Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882
Zulfa Kurnia Umani Hari, Syamsul Bahari Abdullah, S. Jamari, Che Rahmat Che Mat, M. S. Mahmud
Dechlorination of crude palm oil (CPO) to prevent toxic contaminant formation inspired studies of applying alkaline in its treatments. This paper reports distribution of hydroxide ion (OH-) from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) between aqueous solution and CPO under equilibrium systems to moderate its presence in CPO and minimize saponification. In this study, OH- was determined through pH measurements, which also indicated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presence. Filtered CPO was mixed with SS solution at room temperature in various volume ratios and SS concentrations under 800-rpm agitation before being settling down to form layers of liquids. The One-Factor-in-A-Time approach was used to optimize the ratio. Acid value test and GCMS analyses were used to determine free fatty acids. Calibration curve construction revealed 0.0818 of OH- dissociation constant. SS solution could turn to acidic at 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml of concentration probably due to hydrated silica. Using 0.01 g/ml SS solution, volume ratios between CPO and SS solution spanning from 0.33 to 3 were all under alkaline conditions but decreasing OH- concentration, where 2 liquid phases only appeared in the ratio of 2.33 and 3. Concentration of SS was then varied for the 2.33 volume ratio and a sigmoid trend of OH- increase was evident. The McCabe-Thiele plot revealed hydroxide ion equilibrium below operating line suggesting its extraction impossibility to CPO. ABSTRAK: Penyahklorinan minyak sawit mentah (MSM) bertujuan mencegah pembentukan bahan cemar toksik telah mendorong penggunaan alkali dalam rawatan minyak itu. Manuskrip ini melaporkan taburan ion hidroksida (OH-) daripada sodium hidroksida dan sodium silikat (SS) antara larutan akueus dan MSM di bawah keadaan penampan untuk mengurangkan kehadirannya dalam MSM bagi mengelakkan pembentukan sabun. Dalam kajian ini, kepekatan OH- ditentukan melalui pengukuran pH, yang juga merupakan petunjuk kepada kewujudan NaOH. MSM yang ditapis dicampur dengan larutan SS pada suhu bilik dalam pelbagai nisbah isipadu dan kepekatan di bawah pengadukan 800 rpm sebelum diendapkan untuk membentuk lapisan cecair. Pendekatan Satu-Faktor-Sekali telah digunakan untuk mengoptimakan nisbah tersebut. Ujian nilai asid dan analisis GCMS digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan asid lemak bebas. Penjanaan lengkung penentu-ukuran membolehkan pemalar pelepasan OH- diperoleh iaitu 0.0818. Larutan SS boleh bertukar asid pada kepekatan 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml mungkin disebabkan silika yang terhidrasi. Dengan menggunakan larutan SS 0.01 g/ml, nisbah isipadu antara MSM dan larutan SS dari 0.33 ke 3 berkeadaan alkali dan menurun kepekatan hidroksida. 2 fasa cecair hanya wujud pada nisbah 2.33 dan 3. Kemudian kepekatan SS diubah-ubah untuk nisbah isipadi 2.33 itu dan corak sigmoid hidroksida diperoleh. Plot McCabe-Thiele mendapati keseimbangan kepekatan hidroksida berada di bawah garisan operasi menunjukkan pengekstrakan adalah mustahil berlaku terhadap OH- ke dalam MSM.
{"title":"BIPHASIC CRUDE PALM OIL DECHLORINATION: EFFECT OF VOLUME RATIO AND CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM SILICATE TO HYDROXIDE ION DISTRIBUTION","authors":"Zulfa Kurnia Umani Hari, Syamsul Bahari Abdullah, S. Jamari, Che Rahmat Che Mat, M. S. Mahmud","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882","url":null,"abstract":"Dechlorination of crude palm oil (CPO) to prevent toxic contaminant formation inspired studies of applying alkaline in its treatments. This paper reports distribution of hydroxide ion (OH-) from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) between aqueous solution and CPO under equilibrium systems to moderate its presence in CPO and minimize saponification. In this study, OH- was determined through pH measurements, which also indicated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presence. Filtered CPO was mixed with SS solution at room temperature in various volume ratios and SS concentrations under 800-rpm agitation before being settling down to form layers of liquids. The One-Factor-in-A-Time approach was used to optimize the ratio. Acid value test and GCMS analyses were used to determine free fatty acids. Calibration curve construction revealed 0.0818 of OH- dissociation constant. SS solution could turn to acidic at 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml of concentration probably due to hydrated silica. Using 0.01 g/ml SS solution, volume ratios between CPO and SS solution spanning from 0.33 to 3 were all under alkaline conditions but decreasing OH- concentration, where 2 liquid phases only appeared in the ratio of 2.33 and 3. Concentration of SS was then varied for the 2.33 volume ratio and a sigmoid trend of OH- increase was evident. The McCabe-Thiele plot revealed hydroxide ion equilibrium below operating line suggesting its extraction impossibility to CPO. ABSTRAK: Penyahklorinan minyak sawit mentah (MSM) bertujuan mencegah pembentukan bahan cemar toksik telah mendorong penggunaan alkali dalam rawatan minyak itu. Manuskrip ini melaporkan taburan ion hidroksida (OH-) daripada sodium hidroksida dan sodium silikat (SS) antara larutan akueus dan MSM di bawah keadaan penampan untuk mengurangkan kehadirannya dalam MSM bagi mengelakkan pembentukan sabun. Dalam kajian ini, kepekatan OH- ditentukan melalui pengukuran pH, yang juga merupakan petunjuk kepada kewujudan NaOH. MSM yang ditapis dicampur dengan larutan SS pada suhu bilik dalam pelbagai nisbah isipadu dan kepekatan di bawah pengadukan 800 rpm sebelum diendapkan untuk membentuk lapisan cecair. Pendekatan Satu-Faktor-Sekali telah digunakan untuk mengoptimakan nisbah tersebut. Ujian nilai asid dan analisis GCMS digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan asid lemak bebas. Penjanaan lengkung penentu-ukuran membolehkan pemalar pelepasan OH- diperoleh iaitu 0.0818. Larutan SS boleh bertukar asid pada kepekatan 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml mungkin disebabkan silika yang terhidrasi. Dengan menggunakan larutan SS 0.01 g/ml, nisbah isipadu antara MSM dan larutan SS dari 0.33 ke 3 berkeadaan alkali dan menurun kepekatan hidroksida. 2 fasa cecair hanya wujud pada nisbah 2.33 dan 3. Kemudian kepekatan SS diubah-ubah untuk nisbah isipadi 2.33 itu dan corak sigmoid hidroksida diperoleh. Plot McCabe-Thiele mendapati keseimbangan kepekatan hidroksida berada di bawah garisan operasi menunjukkan pengekstrakan adalah mustahil berlaku terhadap OH- ke dalam MSM.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838
Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Mohammad Shafiul Alam
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that impacts social communication and conduct. ASD lacks standard treatment protocols or medication, thus early identification and proper intervention are the most effective procedures to treat this disorder. Artificial intelligence could be a very effective tool to be used in ASD diagnosis as this is free from human bias. This research examines the effect of face alignment for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using facial images with the possibility that face alignment can improve the prediction accuracy of deep learning algorithms. This work uses the SOTA deep learning-based face alignment algorithm MTCNN to preprocess the raw data. In addition, the impacts of facial alignment on ASD diagnosis using facial images are investigated using state-of-the-art CNN backbones such as ResNet50, Xception, and MobileNet. ResNet50V2 achieves the maximum prediction accuracy of 93.97% and AUC of 96.33% with the alignment of training samples, which is a substantial improvement over previous research. This research paves the way for a data-centric approach that can be applied to medical datasets in order to improve the efficacy of deep neural network algorithms used to develop smart medical devices for the benefit of mankind. ABSTRAK: Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD) adalah gangguan perkembangan yang memberi kesan kepada komunikasi dan tingkah laku sosial. Kelemahan dalam rawatan ASD adalah ianya tidak mempunyai protokol rawatan standard atau ubat. Oleh itu pengenalan awal dan campur tangan betul merupakan prosedur paling berkesan bagi merawat gangguan ini. Kecerdasan buatan boleh menjadi alat berkesan bagi diagnosis ASD kerana bebas campur tangan manusia. Penyelidikan ini mengkaji kesan penjajaran muka bagi diagnosis awal ASD menggunakan imej muka dengan kebarangkalian penjajaran muka dapat meningkatkan ketepatan ramalan algoritma pembelajaran mendalam. Kajian ini menggunakan algoritma penjajaran muka MTCNN berasaskan pembelajaran mendalam SOTA bagi pra-proses data mentah. Selain itu, kesan penjajaran muka pada diagnosis ASD menggunakan imej muka disiasat menggunakan CNN terkini seperti ResNet50, Xception dan MobileNet. ResNet50V2 mencapai ketepatan ramalan maksimum sebanyak 93.97% dan AUC 96.33% dengan sampel penjajaran latihan, yang merupakan peningkatan ketara berbanding penyelidikan terdahulu. Kajian ini membuka jalan bagi pendekatan data berpusat yang boleh digunakan pada set data perubatan bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan algoritma rangkaian saraf mendalam dan membangunkan peranti perubatan pintar bermanfaat untuk manusia.
