Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2796
Mahmud Iwan Solihin, Chan Jin Yuan, Wan Siu Hong, L. Pui, A. Kit, Wafa Hossain, A. Machmudah
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a widely used analytical technique for non-destructive analysis of various materials including food fraud detection. However, the accurate calibration of NIRS data can be challenging due to the complexity of the underlying relationships between the spectral data and the target variables of interest. Ensemble learning, which combines multiple models to make predictions, has been shown to improve the accuracy and robustness of predictive models in various domains. This paper proposes stacking ensemble machine learning (SEML) for calibration of NIRS data with two levels of learning involved. Eight (8) spectroscopy datasets from public repository and previously published works by the authors are used as the case study. The model well generalized the data in the respective regression tasks with of at least »0.8 in the test samples and in the respective classification tasks with classification accuracy (CA) of at least »0.8 also. In addition, the proposed SEML can improve, or at least reach par with, the accuracy of individual base learners in both train and test samples for all cases of regression and classification datasets. It shows superior performance in test samples for both regression and classification datasets with respectively ranging from 0.86 to nearly 1 and CA ranging from 0.89 to 1. ABSTRAK: Spektroskopi inframerah dekat (NIRS) adalah teknik analitikal yang banyak digunakan bagi analisa pelbagai bahan tanpa merosakkan bahan termasuk ketika mengesan penipuan makanan. Walau bagaimanapun, kalibrasi yang tepat bagi data NIRS adalah sangat mencabar kerana hubungan antara data spektral dan pemboleh ubah sasaran yang ingin dikaji bersifat kompleks. Gabungan pembelajaran (Ensemble learning), iaitu gabungan pelbagai model bagi membuat prediksi, telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan ketepatan dan kecekapan model prediksi dalam pelbagai bentuk. Kajian ini mencadangkan Turutan Gabungan Pembelajaran Mesin (Stacking Ensemble Machine Learning ) (SEML), bagi teknik penentu ukuran data NIRS melibatkan dua tahap pembelajaran. Lapan (8) set data spektroskopi dari repositori awam dan kajian terdahulu oleh pengarang telah digunakan sebagai kes kajian. Model ini menggeneralisasi data dalam tugas regresi masing-masing sebanyak ?0.8 bagi sampel ujian dan pengelasan tugas masing-masing dengan ketepatan klasifikasi (CA) sekurang-kurangnya ?0.8. Tambahan, SEML yang dicadangkan ini dapat membantu, atau sekurang-kurangnya setanding dengan ketepatan individu dalam pembelajaran berkumpulan dalam kedua-dua sampel latihan dan ujian bagi semua kes set data regresi dan klasifikasi. Ia menunjukkan prestasi terbaik dalam sampel ujian bagi kedua-dua kumpulan set data regresi dan klasifikasi dengan masing-masing antara 0.86 hingga hampir 1 dan antara julat 0.89 hingga 1 bagi CA.
{"title":"SPECTROSCOPY DATA CALIBRATION USING STACKED ENSEMBLE MACHINE LEARNING","authors":"Mahmud Iwan Solihin, Chan Jin Yuan, Wan Siu Hong, L. Pui, A. Kit, Wafa Hossain, A. Machmudah","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2796","url":null,"abstract":"Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a widely used analytical technique for non-destructive analysis of various materials including food fraud detection. However, the accurate calibration of NIRS data can be challenging due to the complexity of the underlying relationships between the spectral data and the target variables of interest. Ensemble learning, which combines multiple models to make predictions, has been shown to improve the accuracy and robustness of predictive models in various domains. This paper proposes stacking ensemble machine learning (SEML) for calibration of NIRS data with two levels of learning involved. Eight (8) spectroscopy datasets from public repository and previously published works by the authors are used as the case study. The model well generalized the data in the respective regression tasks with of at least »0.8 in the test samples and in the respective classification tasks with classification accuracy (CA) of at least »0.8 also. In addition, the proposed SEML can improve, or at least reach par with, the accuracy of individual base learners in both train and test samples for all cases of regression and classification datasets. It shows superior performance in test samples for both regression and classification datasets with respectively ranging from 0.86 to nearly 1 and CA ranging from 0.89 to 1. ABSTRAK: Spektroskopi inframerah dekat (NIRS) adalah teknik analitikal yang banyak digunakan bagi analisa pelbagai bahan tanpa merosakkan bahan termasuk ketika mengesan penipuan makanan. Walau bagaimanapun, kalibrasi yang tepat bagi data NIRS adalah sangat mencabar kerana hubungan antara data spektral dan pemboleh ubah sasaran yang ingin dikaji bersifat kompleks. Gabungan pembelajaran (Ensemble learning), iaitu gabungan pelbagai model bagi membuat prediksi, telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan ketepatan dan kecekapan model prediksi dalam pelbagai bentuk. Kajian ini mencadangkan Turutan Gabungan Pembelajaran Mesin (Stacking Ensemble Machine Learning ) (SEML), bagi teknik penentu ukuran data NIRS melibatkan dua tahap pembelajaran. Lapan (8) set data spektroskopi dari repositori awam dan kajian terdahulu oleh pengarang telah digunakan sebagai kes kajian. Model ini menggeneralisasi data dalam tugas regresi masing-masing sebanyak ?0.8 bagi sampel ujian dan pengelasan tugas masing-masing dengan ketepatan klasifikasi (CA) sekurang-kurangnya ?0.8. Tambahan, SEML yang dicadangkan ini dapat membantu, atau sekurang-kurangnya setanding dengan ketepatan individu dalam pembelajaran berkumpulan dalam kedua-dua sampel latihan dan ujian bagi semua kes set data regresi dan klasifikasi. Ia menunjukkan prestasi terbaik dalam sampel ujian bagi kedua-dua kumpulan set data regresi dan klasifikasi dengan masing-masing antara 0.86 hingga hampir 1 dan antara julat 0.89 hingga 1 bagi CA.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"53 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139127998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2870
Milad Ghanbari, Zaid Khalid Hasani
Developing roads is a crucial and essential activity, but maintaining them regularly is equally important to improve their performance. A well-maintained road network facilitates economic, industrial, cultural, and social growth. Once the construction phase of a road is complete, its operating phase commences, which is subject to wear and tear due to various factors like traffic and weather conditions. Hence, regular and continuous road maintenance activities are essential to increase the useful life of roads and manage national resources effectively. However, road maintenance management in Iraq, particularly in the province of Maysan, is suffering from poor performance due to the absence of an effective maintenance management system. Therefore, this research aims to identify the critical success factors of road maintenance projects, with a focus on the Maysan province as a case study of Iraq. The study identified and analyzed 27 key success factors in road maintenance projects, which were classified into three groups: management, technical, and resources. Based on the analysis of the literature review and field study in Maysan province, the top five key success factors were determined to be: 1. Adequate funds; 2. Timely payment to contractor and employees; 3. Quality of materials; 4. Use of advanced technology to detect or evaluate road defects; and 5. Communication and coordination among parties. ABSTRAK: Pembangunan jalan adalah sangat penting bagi aktiviti harian, tetapi penyelenggara secara berkala adalah sama penting bagi menambah baik prestasi jalan. Jaringan jalan yang terpelihara membantu dalam ekonomi, industri, budaya, dan perkembangan sosial. Sebaik fasa pembangunan jalan siap, fasa operasi bermula, bergantung pada tahap jalan disebabkan pelbagai faktor seperti trafik dan kondisi jalan. Oleh itu, penyelenggaraan jalan berkala dan berterusan sangat penting kepada jangka hayat jalan dan ianya dapat menyumbang kepada pengurusan sumber negara dengan efektif. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelenggaraan jalan di Iraq, khususnya di daerah Maysan, memiliki kekurangan dalam penyelenggaraan jalan disebabkan oleh ketiadaan sistem pengurusan jalan yang efektif. Oleh itu, kajian ini menumpukan tentang mencari faktor kejayaan penting sesebuah projek penyelenggaraan jalan, sebagai fokus kes kajian ini dipilih di daerah Maysan, di Iraq. Kajian ini merincikan dan menilai 27 kunci kejayaan dalam projek penyelenggaraan jalan di bawah 3 kumpulan: pengurusan, teknikal dan sumber. Berdasarkan analis dapatan kajian terdahulu dan bidang kajian di daerah Maysan, lima kunci faktor kejayaan didapati dari: 1. Sumber yang mencukupi; 2. Pembayaran tepat kepada kontraktor dan pekerja; 3. Material kualiti; 4. Pengunaan teknologi moden bagi mengesan dan menganalisa kerosakan jalan; dan 5. Komunikasi dan koordinasi antara semua yang terlibat.
