Juliana C. Cornett, Rebecca J. Cates, Kimberly J. Ledger, Cody W. Pinger, Courtney E. Hart, Katherine R. Laboda, Wesley A. Larson, Jordan A. Hollarsmith
Leah Oliver, Sumathy Sinnathamby, Steven Purucker, Sandy Raimondo
Ecological risk assessments for potential pesticide impacts on species listed as threatened or endangered must ensure that decisions to grant registration or establish water quality standards will not jeopardize species or their critical habitats. Pesticides are designed to affect pest species via physiological pathways that may be shared by some nontarget species for which toxicity data are usually unavailable, creating a need for robust methods to estimate acute and chronic toxicity with minimal data. We used a unique probabilistic approach to estimate the risk of chronic effects of two organophosphate (OP) pesticides on the vernal pool fairy shrimp Branchinecta lynchi. Acute toxicity estimates were derived from Monte Carlo (MC) sampling of acute toxicity distributions developed from interspecies relationships using surrogate species. Within each MC draw, acute values were divided by an acute to chronic ratio (ACR) sampled from a distribution of ACRs for OP pesticides and invertebrates, producing a distribution of chronic effects concentrations. The estimated exposure concentrations (EECs) were sampled from distributions representing different environmental conditions. Risk was characterized using probability distributions of acute toxicity, ACRs, and EECs in a probabilistic analysis, as well as partial probabilistic variations that used only some distributions whereas some variables were used deterministically. A deterministic risk quotient (RQ) was compared with the results of probabilistic methods to compare the approaches. Risk varied across exposure scenarios and the number of variables that were handled probabilistically, increasing as the number of variables drawn from distributions increased. The magnitude of RQs was not correlated with the probability that EECs would exceed chronic thresholds, and comparison of the two approaches demonstrates the limited interpretability of RQs. Our novel probabilistic approach to estimating chronic risk with minimal data incorporates uncertainty underlying both exposure and effects assessments for listed species. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1654–1666. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
针对农药对列入受威胁或濒危物种的潜在影响进行生态风险评估,必须确保批准登记或制定水质标准的决定不会危及物种或其重要栖息地。农药是通过生理途径来影响害虫物种的,而一些非目标物种可能也有相同的生理途径,而这些物种的毒性数据通常是不可用的,这就需要用最少的数据来估算急性和慢性毒性的可靠方法。我们采用了一种独特的概率方法来估算两种有机磷农药(OP)对长春池仙女虾(Branchinecta lynchi)的慢性影响风险。急性毒性估计值是通过蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo,MC)取样,利用替代物种从物种间关系中得出的急性毒性分布得出的。在每个 MC 抽样中,急性值除以从 OP 农药和无脊椎动物 ACR 分布中抽取的急性与慢性比率(ACR),得出慢性效应浓度分布。估计暴露浓度(EECs)是从代表不同环境条件的分布中取样的。在概率分析中,使用急性毒性、ACRs 和 EECs 的概率分布,以及部分概率变化(仅使用某些分布,而确定性地使用某些变量)来描述风险特征。将确定性风险商数(RQ)与概率方法的结果进行比较,以比较各种方法。不同的暴露情景和以概率方式处理的变量数量所带来的风险是不同的,随着从分布中提取的变量数量的增加,风险也在增加。RQs的大小与EECs超过慢性阈值的概率无关,两种方法的比较表明RQs的可解释性有限。我们采用新颖的概率方法,以最少的数据估算慢性风险,这种方法包含了对上市物种进行暴露和影响评估的不确定性。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-13。发表于 2024 年。本文为美国政府著作,在美国属于公共领域。
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Alyssa Wicks, Ornella Joseph, Jocelyn Keranen, Angela Herrmann, Marya Lieberman, Graham F. Peaslee, Matthew L. Sisk, Gabriel Filippelli, Heidi Beidinger-Burnett
<p>Our recent paper in <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, "Conflicts of interest <i>in the assessment of chemicals, waste, and pollution"</i> (Schäffer et al., <span>2023</span>), has received considerable attention. That's good. Wise management of chemicals and waste is a topic that needs serious and thoughtful debate.