{"title":"POWER OF ALIGNMENT: EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF FACE ALIGNMENT ON ASD DIAGNOSIS USING FACIAL IMAGES","authors":"Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Mohammad Shafiul Alam","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838","url":null,"abstract":"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that impacts social communication and conduct. ASD lacks standard treatment protocols or medication, thus early identification and proper intervention are the most effective procedures to treat this disorder. Artificial intelligence could be a very effective tool to be used in ASD diagnosis as this is free from human bias. This research examines the effect of face alignment for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using facial images with the possibility that face alignment can improve the prediction accuracy of deep learning algorithms. This work uses the SOTA deep learning-based face alignment algorithm MTCNN to preprocess the raw data. In addition, the impacts of facial alignment on ASD diagnosis using facial images are investigated using state-of-the-art CNN backbones such as ResNet50, Xception, and MobileNet. ResNet50V2 achieves the maximum prediction accuracy of 93.97% and AUC of 96.33% with the alignment of training samples, which is a substantial improvement over previous research. This research paves the way for a data-centric approach that can be applied to medical datasets in order to improve the efficacy of deep neural network algorithms used to develop smart medical devices for the benefit of mankind. ABSTRAK: Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD) adalah gangguan perkembangan yang memberi kesan kepada komunikasi dan tingkah laku sosial. Kelemahan dalam rawatan ASD adalah ianya tidak mempunyai protokol rawatan standard atau ubat. Oleh itu pengenalan awal dan campur tangan betul merupakan prosedur paling berkesan bagi merawat gangguan ini. Kecerdasan buatan boleh menjadi alat berkesan bagi diagnosis ASD kerana bebas campur tangan manusia. Penyelidikan ini mengkaji kesan penjajaran muka bagi diagnosis awal ASD menggunakan imej muka dengan kebarangkalian penjajaran muka dapat meningkatkan ketepatan ramalan algoritma pembelajaran mendalam. Kajian ini menggunakan algoritma penjajaran muka MTCNN berasaskan pembelajaran mendalam SOTA bagi pra-proses data mentah. Selain itu, kesan penjajaran muka pada diagnosis ASD menggunakan imej muka disiasat menggunakan CNN terkini seperti ResNet50, Xception dan MobileNet. ResNet50V2 mencapai ketepatan ramalan maksimum sebanyak 93.97% dan AUC 96.33% dengan sampel penjajaran latihan, yang merupakan peningkatan ketara berbanding penyelidikan terdahulu. Kajian ini membuka jalan bagi pendekatan data berpusat yang boleh digunakan pada set data perubatan bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan algoritma rangkaian saraf mendalam dan membangunkan peranti perubatan pintar bermanfaat untuk manusia.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"38 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932
R. Nedjai, N. Kabbashi, Md Zahangir Alam, M. Alkhatib, Amina Tahreen, Abdullah Al Mamun
A continuous adsorption study in a fixed-bed column using baobab fruit shell activated carbon (BF-AC) was investigated for phenol removal from an aqueous solution. Baobab fruit shell (BFS) was chemically activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 700 °C in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface area analyses were performed for the characterization of BF-AC. Fixed-bed experiments were carried out and the effect of feed flowrate (10, 15, 20 mL/min) and bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) on the adsorption were investigated by evaluating the breakthrough curves. BET surface area of BF-AC was 1263 m2/g, indicating its well-developed pores and its good quality as an adsorbent. The findings showed that the exhaustion time (t????) and breakthrough time (tb) reduced as the flowrate augmented, while they increased as the bed height augmented. With the increase in the bed height and the flowrate, phenol solution volume treated was augmented. Also, BF-AC with bed height of 15 cm provided better elimination of phenol with carbon usage rate (CUR) of 1.74 g/L and empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 9.9 minutes. According to the findings, BF-AC is an effective adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions. ABSTRAK: Kajian penjerapan berterusan menggunakan kulit buah baobab diaktifkan karbon (BF-AC) telah dikaji mengguna pakai kolum lapisan tetap bagi penyingkiran fenol daripada larutan cecair. Kulit buah Baobab (BFS) diaktifkan secara kimia menggunakan kalium hidroksida (KOH) pada suhu 700 °C dalam atmosfera nitrogen (N2). Imbasan mikroskop elektron (SEM), pembelahan sinar-X (XRD, dan analisis permukaan BET dijalankan bagi pencirian BF-AC. Eksperimen kolum lapisan tetap bagi mengkaji kesan penjerapan pada aliran suapan (10, 15, 20 mL/min) dengan ketinggian (5, 10, 15 cm) dinilai melalui lengkung bulus. Kawasan permukaan BET BF-AC adalah 1263 m2/g, menunjukkan liang yang elok terbentuk dan berkualiti baik sebagai penyerap. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa puncak masa maksima (t????) dan masa terbaik (tb) berkurangan pada kadar aliran bertambah, sebaliknya ianya meningkat pada ketinggian bertambah. Dengan penambahan ketinggian katil dan kadar aliran, jumlah larutan fenol yang dirawat telah bertambah. Selain itu, BF-AC pada ketinggian 15 cm menunjukkan penghapusan fenol terbaik pada kadar penggunaan karbon (CUR) 1.74 g/L dan masa sentuhan kolum kosong (EBCT) 9.9 minit. Ini menunjukkan, BF-AC adalah penyerap yang berkesan bagi menyingkirkan fenol daripada larutan cecair.