{"title":"KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS (A CASE STUDY OF MAYSAN PROVINCE, IRAQ)","authors":"Milad Ghanbari, Zaid Khalid Hasani","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2870","url":null,"abstract":"Developing roads is a crucial and essential activity, but maintaining them regularly is equally important to improve their performance. A well-maintained road network facilitates economic, industrial, cultural, and social growth. Once the construction phase of a road is complete, its operating phase commences, which is subject to wear and tear due to various factors like traffic and weather conditions. Hence, regular and continuous road maintenance activities are essential to increase the useful life of roads and manage national resources effectively. However, road maintenance management in Iraq, particularly in the province of Maysan, is suffering from poor performance due to the absence of an effective maintenance management system. Therefore, this research aims to identify the critical success factors of road maintenance projects, with a focus on the Maysan province as a case study of Iraq. The study identified and analyzed 27 key success factors in road maintenance projects, which were classified into three groups: management, technical, and resources. Based on the analysis of the literature review and field study in Maysan province, the top five key success factors were determined to be: 1. Adequate funds; 2. Timely payment to contractor and employees; 3. Quality of materials; 4. Use of advanced technology to detect or evaluate road defects; and 5. Communication and coordination among parties. ABSTRAK: Pembangunan jalan adalah sangat penting bagi aktiviti harian, tetapi penyelenggara secara berkala adalah sama penting bagi menambah baik prestasi jalan. Jaringan jalan yang terpelihara membantu dalam ekonomi, industri, budaya, dan perkembangan sosial. Sebaik fasa pembangunan jalan siap, fasa operasi bermula, bergantung pada tahap jalan disebabkan pelbagai faktor seperti trafik dan kondisi jalan. Oleh itu, penyelenggaraan jalan berkala dan berterusan sangat penting kepada jangka hayat jalan dan ianya dapat menyumbang kepada pengurusan sumber negara dengan efektif. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelenggaraan jalan di Iraq, khususnya di daerah Maysan, memiliki kekurangan dalam penyelenggaraan jalan disebabkan oleh ketiadaan sistem pengurusan jalan yang efektif. Oleh itu, kajian ini menumpukan tentang mencari faktor kejayaan penting sesebuah projek penyelenggaraan jalan, sebagai fokus kes kajian ini dipilih di daerah Maysan, di Iraq. Kajian ini merincikan dan menilai 27 kunci kejayaan dalam projek penyelenggaraan jalan di bawah 3 kumpulan: pengurusan, teknikal dan sumber. Berdasarkan analis dapatan kajian terdahulu dan bidang kajian di daerah Maysan, lima kunci faktor kejayaan didapati dari: 1. Sumber yang mencukupi; 2. Pembayaran tepat kepada kontraktor dan pekerja; 3. Material kualiti; 4. Pengunaan teknologi moden bagi mengesan dan menganalisa kerosakan jalan; dan 5. Komunikasi dan koordinasi antara semua yang terlibat.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2629
Amina Tahreen, M. Jami, Fathilah Ali, NIK RASHIDA NIK ABDUL GHANI, R. Nedjai
The process of electrocoagulation (EC) enhanced with adsorbent addition, as a pre-treatment for ultrafiltration membrane, is widely unexplored in oil palm-based wastewater treatment. Utilizing predetermined EC operational parameters and a defined activated carbon (AC) dosage for biotreated palm oil mill effluents (BPOME), membrane fouling was studied during crossflow membrane filtration at 0.5 bar transmembrane pressure and 1 kDa membrane pore size. The dominant fouling mechanism in membrane filtration without EC-AC pretreatment of BPOME, was cake formation, which was determined through Hermia’s pore blocking models. However, after EC-AC pre-treatment, the membrane fouling was mitigated. Moreover, the pre-treatment process, AC assisted EC, sustainably enhanced the final treated effluent quality in addition to enhancing fouling mitigation in the subsequent membrane filtration. The removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity and color were nearly 100% and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 99.7% removed with final value of 5±1 mg/L, which is within the range of reusable water standards. ABSTRAK: Proses elektrokoagulasi (EC) yang ditingkatkan dengan bahan penyerap, adalah pra-rawatan bagi membran penuras ultra. Walau bagaimanapun ianya masih belum luas diterokai dalam sistem rawatan air buangan berasaskan kelapa sawit. Mengguna pakai parameter operasi EC pra-tentu dan dos karbon aktif tentu (AC) bagi bio-rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit yang terawat (BPOME), mendakan membran telah dikaji menggunakan teknik penurasan membran aliran silang pada tekanan transmembran 0.5 bar dan saiz liang membran 1 kDa. Mekanisme mendakan membran kotoran dominan dalam penurasan membran tanpa pra-rawatan EC-AC BPOME, adalah pembentukan kek, iaitu terhasil melalui model penyumbatan liang Hermia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pra-rawatan EC-AC, mendakan kotoran membran dapat dikurangkan. Tambahan, proses pra-rawatan AC-EC, secara mampan dapat menambah kualiti akhir efluen terawat selain dapat meningkatkan mitigasi kotoran mendakan dalam penurasan membran seterusnya. Penyingkiran Total Pepejal Terampai (TSS) adalah 99.7%, kekeruhan dan warna adalah hampir 100%. Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD) tersingkir sebanyak 99.7% dengan nilai akhir sebanyak 5±1 mg/L, iaitu dalam julat piawaian air boleh guna semula.
