Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology最新文献

Context and aim: There is increasing prevalence of post-COVID fungal infection of rhinoorbitocerebral region especially mucormycosis and aspergillosis in India.^[1] Early diagnosis of these fungal infections are of utmost importance, since it may improve outcome and survival.^{[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]} The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare routine laboratory diagnostic methods, that is, histopathological examination, KOH wet mount and fungal culture in the diagnosis of post-COVID fungal infections.

Materials and methods: A total of 106 specimens of clinically suspected patients of post-COVID fungal infection of rhinoorbitocerebral region received in histopathology department were included in this study. The data of KOH wet mount and culture were acquired from the microbiology department after histopathological examination.

Result: Approximately 88.68% of patients were diagnosed having fungal infections by one of the laboratory methods. The sensitivity of histopathological examination was highest (79.78%), followed by KOH wet mount (58.51%) and fungal culture (35.10%). Rhizopus species of zygomycetes group were the most common isolate (24.24%) on SDA culture. Overall 76% concordance was found between histopathological examination and fungal culture report for morphological identification of fungi.

Conclusion: For the diagnosis of post-COVID fungal infection of Rhino-orbito-cerebral region, histopathological examination is was found to be more sensitive and rapid method to detect fungal hyphae. It leads to early treatment, prevents morbidity and mortality.

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) is a rare malignancy arising from the myometrial smooth muscle wall, and cardiac metastases are extremely rare. Metastasis to the heart is a very unusual finding, and atrial metastasis is even rarer. Here, we report a case of a 45 year old woman who presented with dyspnea and pleural effusion and had a significant history of hysterectomy done for ULMS. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left atrial mass, which was resected and revealed to be a metastasis of leiomyosarcoma on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Metastatic ULMS may rarely present as a left atrial mass with acute clinical presentation. Detailed clinical history and accurate diagnosis are vital for further management.

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is relatively rare in pediatric and adolescent age groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, hematopathological, and biochemical parameters of CML in pediatric and adolescent age groups, along with an assessment of the treatment response with first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and its correlation with the prognostic scoring systems of adults.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study of 44 Breakpoint Cluster Region-Abelson leukemia virus (BCR-ABL1)-positive pediatric and adolescent CML cases registered at our hospital was done. The clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated using hospital software. The treatment response was monitored and scoring was performed using mathematical calculations.

Results: The mean age was 11.6 (±4.7) years. The median hemoglobin was 8.4 g/dL and 63.6% of the cases showed white blood cell (WBC) counts >250,000/μL. The average follow-up was 21 months. A total of 97.7 and 78.1% cases achieved complete hematological response (CHR) and molecular response, respectively, during the treatment course. The maximum number of patients had low Sokal and European treatment and Outcomes Study (EUTOS) scores. Seventy-five per cent of the cases achieved CHR at 3 months, while 73.6 and 78.6% CML-Chronic phase (CP) cases with low Sokal and EUTOS scores achieved CHR at 3 months, respectively.

Conclusion: This study revealed that the CML cases in pediatric and adolescent age groups are normally present with higher WBC counts at the time of diagnosis. The association of the prognostic scoring system with treatment response was statistically insignificant. However, a larger cohort study is needed to determine the treatment response of TKI in children and adolescent CML and its correlation with the prognostic scoring systems.

Dual pathology in the pituitary gland is a unique phenomenon. Coexistence of a pituitary adenoma with primary hypophysitis has been reported rarely with very few cases in the literature. Among the primary hypophysitis, primary granulomatous subtype has been proposed to be idiopathic and autoimmune in nature. Plurihormonal pituitary adenomas produce hormones of more than one different pituitary cell lineage. Pituitary adenoma with a single hormonal content has been documented with concurrent primary granulomatous hypophysitis. The present case describes the unique coexistence of a plurihormonal adenoma showing somatotroph, lactotroph, and corticotroph lineage with primary granulomatous inflammation in the sellar region in a 36-year-old woman.

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) forms a significant group of patients presenting with the commonest health problem encountered in rhinology. Patients commonly present with typical symptoms of sinusitis, and the diagnosis is often made after imaging and/or intraoperatively. Infections caused by Chrysosporium species are very rare and are very rarely been reported to cause sinusitis in humans. Usually, human chrysosporial infections are mild and unmarked by symptoms. We report a rare case of allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) caused by Chrysosporium species in a 41-year-old male with the history of diabetes mellitus.

Anaplastic carcinoma of pancreas (ACP) are rare pancreatic neoplasms. They are well known to be associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and less favorable prognosis than usual pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is now a widely accepted modality in diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. However, only a few reports are available describing cytological features of anaplastic carcinoma. Here, we report two cases of ACP diagnosed on EUS-FNA.

Relevant research data shows that there is a certain degree of energy metabolism imbalance in highland residents. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) has been found as a new factor in the regulation of sugar and lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the differential expression of PP4 at a simulated altitude of 4,500 m in the heart, lung, and brain tissues of rats. A hypoxic plateau rat model was established using an animal decompression chamber. A blood routine test was performed by an animal blood cell analyzer on rats cultured for different hypoxia periods at 4,500 m above sea level. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot were used to detect the changes of protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4C) gene and protein in heart, lung, and brain tissues. The PP4C gene with the highest expression level found in rats slowly entering the high altitude area (20 m-2200 m-7 d-4500 m-3 d) was about twice as high as the low elevation group (20 m above sea level). The simulated high-altitude hypoxia induced an increase of PP4C expression level in all tissues, and the expression in the lung tissue was twice as expressed as heart and brain tissue at high altitude (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the PP4 phosphatase complex is ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues and likely involved in adaptation to or disease associated with high-altitude hypoxia.

Background: The Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is considered as a valuable and distinguished diagnostic test in the initial assessment of the patients presenting with a mass in the head and neck region or when a recurrence is suspected after previous treatment.

Aims: This study was therefore designed to elucidate the efficacy of FNAC as an alternate diagnostic tool to histopathology in head and neck swellings and evaluation of staining efficacy of PAP and MGG stain over Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) in routine cytopathological smears.

Settings and design: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, where FNAC samples were collected from 150 patients with head and neck swellings.

Materials and methods: All the slides were stained with H and E, Papanicolaou (PAP), and May Grunewald Giemsa (MGG) stains. The cytopathological diagnosis was compared with histopathological diagnosis based on H and E stained sections obtained from paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed biopsy specimen of benign and malignant neoplasms.

Statistical analysis used: The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Differences between the variables were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test wherever applicable.

Results: The FNAC as a diagnostic tool has sensitivity of 84.8%, 72.72%, and 78.78%, specificity of 62.5%, 75%, and 75%, and accuracy of 80.48%, 73.14%, and 78.04% in H and E, MGG, and PAP stain, respectively. PAP stain was the most efficient stain when all qualitative parameters are taken into consideration with maximum sensitivity and specificity for achieving definitive cytodiagnosis.

Conclusions: The FNAC is an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to diagnose different types of head and neck swellings and complement histopathological diagnosis.

A leiomyoma is a remarkably rare cause of a benign, one-side tonsillar enlargement. The diagnosis is essentially histologic and will not normally be suspected clinically. Immunohistochemistry is needed for substantiation of the morphology and confirmation. We submit this illustrative case report.