研究人员利用猴面包树果壳活性炭(BF-AC)在固定床柱中进行了一项连续吸附研究,以去除水溶液中的苯酚。猴面包树果壳(BFS)在 700 °C 的氮气(N2)环境中使用氢氧化钾(KOH)进行化学活化。为确定 BF-AC 的特性,对其进行了扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和 BET 表面积分析。进行了固定床实验,并通过评估突破曲线研究了进料流速(10、15、20 mL/min)和床层高度(5、10、15 cm)对吸附的影响。BF-AC 的 BET 表面积为 1263 m2/g,表明其孔隙发达,具有良好的吸附性。研究结果表明,随着流速的增加,耗尽时间(t????)和突破时间(tb)缩短,而随着床层高度的增加,耗尽时间和突破时间延长。随着床层高度和流速的增加,苯酚溶液的处理量也增加了。此外,床高为 15 厘米的 BF-AC 能更好地消除苯酚,碳使用率(CUR)为 1.74 克/升,空床接触时间(EBCT)为 9.9 分钟。研究结果表明,BF-AC 是一种从水溶液中去除苯酚的有效吸附剂。摘要使用固定层柱对猴面包树果皮活性炭(BF-AC)进行了连续吸附研究,以去除水溶液中的苯酚。猴面包树果皮(BFS)在 700 °C 的氮气(N2)环境下使用氢氧化钾(KOH)进行化学活化。对 BF-AC 的特性进行了扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和 BET 表面分析。固定层柱实验研究了进料流量(10、15、20 mL/min)和高度(5、10、15 cm)下的吸附效果,并通过灯泡曲线进行了评估。BF-AC 的 BET 表面积为 1263 m2/g,表明该吸附剂具有良好的空腔和质量。研究结果表明,最大峰值时间(t????)和最佳时间(tb)随着流速的增加而减少,而随着高度的增加而增加。随着床层高度和流速的增加,苯酚溶液的处理量也增加了。此外,在碳利用率(CUR)为 1.74 克/升、空柱触柱时间(EBCT)为 9.9 分钟时,15 厘米高的 BF-AC 对苯酚的去除效果最好。这表明,与水溶液相比,BF-AC 是一种有效的苯酚去除吸附剂。
{"title":"ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE OF FIXED-BED COLUMNS FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOL USING BAOBAB FRUIT SHELL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON","authors":"R. Nedjai, N. Kabbashi, Md Zahangir Alam, M. Alkhatib, Amina Tahreen, Abdullah Al Mamun","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932","url":null,"abstract":"A continuous adsorption study in a fixed-bed column using baobab fruit shell activated carbon (BF-AC) was investigated for phenol removal from an aqueous solution. Baobab fruit shell (BFS) was chemically activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 700 °C in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface area analyses were performed for the characterization of BF-AC. Fixed-bed experiments were carried out and the effect of feed flowrate (10, 15, 20 mL/min) and bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) on the adsorption were investigated by evaluating the breakthrough curves. BET surface area of BF-AC was 1263 m2/g, indicating its well-developed pores and its good quality as an adsorbent. The findings showed that the exhaustion time (t????) and breakthrough time (tb) reduced as the flowrate augmented, while they increased as the bed height augmented. With the increase in the bed height and the flowrate, phenol solution volume treated was augmented. Also, BF-AC with bed height of 15 cm provided better elimination of phenol with carbon usage rate (CUR) of 1.74 g/L and empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 9.9 minutes. According to the findings, BF-AC is an effective adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions. ABSTRAK: Kajian penjerapan berterusan menggunakan kulit buah baobab diaktifkan karbon (BF-AC) telah dikaji mengguna pakai kolum lapisan tetap bagi penyingkiran fenol daripada larutan cecair. Kulit buah Baobab (BFS) diaktifkan secara kimia menggunakan kalium hidroksida (KOH) pada suhu 700 °C dalam atmosfera nitrogen (N2). Imbasan mikroskop elektron (SEM), pembelahan sinar-X (XRD, dan analisis permukaan BET dijalankan bagi pencirian BF-AC. Eksperimen kolum lapisan tetap bagi mengkaji kesan penjerapan pada aliran suapan (10, 15, 20 mL/min) dengan ketinggian (5, 10, 15 cm) dinilai melalui lengkung bulus. Kawasan permukaan BET BF-AC adalah 1263 m2/g, menunjukkan liang yang elok terbentuk dan berkualiti baik sebagai penyerap. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa puncak masa maksima (t????) dan masa terbaik (tb) berkurangan pada kadar aliran bertambah, sebaliknya ianya meningkat pada ketinggian bertambah. Dengan penambahan ketinggian katil dan kadar aliran, jumlah larutan fenol yang dirawat telah bertambah. Selain itu, BF-AC pada ketinggian 15 cm menunjukkan penghapusan fenol terbaik pada kadar penggunaan karbon (CUR) 1.74 g/L dan masa sentuhan kolum kosong (EBCT) 9.9 minit. Ini menunjukkan, BF-AC adalah penyerap yang berkesan bagi menyingkirkan fenol daripada larutan cecair.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2829
Sambo Gwandu Haliru, Rodiah Zawawi
Low temperature belite cements are produced using techniques that stabilize the more reactive high temperature polymorphs of dicalcium silicate (C2S) to improve early strength, but the effect of curing conditions on them is not well studied. The focus of this work is to assess the improvement of their early strength in different curing conditions. During the synthesis of the cements at 1000 ºC, the more reactive polymorphs, -C2S and ?-C2S, were stabilized using gypsum and hydrothermal treatment with potassium hydroxide. The phase composition of the synthesized cements was analysed using X-ray powder diffraction. The morphology and elemental composition of the C2S crystals and hydrated pastes was determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system. Mortar samples were cured in different conditions that include hot air and hot water curing at 60 ºC and 90 ºC. The 28-day strength development, capillary water porosity, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were tested. The formation of hydration products and strength was dependent on the type of C2S polymorph. Curing at elevated temperatures improved the transport properties of mortars. Samples cured at 90 ºC in hot air obtained the highest early strength. The presence of -C2S and elevated curing temperatures significantly improve the early strength of the mortar samples. ABSTRAK: Simen belite suhu rendah dihasilkan melalui teknik menstabilkan reaktif polimof dikalsium silikat (C2S) bersuhu tinggi bagi meningkatkan kekuatan awal, tetapi kesan keadaan pengawetan ke atasnya tidak dikaji dengan baik. Fokus kerja ini adalah bagi menilai peningkatan kekuatan awal pada keadaan pengawetan berbeza. Sintesis simen pada suhu 1000 ºC, iaitu pada polimof lebih reaktif, -C2S dan ?-C2S, telah distabilkan menggunakan rawatan gipsum dan hidroterma dengan kalium hidroksida. Fasa komposisi simen tersintesis dianalisa menggunakan pembelauan serbuk sinar-X. Komposisi morfologi dan unsur kristal C2S dan pes terhidrat ditentukan menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektron yang dilengkapi sistem sinar-X penyebar tenaga. Sampel mortar telah diawetkan dalam keadaan berbeza termasuk pengawetan udara panas dan air panas pada suhu 60 ºC dan 90 ºC. Perkembangan kekuatan keliangan kapilari air, penyerapan air, dan halaju nadi ultrasonik telah diuji pada hari ke 28. Pembentukan produk penghidratan dan kekuatan adalah bergantung kepada jenis polimof C2S. Pengawetan pada suhu tinggi meningkatkan sifat pengangkutan mortar. Sampel yang diawet pada 90 ºC dalam udara panas memperoleh kekuatan awal tertinggi. Kehadiran -C2S dan suhu pengawetan tinggi dengan ketara meningkatkan kekuatan awal sampel mortar.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2804
M. S. Karis, H. Kasdirin, N. Abas, Wira Hidayat Mohd Saad, Mohd Shahrieel MOHD ARAS
The significance of human motion intentions in a designed exoskeleton wrist control hand is essential for stroke survivors, thus making EMG signals an integral part of the overall system is critically important. However, EMG is a nonlinear signal that is easily influenced by several errors from its surroundings and certain of its applications require close monitoring to provide decent outcomes. Hence, this paper proposes to establish the relationship between EMG signals and wrist joint angle to estimate the desired wrist velocity. Fuzzy logic has been selected to form a dynamic modelling of wrist movement for a single muscle at different MVC levels and double muscles at a similar MVC level. The physical model of the exoskeleton hand using Simmechanics Matlab software has been developed to validate the performance of the fuzzy logic output result from both dynamic modelling approaches. A PID controller has been developed to smooth the exoskeleton hand movement fluctuations caused by the fuzzy logic decision-making process. As a conclusion, results showed a strong relationship between EMG signals and wrist joint angle improved the estimation results of desired wrist velocity for both dynamic modelling approaches hence strengthened the prediction process by providing a myoelectronic control device for the exoskeleton hand. ABSTRAK: Kepentingan dalam mengetahui kehendak gerakan pergelangan tangan manusia adalah penting untuk pesakit strok yang terselamat, justeru menjadikan isyarat EMG amat penting pada keseluruhan sistem. Walau bagaimanapun, EMG adalah isyarat tidak linear yang mudah dipengaruhi ralat sekitaran dan memerlukan pemantauan rapi bagi hasil yang baik. Oleh itu, kajian ini mencadangkan kewujudan hubungan antara isyarat EMG dan sudut sendi pergelangan tangan bagi menganggarkan halaju pergelangan tangan yang dikehendaki. Logik kabur (fuzzy logic) telah dipilih bagi membentuk model dinamik pergerakan pergelangan tangan pada otot tunggal di tahap MVC yang berbeza dan otot berganda pada tahap MVC yang serupa. Model fizikal rangka luar tangan menggunakan perisian Matlab Simmekanik telah dibangunkan bagi mengesahkan prestasi Logik Kabur daripada kedua-dua pendekatan model dinamik. Pengawal PID telah dibangunkan bagi melicinkan gerakan turun naik tangan yang disebabkan proses membuat keputusan oleh Logik Kabur. Sebagai kesimpulan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan hubungan yang kukuh antara isyarat EMG dan sudut sendi pergelangan tangan. Ini meningkatkan anggaran dapatan halaju pergelangan tangan yang dikehendaki bagi kedua-dua pendekatan model dinamik seterusnya mengukuhkan proses ramalan melalui peranti kawalan mioelektronik rangka tangan.