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF ENHANCED ELECTROCOAGULATION-MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR WATER RECLAMATION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTS","authors":"Amina Tahreen, M. Jami, Fathilah Ali, NIK RASHIDA NIK ABDUL GHANI, R. Nedjai","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2629","url":null,"abstract":"The process of electrocoagulation (EC) enhanced with adsorbent addition, as a pre-treatment for ultrafiltration membrane, is widely unexplored in oil palm-based wastewater treatment. Utilizing predetermined EC operational parameters and a defined activated carbon (AC) dosage for biotreated palm oil mill effluents (BPOME), membrane fouling was studied during crossflow membrane filtration at 0.5 bar transmembrane pressure and 1 kDa membrane pore size. The dominant fouling mechanism in membrane filtration without EC-AC pretreatment of BPOME, was cake formation, which was determined through Hermia’s pore blocking models. However, after EC-AC pre-treatment, the membrane fouling was mitigated. Moreover, the pre-treatment process, AC assisted EC, sustainably enhanced the final treated effluent quality in addition to enhancing fouling mitigation in the subsequent membrane filtration. The removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity and color were nearly 100% and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 99.7% removed with final value of 5±1 mg/L, which is within the range of reusable water standards. ABSTRAK: Proses elektrokoagulasi (EC) yang ditingkatkan dengan bahan penyerap, adalah pra-rawatan bagi membran penuras ultra. Walau bagaimanapun ianya masih belum luas diterokai dalam sistem rawatan air buangan berasaskan kelapa sawit. Mengguna pakai parameter operasi EC pra-tentu dan dos karbon aktif tentu (AC) bagi bio-rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit yang terawat (BPOME), mendakan membran telah dikaji menggunakan teknik penurasan membran aliran silang pada tekanan transmembran 0.5 bar dan saiz liang membran 1 kDa. Mekanisme mendakan membran kotoran dominan dalam penurasan membran tanpa pra-rawatan EC-AC BPOME, adalah pembentukan kek, iaitu terhasil melalui model penyumbatan liang Hermia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pra-rawatan EC-AC, mendakan kotoran membran dapat dikurangkan. Tambahan, proses pra-rawatan AC-EC, secara mampan dapat menambah kualiti akhir efluen terawat selain dapat meningkatkan mitigasi kotoran mendakan dalam penurasan membran seterusnya. Penyingkiran Total Pepejal Terampai (TSS) adalah 99.7%, kekeruhan dan warna adalah hampir 100%. Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD) tersingkir sebanyak 99.7% dengan nilai akhir sebanyak 5±1 mg/L, iaitu dalam julat piawaian air boleh guna semula.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"58 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2925
Lubov Filippova, Anastasiya Akimova, E. Pikalov, Oleg G. Selivanov
Nowadays the production of construction materials and items is a multi-tonnage and actively developing production sphere. The regulatory requirements imposed on construction materials and products provide the assessment of their quality and application efficiency in construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures. The constantly increasing regulatory requirements and the limited availability of high-quality natural reserves demand the rapid development of new raw material resources. This paper presents the results of charge composition development based on low-plasticity clay, which has seen limited application due to the poor performance of items produced from it. However, certain functional additives can be introduced for producing high-quality materials. In this work, alongside lithium carbonate, the following additives have been considered: boric acid used as flux and titanium dioxide as a vitreous phase source. The lithium carbonate effect on total and open porosity, density, thermal conductivity, water absorption, frost resistance, compressive and bending strength has been studied. On the one hand lithium carbonate was found to demonstrate a pore-forming effect due to its decomposition during firing. On the other hand, lithium oxide formed during the additive decomposition facilitated the viscosity reduction of the vitreous phase during firing and its strength increase after cooling. Lithium oxide, similar to boric acid, is a flux, which makes further temperature reduction of liquid-phase sintering possible while preserving the surface self-glazing effect and the formation of the closed-pored internal structure of ceramics. The lithium carbonate pore-forming effect prevails over the flux-hardening and therefore, the amount this additive should be limited to obtain high performance properties and the compliance of resulting ceramics with regulatory requirements. The resulting ceramic material can be used for manufacturing products for buildings’ and structures’ plinth lining. ABSTRAK: Pada masa kini, pengeluaran bahan dan barangan pembinaan adalah dalam gandaan tan dan aktif dibangunkan terutama dalam bidang pengeluaran. Keperluan pengawalseliaan bahan dan produk pembinaan menyediakan aplikasi penilaian kualiti dan kecekapan pembinaan atau pembinaan semula bangunan dan struktur. Peningkatan berterusan terhadap keperluan pengawalseliaan dan ketersediaan rizab semula jadi berkualiti tinggi yang terhad menuntut kepada pembangunan pesat sumber bahan mentah baru berkembang. Kajian ini memperkenalkan hasil pembangunan komposisi caj berdasarkan tanah liat keplastikan rendah, di mana aplikasi terhad kepada keburukan bahan yang dihasilkan, namun bahan tambahan tertentu boleh diperkenalkan bagi menghasilkan bahan berkualiti tinggi. Menggunakan litium karbonat bersama bahan tambahan berikut: asid borik digunakan sebagai fluks dan titanium dioksida sebagai sumber fasa vitreus, telah diambil kira dalam kajian ini. Kesan litium karbonat pada ke
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM-CONTAINING CERAMICS BASED ON LOW-PLASTIC CLAY","authors":"Lubov Filippova, Anastasiya Akimova, E. Pikalov, Oleg G. Selivanov","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2925","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the production of construction materials and items is a multi-tonnage and actively developing production sphere. The regulatory requirements imposed on construction materials and products provide the assessment of their quality and application efficiency in construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures. The constantly increasing regulatory requirements and the limited availability of high-quality natural reserves demand the rapid development of new raw material resources. This paper presents the results of charge composition development based on low-plasticity clay, which has seen limited application due to the poor performance of items produced from it. However, certain functional additives can be introduced for producing high-quality materials. In this work, alongside lithium carbonate, the following additives have been considered: boric acid used as flux and titanium dioxide as a vitreous phase source. The lithium carbonate effect on total and open porosity, density, thermal conductivity, water absorption, frost resistance, compressive and bending strength has been studied. On the one hand lithium carbonate was found to demonstrate a pore-forming effect due to its decomposition during firing. On the