120°C in 4 h of reaction under the Microwave irradiation procedure, using 1% wt. Ca(OH)2, MeONa, or LiOH as catalysts. Under these optimised conditions, using LiOH as a catalyst, it could obtain yields of isoamyl salicylate of 98% in 4 h. Finally, under experimental conditions of isoamyl salicylate synthesis, LiOH did not present catalytic homogeneous contribution. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"90 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41754526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2066577
V. Aiswarya, Sudev Das, Satish Kumar, A. Datta
ABSTRACT Novel magnetized nanoparticle nickel-graphene oxide / n-octadecane/ melamine-formaldehyde (MF) composite phase change material (MnCPCM) for enhanced solar thermal energy storage(STES) is prepared via in situ polymerization. The magnetized nanoparticles in CPCM promoted the thermal energy storage capacity as well as photothermal conversion efficiency of the composite by the unidirectional heat transfer flow. For these composite PCM, the thermal conductivity is found as excellent and more than that of pure n-octadecane (0.153 W/mK) because of the presence of highly conductive magnetized GO. The role of magnetized Ni-GO nanoparticles in the structure and properties of the microencapsulated PCM is characterized by the SEM, optical microscopy, FTIR, XRD, DSC, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. SEM and optical microscopy reveal that the microencapsulated PCM has uniform spherical morphology. TGA and DTA results show the CPCM is stable up to a temperature of 350 °C. XRD analysis indicates highly ferromagnetic material is well composed with GO to enhance the directional heat flow. DSC analysis shows that the composite is stable up to 100 thermal cycling processes. The enhanced heat transfer flow and better leakage-preventing performance might be highly chosen for STES storage applications of the CPCM as well as heat sink integrated passive cooling. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of magnetized GO nanoparticle enhanced microencapsulated phase change material for thermal energy storage application","authors":"V. Aiswarya, Sudev Das, Satish Kumar, A. Datta","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2066577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2066577","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Novel magnetized nanoparticle nickel-graphene oxide / n-octadecane/ melamine-formaldehyde (MF) composite phase change material (MnCPCM) for enhanced solar thermal energy storage(STES) is prepared via in situ polymerization. The magnetized nanoparticles in CPCM promoted the thermal energy storage capacity as well as photothermal conversion efficiency of the composite by the unidirectional heat transfer flow. For these composite PCM, the thermal conductivity is found as excellent and more than that of pure n-octadecane (0.153 W/mK) because of the presence of highly conductive magnetized GO. The role of magnetized Ni-GO nanoparticles in the structure and properties of the microencapsulated PCM is characterized by the SEM, optical microscopy, FTIR, XRD, DSC, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. SEM and optical microscopy reveal that the microencapsulated PCM has uniform spherical morphology. TGA and DTA results show the CPCM is stable up to a temperature of 350 °C. XRD analysis indicates highly ferromagnetic material is well composed with GO to enhance the directional heat flow. DSC analysis shows that the composite is stable up to 100 thermal cycling processes. The enhanced heat transfer flow and better leakage-preventing performance might be highly chosen for STES storage applications of the CPCM as well as heat sink integrated passive cooling. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"519 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48915722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2068077
Sudip Banerjee, M. Aurangzeb, Amit Kumar
ABSTRACT In this article, we have proposed a kinetic model of a 2-phenyloctane formation from benzene and 1-octene in the presence of Y zeolite CVB760 solid acid catalyst. The typical elementary reaction involved in benzene alkylation consists of isomerisation of π-bond of 1-octene and attachment of octyl ion with benzene. Here, we have followed transition state theory and statistical thermodynamics to express the rate expression for the disappearance of 1-octene and formation of 1-octene and 2-phenyloctane isomers. In transition state theory, we have incorporated a single-event concept to account for a change in the relative position of the atom during the chemical reaction. Subsequently, we also estimate activation energies involved in the kinetic model using the regression method and experimental data. For this, a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) followed by Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, called hybrid PSO, is adopted to measure the activation energies. The statistical methods involved in this investigation include analysis of variance, F-test and parity diagram and comparison between the proposed kinetic model and experimental data confirm the kinetic model reliability and optimal estimate of activation energies. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"A kinetic model and parameters estimate for the synthesis of 2-phenyloctane: a starting material of bio-degradable surfactant","authors":"Sudip Banerjee, M. Aurangzeb, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.1080/00194506.2022.2068077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2022.2068077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, we have proposed a kinetic model of a 2-phenyloctane formation from benzene and 1-octene in the presence of Y zeolite CVB760 solid acid catalyst. The typical elementary reaction involved in benzene alkylation consists of isomerisation of π-bond of 1-octene and attachment of octyl ion with benzene. Here, we have followed transition state theory and statistical thermodynamics to express the rate expression for the disappearance of 1-octene and formation of 1-octene and 2-phenyloctane isomers. In transition state theory, we have incorporated a single-event concept to account for a change in the relative position of the atom during the chemical reaction. Subsequently, we also estimate activation energies involved in the kinetic model using the regression method and experimental data. For this, a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) followed by Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, called hybrid PSO, is adopted to measure the activation energies. The statistical methods involved in this investigation include analysis of variance, F-test and parity diagram and comparison between the proposed kinetic model and experimental data confirm the kinetic model reliability and optimal estimate of activation energies. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":13430,"journal":{"name":"Indian Chemical Engineer","volume":"65 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49561469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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