在设计的外骨骼手腕控制手中人类运动意图的意义对中风幸存者至关重要,因此使肌电图信号成为整个系统的组成部分至关重要。然而,肌电图是一种非线性信号,很容易受到周围环境的一些误差的影响,并且某些应用需要密切监测才能提供良好的结果。因此,本文提出建立肌电信号与腕关节角度之间的关系来估计所需的腕关节速度。采用模糊逻辑对不同MVC层次的单块肌肉和相似MVC层次的双块肌肉进行腕部运动动态建模。利用Simmechanics Matlab软件建立了外骨骼手的物理模型,验证了两种动态建模方法的模糊逻辑输出结果的性能。针对外骨骼手在模糊逻辑决策过程中产生的运动波动,设计了一种PID控制器。综上所述,肌电信号与手腕关节角度之间的密切关系改善了两种动态建模方法所需手腕速度的估计结果,从而加强了预测过程,为外骨骼手提供了一种肌电子控制装置。摘要:Kepentingan dalam mengetahui kehendak gerakan pergelangan tangan。Walau bagaimanapun, EMG adalah isyarat tidak linear yang mudah dipengaruhi ralat sekitaran an memerkan pemantauan rapi bagi hasil yang baik。我的意思是,我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思。模糊逻辑(loggik kabur),模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑,模糊逻辑模型的数学分析和数学分析。Matlab Simmekanik telah dibangunkan bagi mengesahkan prestasi Logik Kabur daripada kedua-dua pendekatan模型。Pengawal PID telah dibangunkan bagi melicinkan gerakan turun naik tangan yang disebabkan提议成员keputusan oleh Logik Kabur。Sebagai kespulan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan hubungan yang kukuh antara isyarat EMG dan sudut sendi pergelangan tangan。我的意思是,我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思是我的意思。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2832
Nor Syahira Mohd Tombel, Hasan Firdaus Mohd Zaki, Hanna Farihin Mohd Fadglullah
The emergence of advanced technologies, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), has sparked significant interest in exploring their potential benefits for various industries, including healthcare. In the medical sector, the utilization of sensing systems has proven valuable for diagnosing pulmonary diseases by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. However, the identification of the most informative and discriminating features from VOC sensor arrays remains an unresolved challenge, essential for achieving robust VOC class recognition. This research project aims to investigate effective feature extraction techniques that can be employed as discriminative features for machine learning algorithms. A preliminary dataset was used to predict VOC classification through the application of five supervised machine learning algorithms: k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Ten feature extraction methods were proposed based on changes in sensor response as inputs to classify three types of gases in the dataset. The performance of each model was evaluated and compared using k-Fold cross-validation (k=10) and metrics derived from the confusion matrix. The results demonstrate that the RF model achieved the highest mean accuracy and standard deviation, with values of 0.813 ± 0.035, followed closely by kNN with 0.803 ± 0.033. Conversely, LR, SVM (kernel=Polynomial), and ANN exhibited poor performances when applied to the VOC dataset, with accuracies of 0.447 ± 0.035, 0.403 ± 0.041, and 0.419 ± 0.035, respectively. Therefore, this paper provides evidence that classifying VOC gases based on sensor responses is feasible and emphasizes the need for further research to explore sensor array analysis to enhance feature extraction techniques. ABSTRAK: Perkembangan teknologi canggih, khususnya dalam bidang kecerdasan buatan (AI), telah mencetuskan minat yang ketara dalam menerokai manfaatnya untuk pelbagai industri, termasuk bidang kesihatan. Dalam sektor perubatan, penggunaan sistem penderiaan telah terbukti bernilai untuk mendiagnosis penyakit paru-paru dengan mengesan sebatian organik meruap (VOC) dalam nafas yang dihembus manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, pengenalpastian ciri yang paling bermaklumat dan mendiskriminasi daripada penderia VOC kekal sebagai cabaran yang tidak dapat diselesaikan, penting untuk mencapai pengiktirafan kelas VOC yang kukuh. Projek penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat teknik pengekstrakan ciri yang berkesan yang boleh digunakan sebagai ciri diskriminatif untuk algoritma pembelajaran mesin. Set data awal digunakan untuk meramalkan klasifikasi VOC melalui aplikasi lima algoritma pembelajaran mesin yang diselia: k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), dan Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Sepuluh kaedah pengekstrakan ciri telah dicadang
先进技术的出现,特别是在人工智能(AI)领域,引发了人们对探索其对包括医疗保健在内的各个行业的潜在好处的极大兴趣。在医疗领域,传感系统的应用已被证明对通过检测呼出气体中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)来诊断肺部疾病很有价值。然而,从VOC传感器阵列中识别最具信息量和区别性的特征仍然是一个未解决的挑战,这对于实现强大的VOC类别识别至关重要。本研究项目旨在研究有效的特征提取技术,这些技术可以作为机器学习算法的判别特征。通过应用五种监督机器学习算法(k-Nearest Neighbors, kNN)、随机森林(Random Forest, RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machines, SVM)、逻辑回归(Logistic Regression, LR)和人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Networks, ANN)),使用初步数据集预测VOC分类。提出了基于传感器响应变化作为输入的10种特征提取方法,对数据集中的三种气体进行分类。使用k- fold交叉验证(k=10)和从混淆矩阵得出的指标对每个模型的性能进行评估和比较。结果表明,RF模型的平均精度和标准差最高,为0.813±0.035,kNN次之,为0.803±0.033。相反,LR、SVM (kernel=Polynomial)和ANN在VOC数据集上表现不佳,准确率分别为0.447±0.035、0.403±0.041和0.419±0.035。因此,本文提供了基于传感器响应的VOC气体分类是可行的证据,并强调需要进一步研究探索传感器阵列分析以增强特征提取技术。摘要/ abstract摘要:天津天津科技有限公司、天津天津科技有限公司、天津天津科技有限公司、天津天津科技有限公司、天津天津科技有限公司。大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连,大连。Walau bagaimanapun, pengenalpastian cii, yang, paldaripada penderia, kekal, sebagai, cabaran, dapat, diselesaikan, penkiktirafan kelas, VOC, yang kukuh。项目的penelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menyiasas,技术的pengekstrakan,杨伯克山,杨伯克山,digunakan, sebagai, circirdinriakan算法的penbelajaran mesin。数据集算法:k-近邻(kNN)、随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)、逻辑回归(LR)、人工神经网络(ANN)。Sepuluh kaedah pengekstrakan ciri telah dicadangkan berdasarkan perubahan dalam tindak balas penderia sebagai输入untuk mengklasifikasikan tiga jenis gas dalam set数据。Prestasi设置模型telah dinilai dan dibandingkan menggunakan pengesahan silang k- fold (k=10) dan metrik yang diperoleh daripada混淆矩阵。Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa模型RF mencapai ketepatan minimtertinggi dan sisihan piawai, dengan nilai 0.813±0.035,dikuti oleh kNN dengan 0.803±0.033。Sebaliknya, LR, SVM (kernel=Polinomial), dan ANN mempamerkan prestasi yang lemah apabila digunakan pagada dataset VOC, dengan ketepatan masing-masing 0.447±0.035,0.403±0.041 dan 0.419±0.035。Oleh itu, kertas kerja ini memberikkan bukti bahawa menglasifikasikan gas VOC berdasarkan tindak balas penderia adalah boleh dilaksanakan danmenekankan keperluan untuk penyelidikan lanjuk untuk meneroka分析tatasusunan penderia untuk meningkatkan teknik pengekstrakan ciri。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2730
S. Thazeen, Srikantaswamy Mallikarjunaswamy
Recently, the need for more capacity in wireless networks has motivated this current research towards the creation of standards and algorithms that selectively take advantage of space. The development of smart antenna arrays and related beamforming algorithms has received a lot of attention. Cell Planning is an important process in networking, which is used to ensure coverage and avoid interference. Also, cell planning plays a vital role in the placement of base stations in a network. The communication between the base station (BS) and mobile station can happen either using a single antenna or an array of antenna elements. In the case of using a single antenna, if the Electromagnetic (EM) wave has low SNR, then BS cannot decode the data and drops the signal. Conversely, when an array is used, a signal with low SNR also falls on the base station, and due to multiple delayed copies of the same signal, the data gets decoded successfully. With Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), the frequencies allotted for mobile communication are reused to provide channel access to multiple users at the same time preserving the allowable reuse distance in network architecture, thus increasing the channel capacity and facilitating multiple users separated by a distance at the same time with frequency reuse. The smart antenna system at the base station performs the transceiver function. The transmission phase uses the output from the reception i.e., the detected user direction radiates a beam towards the desired user for communication to narrow the beam. The proposed 6T Beamformer method is a six-tap-based system with three taps having fixed step sizes and the other three having variable step sizes. With the execution of each tap or module, better convergence and quality of service are achieved. In the result analysis, the proposed method is compared with existing high-performing algorithms like LMS, Griffiths, and VSSLMS against Mean Square Error (MSE) to show that it converges faster at the 9th iteration which is better than others in all the probabilities. ABSTRAK: Dewasa ini, keperluan terhadap lebih kapasiti dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar menjadi motivasi kepada kajian terkini dalam membentu piawai dan algoritma yang menjimatkan ruang. Pembangunan tata susun antena pintar dan algoritma pembentukan pancaran telah mendapat perhatian ramai. Merancang sel adalah proses penting dalam jaringan, bagi memastikan liputan terhasil dan mengelak dari gangguan. Juga, merancang sel memainkan peranan penting dalam menempatkan tapak stesen dalam rangkaian. Komunikasi antara stesen pusat (BS) dan stesen bergerak dapat berlaku samada menggunakan antena tunggal atau elemen tata susunan antena. Dalam kes antena tunggal, jika gelombang Elektromagnetik (EM) mempunyai SNR rendah, BS tidak dapat menafsirkan kod data dan signal akan terabai. Sebaliknya, apabila susun atur digunakan, signal dengan gelombang SNR rendah akan terus ke stesen pusat dan disebabkan beberapa gelombang sama yang