other hand, lithium oxide formed during the additive decomposition facilitated the viscosity reduction of the vitreous phase during firing and its strength increase after cooling. Lithium oxide, similar to boric acid, is a flux, which makes further temperature reduction of liquid-phase sintering possible while preserving the surface self-glazing effect and the formation of the closed-pored internal structure of ceramics. The lithium carbonate pore-forming effect prevails over the flux-hardening and therefore, the amount this additive should be limited to obtain high performance properties and the compliance of resulting ceramics with regulatory requirements. The resulting ceramic material can be used for manufacturing products for buildings’ and structures’ plinth lining. ABSTRAK: Pada masa kini, pengeluaran bahan dan barangan pembinaan adalah dalam gandaan tan dan aktif dibangunkan terutama dalam bidang pengeluaran. Keperluan pengawalseliaan bahan dan produk pembinaan menyediakan aplikasi penilaian kualiti dan kecekapan pembinaan atau pembinaan semula bangunan dan struktur. Peningkatan berterusan terhadap keperluan pengawalseliaan dan ketersediaan rizab semula jadi berkualiti tinggi yang terhad menuntut kepada pembangunan pesat sumber bahan mentah baru berkembang. Kajian ini memperkenalkan hasil pembangunan komposisi caj berdasarkan tanah liat keplastikan rendah, di mana aplikasi terhad kepada keburukan bahan yang dihasilkan, namun bahan tambahan tertentu boleh diperkenalkan bagi menghasilkan bahan berkualiti tinggi. Menggunakan litium karbonat bersama bahan tambahan berikut: asid borik digunakan sebagai fluks dan titanium dioksida sebagai sumber fasa vitreus, telah diambil kira dalam kajian ini. Kesan litium karbonat pada ke","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"26 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2898
N. Salim, Mandeep S. J. Singh, Amer T. Abed
This research proposes a compact 4x4 MIMO coplanar waveguide antenna for 5G NR and Wi-Fi 6 applications. The antenna has a size of 34x32x1.6 mm and operates in the 4.2-7 GHz band. By cutting slots on the ground and radiator, the mutual coupling is reduced to less than -15 dB between adjacent and opposite elements and less than -25 dB between diagonal elements. The antenna achieves good measured gains (3-6 dBi) and efficiency (60%-80%). The proposed antenna is suitable for high-performance wireless communication systems that require a small and low-cost MIMO antenna. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini mencadangkan antena pandu gelombang yang kompak 4x4 MIMO koplanar bagi aplikasi 5G NR dan Wi-Fi6. Antena ini mempunyai saiz 34x32x1.6 mm dan beroperasi dalam kelompok gelombang 4.2-7 GHz. Dengan memotong slot pada tanah dan radiator, mutual coupling dikurangkan sebanyak -15 dB antara adjasen dan elemen bertentangan dan kurang daripada -25 dB antara elemen diagonal. Antena ini mencapai ukuran terbaik pada gain (3-6 dBi) dan kecekapan (60%-80%). Antena yang dicadangkan ini sesuai bagi sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar berprestasi tinggi yang memerlukan antena kecil dan murah seperti antena MIMO. .
这项研究为 5G NR 和 Wi-Fi 6 应用提出了一种紧凑型 4x4 MIMO 共面波导天线。该天线尺寸为 34x32x1.6 毫米，工作频带为 4.2-7 GHz。通过在地面和辐射器上开槽，相邻和相对元件之间的相互耦合降低到 -15 dB 以下，对角元件之间的相互耦合降低到 -25 dB 以下。该天线实现了良好的测量增益（3-6 dBi）和效率（60%-80%）。该天线适用于需要小型、低成本 MIMO 天线的高性能无线通信系统。摘要 本研究为 5G NR 和 Wi-Fi6 应用提出了一种紧凑型 4x4 共面 MIMO 波导天线。该天线尺寸为 34x32x1.6 mm，工作频率为 4.2-7 GHz。通过在地面和辐射器上开槽，相邻和相对元件之间的相互耦合降低了-15 dB，对角元件之间的相互耦合降低了不到-25 dB。该天线在增益（3-6 dBi）和效率（60%-80%）方面达到了最佳测量值。这种天线适用于需要小型廉价天线（如多输入多输出天线）的高性能无线通信系统。.
{"title":"COMPACT CPW 4X4 MIMO ANTENNA FOR WI-FI 6 (IEEE802.11.AX) AND 5G(NR77/NR78/NR79) COMMUNICATIONS","authors":"N. Salim, Mandeep S. J. Singh, Amer T. Abed","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2898","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a compact 4x4 MIMO coplanar waveguide antenna for 5G NR and Wi-Fi 6 applications. The antenna has a size of 34x32x1.6 mm and operates in the 4.2-7 GHz band. By cutting slots on the ground and radiator, the mutual coupling is reduced to less than -15 dB between adjacent and opposite elements and less than -25 dB between diagonal elements. The antenna achieves good measured gains (3-6 dBi) and efficiency (60%-80%). The proposed antenna is suitable for high-performance wireless communication systems that require a small and low-cost MIMO antenna. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini mencadangkan antena pandu gelombang yang kompak 4x4 MIMO koplanar bagi aplikasi 5G NR dan Wi-Fi6. Antena ini mempunyai saiz 34x32x1.6 mm dan beroperasi dalam kelompok gelombang 4.2-7 GHz. Dengan memotong slot pada tanah dan radiator, mutual coupling dikurangkan sebanyak -15 dB antara adjasen dan elemen bertentangan dan kurang daripada -25 dB antara elemen diagonal. Antena ini mencapai ukuran terbaik pada gain (3-6 dBi) dan kecekapan (60%-80%). Antena yang dicadangkan ini sesuai bagi sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar berprestasi tinggi yang memerlukan antena kecil dan murah seperti antena MIMO. .","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"51 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2959
Nur Aqilah Mohd Rosli, Saerahany Legori Ibrahim, Siti Hajar Binti Yusoff
Riverbank erosion is a natural process of removal of earthen materials from the bank surface. The process of riverbank erosion that is induced naturally results in the formation of landforms such as valleys, canyons, and productive floodplains. However, riverbank erosion can also be considered a hazard when the process occurs at an alarming rate causing loss of land. The extent of erosion depends on many factors. One of the main factors responsible for riverbank erosion is the soil erodibility which is the resistance of soil to erosion. The aim of this study is to quantify the riverbank erosion rates and the potential magnitude of riverbank erosion in order to generate an empirical predictive model to estimate riverbank erosion from physical and geomorphic variables for rivers susceptible to riverbank erosion. Several models were trained using the Regression Learner application in MATLAB software. Models that include soil erodibility parameters perform better than the models without the soil erodibility parameters. The model with the highest accuracy was found to be Model 2, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.70E-08 and coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.55. The model produced in this study will be helpful to analyze and predict the effects of riverbank erosion and assist in the development of bank stabilization solution. ABSTRAK: Hakisan tebing sungai adalah proses semula jadi terhadap penyingkiran bahan tanah dari permukaan tebing. Proses hakisan tebing sungai yang terjadi secara semula jadi ini mengakibatkan pembentukan bentuk muka bumi seperti lembah, ngarai dan dataran banjir yang produktif. Bagaimanapun, hakisan tebing sungai juga boleh dianggap sebagai ancaman apabila proses berlaku pada kadar membimbangkan sehingga menyebabkan kehilangan tanah. Tahap hakisan bergantung pada banyak faktor. Salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan hakisan tebing sungai adalah kebolehhakisan tanah iaitu ketahanan tanah terhadap hakisan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kadar hakisan tebing sungai, mengkaji potensi magnitud hakisan tebing sungai dan menghasilkan model ramalan empirik bagi menganggarkan hakisan tebing sungai daripada pembolehubah fizikal dan geomorfik bagi sungai yang terdedah kepada hakisan tebing sungai. Beberapa model telah dilatih menggunakan aplikasi Regression Learner dalam perisian MATLAB. Dapatan menunjukkan model yang mengandungi parameter kebolehhakisan tanah adalah lebih baik berbanding model tanpa parameter kebolehhakisan tanah. Model 2 didapati mempunyai ketepatan tertinggi dengan ralat punca min kuasa dua (RMSE) sebanyak 3.70E-08 dan pekali penentuan, R2 sebanyak 0.55. Model dalam kajian ini dapat membantu dalam analisa berkaitan kesan hakisan tebing sungai dan penyelesaian kepada pembangunan kestabilan tebing.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF SOIL ERODIBILITY ON RIVERBANK EROSION AND FAILURES","authors":"Nur Aqilah Mohd Rosli, Saerahany Legori Ibrahim, Siti Hajar Binti Yusoff","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2959","url":null,"abstract":"Riverbank erosion is a natural process of removal of earthen materials from the bank surface. The process of riverbank erosion that is induced naturally results in the formation of landforms such as valleys, canyons, and productive floodplains. However, riverbank erosion can also be considered a hazard when the process occurs at an alarming rate causing loss of land. The extent of erosion depends on many factors. One of the main factors responsible for riverbank erosion is the soil erodibility which is the resistance of soil to erosion. The aim of this study is to quantify the riverbank erosion rates and the potential magnitude of riverbank erosion in order to generate an empirical predictive model to estimate riverbank erosion from physical and geomorphic variables for rivers susceptible to riverbank erosion. Several models were trained using the Regression Learner application in MATLAB software. Models that include soil erodibility parameters perform better than the models without the soil erodibility parameters. The model with the highest accuracy was found to be Model 2, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.70E-08 and coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.55. The model produced in this study will be helpful to analyze and predict the effects of riverbank erosion and assist in the development of bank stabilization solution. ABSTRAK: Hakisan tebing sungai adalah proses semula jadi terhadap penyingkiran bahan tanah dari permukaan tebing. Proses hakisan tebing sungai yang terjadi secara semula jadi ini mengakibatkan pembentukan bentuk muka bumi seperti lembah, ngarai dan dataran banjir yang produktif. Bagaimanapun, hakisan tebing sungai juga boleh dianggap sebagai ancaman apabila proses berlaku pada kadar membimbangkan sehingga menyebabkan kehilangan tanah. Tahap hakisan bergantung pada banyak faktor. Salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan hakisan tebing sungai adalah kebolehhakisan tanah iaitu ketahanan tanah terhadap hakisan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kadar hakisan tebing sungai, mengkaji potensi magnitud hakisan tebing sungai dan menghasilkan model ramalan empirik bagi menganggarkan hakisan tebing sungai daripada pembolehubah fizikal dan geomorfik bagi sungai yang terdedah kepada hakisan tebing sungai. Beberapa model telah dilatih menggunakan aplikasi Regression Learner dalam perisian MATLAB. Dapatan menunjukkan model yang mengandungi parameter kebolehhakisan tanah adalah lebih baik berbanding model tanpa parameter kebolehhakisan tanah. Model 2 didapati mempunyai ketepatan tertinggi dengan ralat punca min kuasa dua (RMSE) sebanyak 3.70E-08 dan pekali penentuan, R2 sebanyak 0.55. Model dalam kajian ini dapat membantu dalam analisa berkaitan kesan hakisan tebing sungai dan penyelesaian kepada pembangunan kestabilan tebing.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2585
N. I. Mohamad Puad, Soumayat Ali Ibrahim, A. S. Azmi, M. Abduh
The application of cassava starch in the biopolymers industry has been growing significantly due to its low cost, good oxygen barrier in the dry state, and biodegradability. Plant culture technology is an alternative to traditional propagation as it does not require large areas for production, has a higher rate of multiplication, and produces disease-free plants. However, the application of cassava callus culture for starch production is limited. This study focuses on identifying the significant culture parameters for a maximum Rayong cultivar cassava callus growth and evaluation of its starch content. Cassava stems petiole and leaf explants were cultured on MS medium containing different combinations of 2,4-D (8, 12, and 15 mg/L) and BAP (1, 3, and 5 mg/L) under three light conditions (0, 16, and 24 h). The screening of the most influential parameter was done using the 2-level Factorial Design in Design Expert v13 by analyzing the frequency of callus formation. All leaf explant turned brown with no callus induction. The highest frequency of callus formation derived from stem petiole explant was achieved by the combination of 8 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP under the light condition (75%) followed by 8 mg/L 2,4 D + 1 mg/L BAP under the dark condition (50%). Based on the ANOVA analysis, the individual supply of 2,4-D and BAP respectively, have a negative effect on callus formation while the combination of 2,4-D and BAP has a positive effect. Light supply did not significantly affect cassava callus formation. The amount of starch in the cassava callus was then investigated using an iodine test which yielded 0.21% of the total weight of the callus (0.0101g). The amount of starch is relatively low considering that the callus was not grown under the optimum condition for starch production. The findings of this study open prospects for future research in cassava cultures in favor of starch production. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan kanji ubi kayu dalam industri biopolimer telah meningkat secara mendadak disebabkan oleh faktor kosnya yang rendah, rintangan oksigen yang baik dan sifat keterbiodegradasi. Teknologi kultur tisu tumbuhan merupakan alternatif kepada pembiakan secara tradisional yang mana teknologi ini tidak memerlukan kawasan penanaman yang luas, penghasilan yang lebih singkat dan menghasilkan tumbuhan bebas penyakit. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian mengenai penggunaan kanji dari kultur ubi kayu masih belum meluas. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti parameter penting dalam pertumbuhan maksimum kalus kultivar ubi kayu Rayong dan kandungan kanjinya. Eksplan dari tangkai petiol dan daun ubi kayu dikulturkan dalam medium MS yang mengandungi pelbagai kombinasi hormon tumbuhan 2,4-D (8, 12 dan 15 mg/L) dan BAP (1, 3 dan 5 mg/L) di bawah tiga tempoh masa pencahayaan (0, 16 dan 24 jam). Saringan parameter paling berpengaruh dilakukan menerusi reka bentuk faktorial 2-peringkat perisian Design Expert v13 melalui analisa frekuensi pembentukan kalus. Semua eksplan daun tel