最近,无线网络对更大容量的需求促使当前的研究朝着有选择地利用空间的标准和算法的创建方向发展。智能天线阵列及其相关波束形成算法的发展受到了广泛的关注。小区规划是网络中的一个重要环节,用于保证网络覆盖和避免干扰。此外,小区规划在网络中基站的放置中起着至关重要的作用。基站(BS)和移动站之间的通信既可以使用单个天线,也可以使用天线单元阵列。在使用单天线的情况下,如果电磁(EM)波具有低信噪比,则BS无法解码数据并丢弃信号。相反,当使用阵列时,低信噪比的信号也落在基站上,并且由于同一信号的多个延迟副本,数据被成功解码。SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)是将分配给移动通信的频率进行复用,在保持网络架构允许复用距离的同时,为多个用户提供信道接入,从而增加信道容量,同时实现距离分隔的多个用户的频率复用。基站的智能天线系统执行收发功能。发射相位使用来自接收的输出,即,检测到的用户方向向所需的用于通信的用户辐射波束以缩小波束。所提出的6T波束形成方法是一种基于六抽头的系统,其中三个抽头具有固定的步长,另外三个具有可变的步长。通过每个抽头或模块的执行,可以实现更好的收敛性和服务质量。在结果分析中,将本文提出的方法与现有的LMS、Griffiths、VSSLMS等高性能算法对均方误差(Mean Square Error, MSE)进行了比较,结果表明,该方法在第9次迭代时收敛速度更快,在所有概率上都优于其他算法。摘要:Dewasa ini, keperluan terhadap lebih kapasiti dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar menjadi motivasi kepada kajian terkini dalam membentu piawai dan算法yang menjimatkan ruang。pembentukan pankaran telah mendapat perhatian ramai算法。Merancang seladalah propting dalam jaringan, bagi memastikan liputan - hasil dan mengelak dari gangguan。Juga, merancang sel memainkan peranan penting dalam menempatkan tapak stesen dalam rangkaian。Komunikasi antara stesen pusat (BS)和stesen bergerak (b)和berlaku samada menggunakan天线。Dalam的天线tungal, jika gelombang的电磁(EM) memp,信噪比测试,BS的数据采集和信号测试。Sebaliknya, apabila susan natur digunakan, signal dengan gelombang信噪比rendah akan terus,应力pusat dan disebabkan beberapa gelombang sama yang terunda,数据datapat ditafsir dengan sempurna。我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友,我的朋友。系统天线柱面的应力分布是由一种特殊的结构和结构组成的。彭古纳yang dikesan dari araran panerima iitu,彭古纳yang dikesan dari araran panaran,彭古纳yang memerlukan komunikasi,彭古纳yang janerecilkan jarak panaran。Kaedah yang dicadangkan ini menghasil pancaran 6T iitu system berdasarkan- nama -tap di mana tiga tap mempunyai saiz langkah yang tetap dan tiga lagi mempunyai saiz langkah berubah。登安佩拉克桑塔尼设置了一种抽头模块,即:彭彭阳,彭彭阳,彭彭阳,彭彭阳,彭彭阳。datatan kajian menunjukkan, kaedah yang dicadangkan dapat dibandingkan dengan算法berprestasingi sedia ada perlms, Griffiths, danvsslms berbanding min kuasdua ralat (MSE) bagi menunjukkan ia tertumpu lebih laju paada iteraske 9, iitu lebih baik daripada ke semua kebarangkalian。
{"title":"THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 6T BEAMFORMER ALGORITHM IN SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS","authors":"S. Thazeen, Srikantaswamy Mallikarjunaswamy","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2730","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the need for more capacity in wireless networks has motivated this current research towards the creation of standards and algorithms that selectively take advantage of space. The development of smart antenna arrays and related beamforming algorithms has received a lot of attention. Cell Planning is an important process in networking, which is used to ensure coverage and avoid interference. Also, cell planning plays a vital role in the placement of base stations in a network. The communication between the base station (BS) and mobile station can happen either using a single antenna or an array of antenna elements. In the case of using a single antenna, if the Electromagnetic (EM) wave has low SNR, then BS cannot decode the data and drops the signal. Conversely, when an array is used, a signal with low SNR also falls on the base station, and due to multiple delayed copies of the same signal, the data gets decoded successfully. With Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), the frequencies allotted for mobile communication are reused to provide channel access to multiple users at the same time preserving the allowable reuse distance in network architecture, thus increasing the channel capacity and facilitating multiple users separated by a distance at the same time with frequency reuse. The smart antenna system at the base station performs the transceiver function. The transmission phase uses the output from the reception i.e., the detected user direction radiates a beam towards the desired user for communication to narrow the beam. The proposed 6T Beamformer method is a six-tap-based system with three taps having fixed step sizes and the other three having variable step sizes. With the execution of each tap or module, better convergence and quality of service are achieved. In the result analysis, the proposed method is compared with existing high-performing algorithms like LMS, Griffiths, and VSSLMS against Mean Square Error (MSE) to show that it converges faster at the 9th iteration which is better than others in all the probabilities.\u0000ABSTRAK: Dewasa ini, keperluan terhadap lebih kapasiti dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar menjadi motivasi kepada kajian terkini dalam membentu piawai dan algoritma yang menjimatkan ruang. Pembangunan tata susun antena pintar dan algoritma pembentukan pancaran telah mendapat perhatian ramai. Merancang sel adalah proses penting dalam jaringan, bagi memastikan liputan terhasil dan mengelak dari gangguan. Juga, merancang sel memainkan peranan penting dalam menempatkan tapak stesen dalam rangkaian. Komunikasi antara stesen pusat (BS) dan stesen bergerak dapat berlaku samada menggunakan antena tunggal atau elemen tata susunan antena. Dalam kes antena tunggal, jika gelombang Elektromagnetik (EM) mempunyai SNR rendah, BS tidak dapat menafsirkan kod data dan signal akan terabai. Sebaliknya, apabila susun atur digunakan, signal dengan gelombang SNR rendah akan terus ke stesen pusat dan disebabkan beberapa gelombang sama yang","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74020937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2709
M. Abduh, Annisa Shabrina, Andreas Raden Caman, Arsyannur Pratiwi, M. Insanu
Propolis and honey are bioproducts produced by Tetragonula laeviceps, a stingless bee species. Both products have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties. Modular Tetragonula hives of different sizes were used in the cultivation of T. laeviceps to increase the productivity of propolis while maintaining the sustainability of the bee colonies. This study was carried out in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia, with three size variations: small (21 × 18 × 14 cm), medium (26 × 22 ×17 cm), and large (30 × 26 × 17 cm). Each hive was equipped with a mesh of a different material. The results obtained in this study showed that increasing the hive’s size increases the productivity of propolis. The highest productivity of propolis (2.53 ± 0.37 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in large hives equipped with a nylon-based mesh. The highest productivity of honey (0.78 ± 0.18 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in medium hives equipped with an aluminum-based mesh. The harvested propolis was extracted using a maceration method. Total flavonoid and phenolic content of the propolis solution lies in the range of 1.77 ± 0.86 to 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis and 32.23 ± 14.09 to 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, respectively. The harvested honey had a water content of 21.86%, with 72.86% reducing sugar, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, and 2613.41 ?g/mL of antioxidant content. ABSTRAK: Propolis dan madu adalah produk bio yang dihasilkan oleh Tetragonula laeviceps, spesies lebah kelulut. Kedua-dua produk mempunyai ciri anti-radang, anti-mikrob dan antibakteria. Sarang Tetragonula modular dengan saiz yang berbeza digunakan dalam mengusahakan T. laeviceps bagi meningkatkan produktiviti propolis sambil mengekalkan kemampanan koloni lebah. Kajian ini dijalankan di Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dengan tiga variasi saiz: kecil (21×18×14 cm), sederhana (26×22×17 cm), dan besar (30×26×17 cm). Setiap sarang dilengkapi dengan jaringan bahan yang berbeza. Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi melalui kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penambahan saiz sarang dapat meningkatkan produktiviti propolis. Produktiviti tertinggi propolis (2.53±0.37 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps dibela dalam sarang besar yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan nilon. Produktiviti madu tertinggi (0.78±0.18 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps diusahakan dalam sarang sederhana yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan aluminium. Propolis yang dituai telah diekstrak menggunakan kaedah maserasi. Jumlah kandungan flavonoid dan kandungan fenolik larutan propolis berada dalam julat 1.77 ± 0.86 hingga 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis dan 32.23 ± 14.09 hingga 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, masing-masing. Madu yang dituai mempunyai kandungan air 21.86%, dengan 72.86% penurunan gula, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, dan 2613.41 ?g/mL kandungan antioksidan.