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND LIGHT SUPPLY ON BITTER CASSAVA CALLUS INITIATION FOR STARCH PRODUCTION","authors":"N. I. Mohamad Puad, Soumayat Ali Ibrahim, A. S. Azmi, M. Abduh","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2585","url":null,"abstract":"The application of cassava starch in the biopolymers industry has been growing significantly due to its low cost, good oxygen barrier in the dry state, and biodegradability. Plant culture technology is an alternative to traditional propagation as it does not require large areas for production, has a higher rate of multiplication, and produces disease-free plants. However, the application of cassava callus culture for starch production is limited. This study focuses on identifying the significant culture parameters for a maximum Rayong cultivar cassava callus growth and evaluation of its starch content. Cassava stems petiole and leaf explants were cultured on MS medium containing different combinations of 2,4-D (8, 12, and 15 mg/L) and BAP (1, 3, and 5 mg/L) under three light conditions (0, 16, and 24 h). The screening of the most influential parameter was done using the 2-level Factorial Design in Design Expert v13 by analyzing the frequency of callus formation. All leaf explant turned brown with no callus induction. The highest frequency of callus formation derived from stem petiole explant was achieved by the combination of 8 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP under the light condition (75%) followed by 8 mg/L 2,4 D + 1 mg/L BAP under the dark condition (50%). Based on the ANOVA analysis, the individual supply of 2,4-D and BAP respectively, have a negative effect on callus formation while the combination of 2,4-D and BAP has a positive effect. Light supply did not significantly affect cassava callus formation. The amount of starch in the cassava callus was then investigated using an iodine test which yielded 0.21% of the total weight of the callus (0.0101g). The amount of starch is relatively low considering that the callus was not grown under the optimum condition for starch production. The findings of this study open prospects for future research in cassava cultures in favor of starch production. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan kanji ubi kayu dalam industri biopolimer telah meningkat secara mendadak disebabkan oleh faktor kosnya yang rendah, rintangan oksigen yang baik dan sifat keterbiodegradasi. Teknologi kultur tisu tumbuhan merupakan alternatif kepada pembiakan secara tradisional yang mana teknologi ini tidak memerlukan kawasan penanaman yang luas, penghasilan yang lebih singkat dan menghasilkan tumbuhan bebas penyakit. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian mengenai penggunaan kanji dari kultur ubi kayu masih belum meluas. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti parameter penting dalam pertumbuhan maksimum kalus kultivar ubi kayu Rayong dan kandungan kanjinya. Eksplan dari tangkai petiol dan daun ubi kayu dikulturkan dalam medium MS yang mengandungi pelbagai kombinasi hormon tumbuhan 2,4-D (8, 12 dan 15 mg/L) dan BAP (1, 3 dan 5 mg/L) di bawah tiga tempoh masa pencahayaan (0, 16 dan 24 jam). Saringan parameter paling berpengaruh dilakukan menerusi reka bentuk faktorial 2-peringkat perisian Design Expert v13 melalui analisa frekuensi pembentukan kalus. Semua eksplan daun tel","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2820
Muhammad Annuar Alhadi Mohamad Yusoff, Nur Liyana Azmi, N. Nordin
The usage of machine learning in the healthcare system, especially in monitoring those who are using a wheelchair for their mobility has also helped to improve their quality of life in preventing any serious life-time risk, such as the development of pressure ulcers due to the prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. To date, the amount of research on the sitting posture detection on wheelchairs is very small. Thus, this study aimed to develop a sitting posture detection system that predominantly focuses on monitoring and detecting the sitting posture of a wheelchair user by using pressure sensors to avoid any possible discomfort and musculoskeletal disease resulting from prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. Five healthy subjects participated in this research. Five typical sitting postures by the wheelchair user, including the posture that applies a force on the backrest plate, were identified and classified. There were four pressure sensors attached to the seat plate of the wheelchair and two pressure sensors attached to the back rest. Three classification algorithms based on the supervised learning of machine learning, such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT) were used to classify the postures which produced an accuracy of 95.44%, 98.72%, and 98.80%, respectively. All the classification algorithms were evaluated by using the k-fold cross validation method. A graphical-user interface (GUI) based application was developed using the algorithm with the highest accuracy, DT classifier, to illustrate the result of the posture classification to the wheelchair user for any posture correction to be made in case of improper sitting posture detected. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan pembelajaran mesin dalam sistem penjagaan kesihatan terutama dalam mengawasi pergerakan pengguna kerusi roda dapat membantu meningkatkan kualiti hidup bagi mengelak sebarang risiko serius seperti ulser disebabkan tekanan duduk terlalu lama di kerusi roda. Sehingga kini, kajian tentang pengesanan postur ketika duduk di kerusi roda adalah sangat kurang. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan bagi membina sistem pengesan postur khususnya bagi mengawasi dan mengesan postur duduk pengguna kerusi roda dengan menggunakan pengesan tekanan bagi mengelak sebarang kemungkinan ketidakselesaan dan penyakit otot akibat duduk terlalu lama. Lima pengguna kerusi roda yang sihat telah dijadikan subjek bagi kajian ini. Terdapat lima postur duduk oleh pengguna kerusi roda termasuk postur yang memberikan tekanan pada bahagian belakang telah di kenalpasti dan dikelaskan. Terdapat empat pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian tempat duduk kerusi roda dan dua pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian belakang. Tiga algoritma pengelasan berdasarkan pembelajaran terarah melalui pembelajaran mesin seperti Sokongan Vektor Mesin (SVM), Hutan Rawak (RF) dan Pokok Keputusan (DT) telah digunakan bagi pengelasan postur di mana masing-masing memberikan ketepatan 95.44%, 98.72% dan 98.80%. Semu
{"title":"A WHEELCHAIR SITTING POSTURE DETECTION SYSTEM USING PRESSURE SENSORS","authors":"Muhammad Annuar Alhadi Mohamad Yusoff, Nur Liyana Azmi, N. Nordin","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2820","url":null,"abstract":"The usage of machine learning in the healthcare system, especially in monitoring those who are using a wheelchair for their mobility has also helped to improve their quality of life in preventing any serious life-time risk, such as the development of pressure ulcers due to the prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. To date, the amount of research on the sitting posture detection on wheelchairs is very small. Thus, this study aimed to develop a sitting posture detection system that predominantly focuses on monitoring and detecting the sitting posture of a wheelchair user by using pressure sensors to avoid any possible discomfort and musculoskeletal disease resulting from prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. Five healthy subjects participated in this research. Five typical sitting postures by the wheelchair user, including the posture that applies a force on the backrest plate, were identified and classified. There were four pressure sensors attached to the seat plate of the wheelchair and two pressure sensors attached to the back rest. Three classification algorithms based on the supervised learning of machine learning, such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT) were used to classify the postures which produced an accuracy of 95.44%, 98.72%, and 98.80%, respectively. All the classification algorithms were evaluated by using the k-fold cross validation method. A graphical-user interface (GUI) based application was developed using the algorithm with the highest accuracy, DT classifier, to illustrate the result of the posture classification to the wheelchair user for any posture correction to be made in case of improper sitting posture detected. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan pembelajaran mesin dalam sistem penjagaan kesihatan terutama dalam mengawasi pergerakan pengguna kerusi roda dapat membantu meningkatkan kualiti hidup bagi mengelak sebarang risiko serius seperti ulser disebabkan tekanan duduk terlalu lama di kerusi roda. Sehingga kini, kajian tentang pengesanan postur ketika duduk di kerusi roda adalah sangat kurang. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan bagi membina sistem pengesan postur khususnya bagi mengawasi dan mengesan postur duduk pengguna kerusi roda dengan menggunakan pengesan tekanan bagi mengelak sebarang kemungkinan ketidakselesaan dan penyakit otot akibat duduk terlalu lama. Lima pengguna kerusi roda yang sihat telah dijadikan subjek bagi kajian ini. Terdapat lima postur duduk oleh pengguna kerusi roda termasuk postur yang memberikan tekanan pada bahagian belakang telah di kenalpasti dan dikelaskan. Terdapat empat pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian tempat duduk kerusi roda dan dua pengesan tekanan dilekatkan pada bahagian belakang. Tiga algoritma pengelasan berdasarkan pembelajaran terarah melalui pembelajaran mesin seperti Sokongan Vektor Mesin (SVM), Hutan Rawak (RF) dan Pokok Keputusan (DT) telah digunakan bagi pengelasan postur di mana masing-masing memberikan ketepatan 95.44%, 98.72% dan 98.80%. Semu","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"11 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2913
Kinfatt Wong, Robiah Ahmad, Kushsairy Abdul Kadir, N. Ahmad
Based on the hourly solar radiation and ambient temperature, the hourly power estimation work is carried out using the conventional photovoltaic output power (PVOP) estimation model which is used in conjunction with the conventional photovoltaic module temperature (PVMT) estimation model. These hourly data must be processed further before they can be applied to the daily power estimation work. This estimation work is carried out using conventional estimation methods, which are the multiple estimation processes that are complex, time-consuming, and error prone. Therefore, to avoid these shortcomings, one estimation process is designed and used for daily power estimation work. However, this process produces an incorrect daily output power value due to an invalid module temperature value. Thus, a new PVMT estimation model is developed to solve the problem of the invalid value based on a simple linear regression analysis. The performance of the new model has been validated, giving a Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) value of 0.0215 and a Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.9862. The correct daily output power value is produced with a valid module temperature value, giving a NRMSE value of 0.0034 and a R2 value of 0.9999. These results demonstrate the new model's applicability and makes the one estimation process accurate, easy, user-friendly, instantaneous, and direct in daily power estimation work. ABSTRAK: Berdasarkan sinaran matahari dan suhu persekitaran per jam, kerja-kerja anggaran kuasa setiap jam dijalankan menggunakan model anggaran kuasa dari dapatan fotovolta konvensional (PVOP) yang digunakan bersempena dengan model anggaran suhu modul fotovolta konvensional (PVMT). Data per jam ini perlu diproses dengan lebih lanjut sebelum ia boleh digunakan pada kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Kerja-kerja penganggaran ini dijalankan menggunakan kaedah penganggaran konvensional, iaitu proses penganggaran berganda yang kompleks, memakan masa dan mudah ralat. Oleh itu, bagi mengelakkan kekurangan ini, satu proses anggaran direka bentuk dan diguna bagi kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Namun, proses ini menghasilkan nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang salah disebabkan oleh nilai suhu modul tidak sah. Oleh itu, model anggaran PVMT baharu telah dibina bagi menyelesaikan masalah nilai tidak sah berdasarkan analisis mudah regresi linear. Prestasi model baharu telah disahkan, memberi nilai Ralat Punca Min Kuasa Dua Ternormal (NRMSE) sebanyak 0.0215 dan nilai Pekali Penentuan (R2) sebanyak 0.9862. Nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang betul dihasilkan dengan nilai suhu modul yang sah, iaitu nilai NRMSE 0.0034 dan R2 0.9999. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa kebolehgunaan model baharu menjadikan proses anggaran lebih tepat, mudah, mesra pengguna, serta-merta dan terus dalam kerja anggaran kuasa harian.
{"title":"PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION MODEL FOR THE ONE-TIME-POINT DAILY ESTIMATION METHOD","authors":"Kinfatt Wong, Robiah Ahmad, Kushsairy Abdul Kadir, N. Ahmad","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2913","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the hourly solar radiation and ambient temperature, the hourly power estimation work is carried out using the conventional photovoltaic output power (PVOP) estimation model which is used in conjunction with the conventional photovoltaic module temperature (PVMT) estimation model. These hourly data must be processed further before they can be applied to the daily power estimation work. This estimation work is carried out using conventional estimation methods, which are the multiple estimation processes that are complex, time-consuming, and error prone. Therefore, to avoid these shortcomings, one estimation process is designed and used for daily power estimation work. However, this process produces an incorrect daily output power value due to an invalid module temperature value. Thus, a new PVMT estimation model is developed to solve the problem of the invalid value based on a simple linear regression analysis. The performance of the new model has been validated, giving a Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) value of 0.0215 and a Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.9862. The correct daily output power value is produced with a valid module temperature value, giving a NRMSE value of 0.0034 and a R2 value of 0.9999. These results demonstrate the new model's applicability and makes the one estimation process accurate, easy, user-friendly, instantaneous, and direct in daily power estimation work. ABSTRAK: Berdasarkan sinaran matahari dan suhu persekitaran per jam, kerja-kerja anggaran kuasa setiap jam dijalankan menggunakan model anggaran kuasa dari dapatan fotovolta konvensional (PVOP) yang digunakan bersempena dengan model anggaran suhu modul fotovolta konvensional (PVMT). Data per jam ini perlu diproses dengan lebih lanjut sebelum ia boleh digunakan pada kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Kerja-kerja penganggaran ini dijalankan menggunakan kaedah penganggaran konvensional, iaitu proses penganggaran berganda yang kompleks, memakan masa dan mudah ralat. Oleh itu, bagi mengelakkan kekurangan ini, satu proses anggaran direka bentuk dan diguna bagi kerja anggaran kuasa harian. Namun, proses ini menghasilkan nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang salah disebabkan oleh nilai suhu modul tidak sah. Oleh itu, model anggaran PVMT baharu telah dibina bagi menyelesaikan masalah nilai tidak sah berdasarkan analisis mudah regresi linear. Prestasi model baharu telah disahkan, memberi nilai Ralat Punca Min Kuasa Dua Ternormal (NRMSE) sebanyak 0.0215 dan nilai Pekali Penentuan (R2) sebanyak 0.9862. Nilai dapatan kuasa harian yang betul dihasilkan dengan nilai suhu modul yang sah, iaitu nilai NRMSE 0.0034 dan R2 0.9999. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa kebolehgunaan model baharu menjadikan proses anggaran lebih tepat, mudah, mesra pengguna, serta-merta dan terus dalam kerja anggaran kuasa harian.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2983