蜂胶和蜂蜜是由一种无刺蜜蜂生产的生物制品。这两种产品都具有抗炎、抗菌和抗菌的特性。采用不同大小的模块化四头蜂蜂箱,在提高蜂胶产量的同时,保持蜂群的可持续性。本研究在印度尼西亚西爪哇省Jatinangor进行,有三种尺寸变化:小(21 × 18 × 14 cm)、中(26 × 22 ×17 cm)和大(30 × 26 ×17 cm)。每个蜂巢都配备了不同材料的网。研究结果表明,蜂箱尺寸越大,蜂胶产量越高。在配备尼龙网的大型蜂箱中培养,蜂胶产量最高(2.53±0.37 g/菌落/周)。在装有铝基网眼的中型蜂箱中培养,产蜜量最高(0.78±0.18 g/菌落/周)。用浸渍法提取收获的蜂胶。蜂胶溶液总黄酮含量为1.77±0.86 ~ 3.18±1.43 mg QE/g蜂胶,总酚含量为32.23±14.09 ~ 112.13±47.64 mg GAE/g蜂胶。收获的蜂蜜含水量为21.86%,还原糖含量为72.86%,维生素C含量为192.86 μ g/mL,抗氧化剂含量为2613.41 μ g/mL。摘要/ abstract摘要:蜂胶是一种新型蜂胶,主要生产生物蜂胶。克多瓦产品具有抗衰老、抗结核、抗菌等功效。产蜂胶sambil mengekalkan kemampanan koloni lebah。印度尼西亚爪哇巴拉特的Kajian ini dijalankan di Jatinangor, dengan tiga variasi saiz: kecil (21×18×14厘米),sederhana (26×22×17厘米),dan besar (30×26×17厘米)。Setiap sarang dilengkapi dengan jaringan和bahan yang berbeza。蜂胶生产活动,蜂胶生产活动,蜂胶生产活动。研究了蜂胶(2.53±0.37 g/koloni/minggu)的生产性能。生产活性测定(0.78±0.18 g/koloni/minggu),生产能力测定(0.78±0.18 g/koloni/minggu)。蜂胶yang dittuai telah diekstrak menggunakan kaedah maserasi。Jumlah kandungan黄酮类丹kandungan fenolik larutan蜂胶berada dalam julat 1.77±0.86 hingga 3.18±1.43毫克QE / g蜂胶丹32.23±14.09 hingga 112.13±47.64毫克GAE / g蜂胶,masing-masing。麻都阳迪图埃曼普尼埃坎顿干空气21.86%,登干72.86%,丹坎顿干抗奥克西丹2613.41 g/mL,维生素C 192.86 g/mL。
{"title":"EFFECTS OF HIVE SIZES AND MESH MATERIALS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PROPOLIS PRODUCED BY TETRAGONULA LAEVICEPS","authors":"M. Abduh, Annisa Shabrina, Andreas Raden Caman, Arsyannur Pratiwi, M. Insanu","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2709","url":null,"abstract":"Propolis and honey are bioproducts produced by Tetragonula laeviceps, a stingless bee species. Both products have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties. Modular Tetragonula hives of different sizes were used in the cultivation of T. laeviceps to increase the productivity of propolis while maintaining the sustainability of the bee colonies. This study was carried out in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia, with three size variations: small (21 × 18 × 14 cm), medium (26 × 22 ×17 cm), and large (30 × 26 × 17 cm). Each hive was equipped with a mesh of a different material. The results obtained in this study showed that increasing the hive’s size increases the productivity of propolis. The highest productivity of propolis (2.53 ± 0.37 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in large hives equipped with a nylon-based mesh. The highest productivity of honey (0.78 ± 0.18 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in medium hives equipped with an aluminum-based mesh. The harvested propolis was extracted using a maceration method. Total flavonoid and phenolic content of the propolis solution lies in the range of 1.77 ± 0.86 to 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis and 32.23 ± 14.09 to 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, respectively. The harvested honey had a water content of 21.86%, with 72.86% reducing sugar, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, and 2613.41 ?g/mL of antioxidant content.\u0000ABSTRAK: Propolis dan madu adalah produk bio yang dihasilkan oleh Tetragonula laeviceps, spesies lebah kelulut. Kedua-dua produk mempunyai ciri anti-radang, anti-mikrob dan antibakteria. Sarang Tetragonula modular dengan saiz yang berbeza digunakan dalam mengusahakan T. laeviceps bagi meningkatkan produktiviti propolis sambil mengekalkan kemampanan koloni lebah. Kajian ini dijalankan di Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dengan tiga variasi saiz: kecil (21×18×14 cm), sederhana (26×22×17 cm), dan besar (30×26×17 cm). Setiap sarang dilengkapi dengan jaringan bahan yang berbeza. Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi melalui kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penambahan saiz sarang dapat meningkatkan produktiviti propolis. Produktiviti tertinggi propolis (2.53±0.37 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps dibela dalam sarang besar yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan nilon. Produktiviti madu tertinggi (0.78±0.18 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps diusahakan dalam sarang sederhana yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan aluminium. Propolis yang dituai telah diekstrak menggunakan kaedah maserasi. Jumlah kandungan flavonoid dan kandungan fenolik larutan propolis berada dalam julat 1.77 ± 0.86 hingga 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis dan 32.23 ± 14.09 hingga 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, masing-masing. Madu yang dituai mempunyai kandungan air 21.86%, dengan 72.86% penurunan gula, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, dan 2613.41 ?g/mL kandungan antioksidan.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84292319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most life-threatening and dangerous type of Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA), with a mortality rate of 10-15% in a year. Therefore, early detection of cardiac arrhythmia is important to reduce the mortality rate. Many machine learning algorithms have been proposed and have proven their usefulness in the classification and detection of heart problems. In this research manuscript, a novel Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) classifier with Improved Penguin Optimization (IPEO) is implemented for VF classification. The IPEO is used in finding optimal hyperparameters that overcome the overfitting problem. The presented model is tested, trained, and validated using two standard datasets that are available publicly: Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) and the China Physiological Signal Challenge (CPSC) 2018 dataset. Both of them consist of ECG recordings for five seconds of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Furthermore, Fuzzy C-Means and Enhanced Fuzzy Rough Set method (FCM-ETIFRST) are used for feature selection to extract informative features and to cluster membership degree, non-membership degree, and hesitancy degree. On the MIT-BIH dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and Matthews’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 99.75%, 98.29%, 98.39%, 98.35%, and 97.79% respectively. On the CPSC 2018 dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy of 99.79%, sensitivity of 99.11%, specificity of 98.20%, precision of 99.43%, and MCC of 98.57%. Hence, the results proved that the proposed method provides better results in the classification of VF. ABSTRAK: Pemfibrilan Ventrikel (VF) adalah ancaman nyawa nombor satu dan jenis Aritmia Jantung (CA) berbahaya dengan kadar kematian 10-15% setahun. Oleh itu, pengesanan awal Aritmia Jantung sangat penting bagi mengurangkan kadar kematian. Terdapat banyak algoritma pembelajaran mesin yang telah dicadangkan dan terbukti berkesan dalam pengelasan dan pengesanan sakit jantung. Kajian ini mencadangkan kaedah baru pengelasan Memori Ingatan Jangka Panjang Pendek (LSTM) dengan Pengoptimuman Penambahbaikan Penguin (IPEO) yang dilaksanakan bagi klasifikasi VF. IPEO digunakan bagi mencari hiperparameter yang dapat mengatasi masalah padanan berlebihan. Model yang dicadangkan diuji, dilatih dan disahkan menggunakan dua dataset piawai yang dapat diperoleh secara terbuka: Institut Teknologi Hospital Massachusetts-Beth Israel (MIT-BIH) dan Cabaran Signal Psikologi Cina 2018 (CPSC). Kedua-dua data ini mempunyai rakaman ECG selama lima saat daripada pesakit Penyakit Jantung Koronari (CHD). Malah, kajian itu turut menggunakan Purata-C Kabur dan Kaedah Set Kasar Kabur Dipertingkat (FCM-ETIFRST) untuk pemilihan bagi mengekstrak ciri-ciri dan mengelaskan kelompok tahap keahlian, bukan ahli dan tahap keraguan. Bagi dataset MIT-BIH, model yang dicadangkan mencapai ketepatan, tahap sensitif, tahap spesifik, kejituan dan pekali kaitan Matt