A. N. Rizalman, Eliezer Nevall Anthony, Anand Ryan Thurairajah, Sheikh Mohd Iqbal S.Z.A., M. Sulaiman
Carbon fibres are widely recognised as reinforcement materials that effectively control cracks in concrete structures. Nonetheless, these fibres do not disperse uniformly inside the cement matrix, disrupting the mixture homogeneity. To address this concern, this study investigated two distinct mixing sequences of cement composites with carbon fibres. Two mixing sequences were investigated including the addition of fibres after cement (AC-CF) and the addition of fibres before cement (BC-CF). The surface topography of carbon fibres and the engineering properties of the cement paste were also examined. Consequently, carbon fibres in cement composite produced lower flowability due to the surface roughness. The AC-CF specimen demonstrated the highest hardened density at 28 days with 2679.22 kg/m3 followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 2386.08 kg/m3 and 2278.36 kg/3, respectively. The AC-CF specimen also had the highest compressive strength at 28 days with 69.91 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 65.92 MPa and 63.20 MPa, respectively. Further, the flexural strength of the AC-CF specimen exhibited the highest strength with 10.86 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 9.35 MPa and 9.17, respectively. The fibre dispersion in AC-CF was also superior to BC-CF. Therefore, it can be concluded that the best mixing sequence is the addition of fibre after cement (AC-CF) because it had better fibre dispersion and engineering properties compared to the addition of fibre before cement (BC-CF). ABSTRAK: Gentian karbon lebih dikenali sebagai bahan bantuan yang berkesan dalam mengawal keretakan pada struktur konkrit. Walau bagaimanapun, gentian ini tidak tersebar secara seragam di dalam matrik simen dan akan mengganggu kehomogenan campuran. Bagi mengatasi masalah ini, kajian ini mengkaji tentang dua susunan campuran berbeza simen komposit dengan gentian karbon. Dua susunan campuran ini adalah melalui penambahan gentian selepas simen (AC-CF) dan penambahan gentian sebelum simen (BC-CF). Permukaan topografi gentian karbon dan sifat kejuruteraan pes simen turut diperiksa. Kajian mendapati bahawa gentian karbon dalam komposit simen mengurangkan kebolehaliran pes simen disebabkan oleh kekasaran pada permukaan gentian. Spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan ketumpatan pengerasan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 2679.22 kg/m3 diikuti spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 2386.08 kg/m3 dan 2278.36 kg/m3, masing-masing. Spesimen AC-CF juga mempunyai kekuatan mampatan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 69.91 MPa, diikuti oleh spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 65.92 MPa dan 63.20 MPa, masing-masing. Seterusnya, kekuatan lenturan spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan kekuatan tertinggi dengan 10.86 MPa, diikuti spesimen BC-CF and spesimen kawalan dengan 9.35 MPa dan 9.17 MPa, masing-masing. Penyebaran gentian dalam AC-CF juga lebih baik daripada BC-CF. Oleh itu, kajian ini merumuskan bahawa susunan campuran terbaik adalah dengan penambahan gentia
{"title":"MIXING SEQUENCE EFFECT OF CEMENT COMPOSITES WITH CARBON FIBRES","authors":"A. N. Rizalman, Eliezer Nevall Anthony, Anand Ryan Thurairajah, Sheikh Mohd Iqbal S.Z.A., M. Sulaiman","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2983","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fibres are widely recognised as reinforcement materials that effectively control cracks in concrete structures. Nonetheless, these fibres do not disperse uniformly inside the cement matrix, disrupting the mixture homogeneity. To address this concern, this study investigated two distinct mixing sequences of cement composites with carbon fibres. Two mixing sequences were investigated including the addition of fibres after cement (AC-CF) and the addition of fibres before cement (BC-CF). The surface topography of carbon fibres and the engineering properties of the cement paste were also examined. Consequently, carbon fibres in cement composite produced lower flowability due to the surface roughness. The AC-CF specimen demonstrated the highest hardened density at 28 days with 2679.22 kg/m3 followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 2386.08 kg/m3 and 2278.36 kg/3, respectively. The AC-CF specimen also had the highest compressive strength at 28 days with 69.91 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 65.92 MPa and 63.20 MPa, respectively. Further, the flexural strength of the AC-CF specimen exhibited the highest strength with 10.86 MPa, followed by BC-CF and the control specimen with 9.35 MPa and 9.17, respectively. The fibre dispersion in AC-CF was also superior to BC-CF. Therefore, it can be concluded that the best mixing sequence is the addition of fibre after cement (AC-CF) because it had better fibre dispersion and engineering properties compared to the addition of fibre before cement (BC-CF). ABSTRAK: Gentian karbon lebih dikenali sebagai bahan bantuan yang berkesan dalam mengawal keretakan pada struktur konkrit. Walau bagaimanapun, gentian ini tidak tersebar secara seragam di dalam matrik simen dan akan mengganggu kehomogenan campuran. Bagi mengatasi masalah ini, kajian ini mengkaji tentang dua susunan campuran berbeza simen komposit dengan gentian karbon. Dua susunan campuran ini adalah melalui penambahan gentian selepas simen (AC-CF) dan penambahan gentian sebelum simen (BC-CF). Permukaan topografi gentian karbon dan sifat kejuruteraan pes simen turut diperiksa. Kajian mendapati bahawa gentian karbon dalam komposit simen mengurangkan kebolehaliran pes simen disebabkan oleh kekasaran pada permukaan gentian. Spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan ketumpatan pengerasan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 2679.22 kg/m3 diikuti spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 2386.08 kg/m3 dan 2278.36 kg/m3, masing-masing. Spesimen AC-CF juga mempunyai kekuatan mampatan tertinggi pada hari ke-28 dengan 69.91 MPa, diikuti oleh spesimen BC-CF dan spesimen kawalan sebanyak 65.92 MPa dan 63.20 MPa, masing-masing. Seterusnya, kekuatan lenturan spesimen AC-CF menunjukkan kekuatan tertinggi dengan 10.86 MPa, diikuti spesimen BC-CF and spesimen kawalan dengan 9.35 MPa dan 9.17 MPa, masing-masing. Penyebaran gentian dalam AC-CF juga lebih baik daripada BC-CF. Oleh itu, kajian ini merumuskan bahawa susunan campuran terbaik adalah dengan penambahan gentia","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"17 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：