心室颤动(VF)是最危及生命和最危险的心律失常(CA)类型,每年死亡率为10-15%。因此,早期发现心律失常对降低死亡率至关重要。许多机器学习算法已经被提出并证明了它们在心脏问题的分类和检测方面的有用性。本文提出了一种基于改进企鹅优化(IPEO)的长短期记忆(LSTM)分类器用于VF分类。IPEO用于寻找克服过拟合问题的最优超参数。本模型使用两个公开的标准数据集进行测试、训练和验证:麻省理工学院-贝斯以色列医院(MIT-BIH)和中国生理信号挑战(CPSC) 2018数据集。两者都是由冠心病(CHD)患者5秒的心电图记录组成。采用模糊c均值和增强模糊粗糙集方法(FCM-ETIFRST)进行特征选择,提取信息特征,并对聚类隶属度、非隶属度和犹豫度进行分析。在MIT-BIH数据集上,该模型的准确率、灵敏度、特异性、精密度和马修斯相关系数(MCC)分别为99.75%、98.29%、98.39%、98.35%和97.79%。在CPSC 2018数据集上,该模型的准确率为99.79%,灵敏度为99.11%,特异性为98.20%,精度为99.43%,MCC为98.57%。结果表明,本文提出的方法在VF分类中具有较好的效果。摘要:Pemfibrilan Ventrikel (VF) adalah and aman nyawa nombor satu and jenis aria Jantung (CA) berbahaya dengan kadar kematian 10-15% setahun。我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是我的意思。Terdapat banyak算法pembelajaran mesin yang telah dicadangkan dan terbukti berkesan dalam pengesan dan pengesanan sakit jandong。Kajian ini mencadangkan kaedah baru pengelasan Memori Ingatan Jangka Panjang Pendek (LSTM) dengan Pengoptimuman Penambahbaikan Penguin (IPEO) yang dilaksanakan bagi klasifikasi VF。IPEO digunakan bagi menencari高参数yang dapat mengatasi masalah padanan berlebihan。模型杨dicadangkan diuji,扩展dan disahkan menggunakan dua数据集piawai yang dapat diperoleh secara terbuka:麻省理工学院医院-以色列贝斯(MIT-BIH)和Cabaran信号心理学中国2018 (CPSC)。心电数据,心电数据,心电数据,心电数据,心电数据,心电数据。Malah, katjian itu turut menggunakan Purata-C Kabur dan Kaedah Set Kasar Kabur Dipertingkat (FCM-ETIFRST) untuk pemilihan bagi mengekstrak ciri-ciri danmengelaskan kelompok taha keahlian, bukan ahli dantaha keraguan。Bagi数据集MIT-BIH,模型yang dicadangkan mencapai ketepatan, tahap sensitif, tahap spespeik, kejituan dan pekali kaitan Matthews (MCC) sebanyak 99.75%, 98.29%, 98.39%, 98.35%, dan masing-masing 97.79%。Bagi数据集CPSC 2018 pula,模型yang dicadangkan mencapai ketepatan sebanyak 99.79%, tahap敏感性99.11%,tahap特异性98.20%,kejituan 99.43%, MCC 98.57%。Oleh itu, dapatan kajian membuktikan kaedah yang dicadangkan menunjukkan keputusan lebih baik dalam pengelasan VF。
{"title":"CORONARY HEART DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING IMPROVED PENGUIN EMPEROR OPTIMIZATION-BASED LONG SHORT TERM MEMORY NETWORK","authors":"Rajeshwari Maramgere Ramaiah, Kavitha Kuntaegowdanalli Srikantegowda","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2698","url":null,"abstract":"Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most life-threatening and dangerous type of Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA), with a mortality rate of 10-15% in a year. Therefore, early detection of cardiac arrhythmia is important to reduce the mortality rate. Many machine learning algorithms have been proposed and have proven their usefulness in the classification and detection of heart problems. In this research manuscript, a novel Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) classifier with Improved Penguin Optimization (IPEO) is implemented for VF classification. The IPEO is used in finding optimal hyperparameters that overcome the overfitting problem. The presented model is tested, trained, and validated using two standard datasets that are available publicly: Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) and the China Physiological Signal Challenge (CPSC) 2018 dataset. Both of them consist of ECG recordings for five seconds of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Furthermore, Fuzzy C-Means and Enhanced Fuzzy Rough Set method (FCM-ETIFRST) are used for feature selection to extract informative features and to cluster membership degree, non-membership degree, and hesitancy degree. On the MIT-BIH dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and Matthews’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 99.75%, 98.29%, 98.39%, 98.35%, and 97.79% respectively. On the CPSC 2018 dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy of 99.79%, sensitivity of 99.11%, specificity of 98.20%, precision of 99.43%, and MCC of 98.57%. Hence, the results proved that the proposed method provides better results in the classification of VF.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pemfibrilan Ventrikel (VF) adalah ancaman nyawa nombor satu dan jenis Aritmia Jantung (CA) berbahaya dengan kadar kematian 10-15% setahun. Oleh itu, pengesanan awal Aritmia Jantung sangat penting bagi mengurangkan kadar kematian. Terdapat banyak algoritma pembelajaran mesin yang telah dicadangkan dan terbukti berkesan dalam pengelasan dan pengesanan sakit jantung. Kajian ini mencadangkan kaedah baru pengelasan Memori Ingatan Jangka Panjang Pendek (LSTM) dengan Pengoptimuman Penambahbaikan Penguin (IPEO) yang dilaksanakan bagi klasifikasi VF. IPEO digunakan bagi mencari hiperparameter yang dapat mengatasi masalah padanan berlebihan. Model yang dicadangkan diuji, dilatih dan disahkan menggunakan dua dataset piawai yang dapat diperoleh secara terbuka: Institut Teknologi Hospital Massachusetts-Beth Israel (MIT-BIH) dan Cabaran Signal Psikologi Cina 2018 (CPSC). Kedua-dua data ini mempunyai rakaman ECG selama lima saat daripada pesakit Penyakit Jantung Koronari (CHD). Malah, kajian itu turut menggunakan Purata-C Kabur dan Kaedah Set Kasar Kabur Dipertingkat (FCM-ETIFRST) untuk pemilihan bagi mengekstrak ciri-ciri dan mengelaskan kelompok tahap keahlian, bukan ahli dan tahap keraguan. Bagi dataset MIT-BIH, model yang dicadangkan mencapai ketepatan, tahap sensitif, tahap spesifik, kejituan dan pekali kaitan Matt","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72982416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2752
H. Mohammed, Rosmiwati Mohd Mokhtar, H. Ali
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms play a critical role in maximizing the output power of solar panels. Different MPPT techniques are evaluated based on several criteria, such as tracking speed, simplicity, and accuracy with changes in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions (PSCs), conventional techniques fail to track global maximum power points (GMPP). This paper aims to present an automatic and accurate method to fix the complexity of determining the accurate lookup table data in an automatic and fast process under uniform irradiance conditions (UICs) and PSCs. The proposed method runs the photovoltaic (PV) module with all potential irradiance and temperature. It automatically calculates the perfect voltage reference (Vref) for all potential PV system cases. The Vref is collected in an array, sent into a two-dimensional lookup table, and used for controlling the boost converter. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, a comparison was also made with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method. Under UICs, the proposed method takes less time than the conventional P&O algorithm to reach the MPP. The time difference between them is ?t = 0.133 sec and ?t = 0.04 sec for the first scanning process at t = 0 sec and sudden change irradiance at t = 1.5 sec, respectively. As for PSCs, the proposed method reached the GMPP during pattern 104 (first peak) without any power loss, while the P&O MPPT was able to track the GMPP but with power losses of 2729.97 watts. ABSTRAK: Algoritma Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT) memainkan peranan penting dalam memaksimumkan kuasa keluaran panel solar. Teknik MPPT yang berbeza dinilai berdasarkan beberapa kriteria seperti kelajuan pengesanan, kesederhanaan, dan ketepatan dengan perubahan dalam sinaran suria dan suhu ambien. Di bawah keadaan teduhan separa (PSC), teknik konvensional gagal menjejak titik kuasa maksimum global (GMPP). Kajian ini bertujuan bagi membentangkan kaedah automatik dan tepat bagi membetulkan kesusahan dalam menentukan carian data berjadual secara tepat, automatik dan pantas di bawah keadaan sinaran seragam (UIC) dan PSC. Kaedah yang dicadangkan menjalankan modul fotovoltaik (PV) dengan semua potensi sinaran dan suhu dan mengira rujukan voltan sempurna (Vref) secara automatik bagi semua kes yang berpotensi dalam sebarang jenis sistem PV. Vref dikumpul dalam tata susunan, dihantar ke dalam jadual carian dua dimensi, dan digunakan bagi mengawal penukar rangsangan. Keputusan simulasi mengesahkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan. Perbandingan juga dibuat dengan kaedah konvensional perhati dan ganggu (P&O). Di bawah UIC, kaedah yang dicadangkan mengambil masa yang lebih singkat berbanding algoritma konvensional P&O bagi mencapai MPP. Perbezaan masa antara keduanya adalah masing-masing, ?t = 0.133 saat dan ?t = 0.04 saat bagi proses pengimbasan pertama iaitu pada t = 0 saat dan sinaran perubahan mend
最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法是实现太阳能电池板输出功率最大化的关键。不同的MPPT技术基于几个标准进行评估,如跟踪速度、简单性和随太阳辐照度和环境温度变化的准确性。在部分遮阳条件下,传统技术无法跟踪全局最大功率点(GMPP)。本文旨在提出一种自动准确的方法,以解决在均匀辐照条件(UICs)和PSCs下自动快速确定准确查找表数据的复杂性。所提出的方法在所有潜在辐照度和温度下运行光伏(PV)模块。它自动计算所有潜在光伏系统情况下的完美电压基准(Vref)。Vref被收集到一个数组中,发送到一个二维查找表中,并用于控制升压转换器。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。此外,还与常规的扰动观测(P&O)方法进行了比较。在uic下,该方法比传统的P&O算法更快地达到MPP。第一次扫描过程在t = 0秒和突变辐照度在t = 1.5秒时的时间差分别为t = 0.133秒和t = 0.04秒。对于PSCs,所提出的方法在模式104(第一个峰值)达到GMPP时没有任何功率损失,而P&O MPPT能够跟踪GMPP,但功率损失为2729.97瓦。摘要:Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT)算法在太阳能电池板上的应用。Teknik MPPT yang berbeza dinilai berdasarkan berbera kria perperti kelajuan penesanan, kesederhanan, danketepatan denengan perubahan dalam sinaran suria dan suhu ambien。dibawah keadaand teduhansepara (PSC),技术与传统的全球性的menjejak titik kuasa maksimum (GMPP)。Kajian ini bertujuan bagi memberbtangkan kaedah automatik dan tepat bagi memberbetulkan kesusahan dalam menentukan caran data berjual secara tepat, automatik dan pandas di bawah keadan sinaran seragam (UIC) dan PSC。Kaedah yang dicadangkan menjalankan组件fotovoltaik (PV) denan semua potential sinaran an suhu dan mengira rujukan voltan sempurna (Vref) secara automatik bagi semua kes yang berpotentisi dalam sebarang jenis系统PV。Vref dikumpul dalam tata susunan, dihantar ke dalam jalian dua dimensions, dan digunakan bagi mengawal penukar rangsangan。Keputusan simulasi mengesahkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan。Perbandingan juga dibuat dengan kaedah konvensional perhati dan ganggu (P&O)。杨凯达,杨凯达,杨立强,等。一种基于模糊模糊算法的常规P&O bagi算法。Perbezaan masa antara keduanya adalah masing-masing, ?t = 0.133 saat dan ?t = 0.04 saat bagi proses pengimbasan perama iatiu padt = 0 saat dan sinaran perubahan mendadak padt = 1.5 saat。巴吉PSC, kaedah yang dicadangkan menapai GMPP semasa corak 104 (puncak pertama) tanpa kehilangan kuasa manakala MPPT P&O dapat mengesan GMPP tetapi dengan pengurangan kuasa sebanyak 2729.97瓦。
{"title":"ENHANCEMENT OF MPPT MODULE FOR PARTIAL SHADING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM UNDER UNIFORM IRRADIANCE CONDITIONS","authors":"H. Mohammed, Rosmiwati Mohd Mokhtar, H. Ali","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2752","url":null,"abstract":"Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms play a critical role in maximizing the output power of solar panels. Different MPPT techniques are evaluated based on several criteria, such as tracking speed, simplicity, and accuracy with changes in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions (PSCs), conventional techniques fail to track global maximum power points (GMPP). This paper aims to present an automatic and accurate method to fix the complexity of determining the accurate lookup table data in an automatic and fast process under uniform irradiance conditions (UICs) and PSCs. The proposed method runs the photovoltaic (PV) module with all potential irradiance and temperature. It automatically calculates the perfect voltage reference (Vref) for all potential PV system cases. The Vref is collected in an array, sent into a two-dimensional lookup table, and used for controlling the boost converter. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, a comparison was also made with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method. Under UICs, the proposed method takes less time than the conventional P&O algorithm to reach the MPP. The time difference between them is ?t = 0.133 sec and ?t = 0.04 sec for the first scanning process at t = 0 sec and sudden change irradiance at t = 1.5 sec, respectively. As for PSCs, the proposed method reached the GMPP during pattern 104 (first peak) without any power loss, while the P&O MPPT was able to track the GMPP but with power losses of 2729.97 watts. \u0000ABSTRAK: Algoritma Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT) memainkan peranan penting dalam memaksimumkan kuasa keluaran panel solar. Teknik MPPT yang berbeza dinilai berdasarkan beberapa kriteria seperti kelajuan pengesanan, kesederhanaan, dan ketepatan dengan perubahan dalam sinaran suria dan suhu ambien. Di bawah keadaan teduhan separa (PSC), teknik konvensional gagal menjejak titik kuasa maksimum global (GMPP). Kajian ini bertujuan bagi membentangkan kaedah automatik dan tepat bagi membetulkan kesusahan dalam menentukan carian data berjadual secara tepat, automatik dan pantas di bawah keadaan sinaran seragam (UIC) dan PSC. Kaedah yang dicadangkan menjalankan modul fotovoltaik (PV) dengan semua potensi sinaran dan suhu dan mengira rujukan voltan sempurna (Vref) secara automatik bagi semua kes yang berpotensi dalam sebarang jenis sistem PV. Vref dikumpul dalam tata susunan, dihantar ke dalam jadual carian dua dimensi, dan digunakan bagi mengawal penukar rangsangan. Keputusan simulasi mengesahkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan. Perbandingan juga dibuat dengan kaedah konvensional perhati dan ganggu (P&O). Di bawah UIC, kaedah yang dicadangkan mengambil masa yang lebih singkat berbanding algoritma konvensional P&O bagi mencapai MPP. Perbezaan masa antara keduanya adalah masing-masing, ?t = 0.133 saat dan ?t = 0.04 saat bagi proses pengimbasan pertama iaitu pada t = 0 saat dan sinaran perubahan mend","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85191502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}