</p><p>Feedback from readers of our paper suggests that the term conflict-of-interest (COI) comes with negative connotations. This is unfortunate. It's apparently a common impression that the mere existence of a COI indicates wrongdoing. It doesn't. As expert advisors, our primary interest should be to serve the interests of the organization that we are advising. What a COI does indicate is that it is inappropriate to participate in certain decisions because we have <i>a competing interest that risks influencing our ability to provide advice that aligns with the interests of the organization we are to advise</i> (Moore et al., <span>2005</span>). Conflict-of-Interest policies help us stay on course because we commonly underestimate when our interests unduly impact our judgment, overestimate our ability to be neutral, and tend to ignore all the gray zones that are challenging to navigate (Chugh et al., <span>2005</span>). This is why COI policies need to be carefully carved out and regularly reviewed—in light of the organization's mission and values. If COIs are improperly defined or managed, there is a serious risk that the reputation of the people involved and the organization will be called into question. Rigorous COI policies are necessary to protect not only the decisions to be made but also the integrity of the organization. They are essential when it comes to policies that impact the health and well-being of many people. This is why it is crucial that a rigorous COI policy is developed for the proposed Intergovernmental Science−Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention (SPP) (UN Environment Programme, <span>2024</span>), as discussed in our previous paper (Schäffer et al., <span>2023</span>).</p><p>A common response to COI debates is “… but everyone has interests.” This is, however, a red herring. Everyone, indeed, has interests. Interests and values are innate to every person (Douglas, <span>2021</span>; Elliott, <span>2017</span>). We need to be clear over our values and engage in discussions about whether or not our values and research align with societal goals. Notably, an interest does not automatically lead to a COI, and it is crucial to recognize what's what (Bero & Grundy, <span>2016</span>). Craving a reputation, for example, doesn't automatically lead to a COI: It only does so if the reputation that one craves stands in conflict with the interest of the organization that one is to advise. The goal of the SPP is to <i>contribute further to the sound management of chemicals and waste and to prevent pollution</i> (UN Environment Programme, <span>2024</span>). A common argument is that r
我们最近在《环境科学与技术》(Environmental Science & Technology)上发表的论文《化学品、废物和污染评估中的利益冲突》(Schäffer et al.这是好事。我们论文的读者反馈表明,利益冲突(COI)一词带有负面含义。这是令人遗憾的。显然,人们普遍认为,只要存在利益冲突就意味着存在不法行为。其实不然。作为专家顾问,我们的首要利益应该是为我们提供建议的组织的利益服务。利益冲突确实表明,参与某些决策是不合适的,因为我们有竞争利益,而这种竞争利益有可能影响我们提供与所建议组织的利益一致的建议的能力(Moore 等人,2005 年)。利益冲突政策能帮助我们保持正确的方向,因为我们通常会低估自己的利益会对我们的判断产生不当影响,高估自己保持中立的能力,并倾向于忽略所有难以驾驭的灰色地带(Chugh 等人,2005 年)。这就是为什么 COI 政策需要根据组织的使命和价值观精心制定并定期审查的原因。如果不恰当地界定或管理 COI,相关人员和组织的声誉很可能会受到质疑。严格的 COI 政策不仅是保护决策的需要,也是保护组织诚信的需要。当政策影响到许多人的健康和福祉时,这些政策就显得至关重要。这就是为什么为拟议中的化学品、废物和污染预防政府间科学政策小组(SPP)(联合国环境规划署,2024 年)制定严格的 COI 政策至关重要的原因,正如我们在上一篇论文(Schäffer 等人,2023 年)中所讨论的那样。然而,这只是个幌子。事实上,每个人都有利益。利益和价值观是每个人与生俱来的(道格拉斯,2021 年;埃利奥特,2017 年)。我们需要明确自己的价值观,并参与讨论我们的价值观和研究是否与社会目标相一致。值得注意的是,兴趣并不会自动导致 COI,关键是要认清什么是 COI(Bero & Grundy, 2016)。例如,渴求声誉并不会自动导致利益冲突:只有当一个人渴求的声誉与他要提供建议的组织的利益相冲突时,才会导致利益冲突。SPP 的目标是进一步促进化学品和废物的健全管理,防止污染(联合国环境规划署,2024 年)。一个常见的论点是,喜欢出风头的研究人员具有 COI,因为--这种论点认为--这种利益会激励他们设计研究,使研究结果显示出相关化学品的不利影响,因为危言耸听的结果会成为头条新闻。不可否认,这是一个糟糕研究的例子,让一个从事劣质研究的人向专家小组提供建议是不明智的。但这并不属于 "个人隐私 "的范畴。他们的利益在于出风头,而出风头与专家小组的利益并不冲突。如果研究的质量很高,那么它很可能会对专家小组有价值,尽管有人想出风头。"我们都有利益 "的说法源于将 COI 与我们都有不同的利益、价值观和偏好这一事实混为一谈。越来越多的人认识到,多元化的研究团队可以降低在同质化社区中发酵的有偏见研究的风险(Hofstra 等人,2020 年;Nielsen 等人,2017 年)。值得注意的是,由不同的非经济利益而产生的科学争议是合理的,也是一种优势,因为它们有助于我们理清重要的价值问题,如:我们应该研究什么?我们应该研究什么?为什么是这样而不是那样?什么样的数据是相关的?研究方法对结果有何影响?谁会从这类研究中受益?我们的研究是否会导致伤害的不平等分配?重要的是,对特定理论或方法有既得利益并不会导致专家顾问的 COI。在化学品风险问题上,存在着大量的科学争议,尤其是因为这是一个高度复杂的领域,而且不乏对某一特定理论或方法情有独钟的科学家。因此,如果专家顾问过于单一,就有可能将相关观点排除在外。重要的是要记住,这并不是因为专家们有个人隐私。而是因为没有充分考虑哪些因素对确保专家小组在相关认识论观点方面具有充分的多样性至关重要。
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Livia da Silva Freitas, Fernando R. de Moura, Romina Buffarini, Xesús Feás, Flavio M. R. da Silva Júnior
<p>Numerous impacts of climate change have been verified and discussed in recent decades (Agache et al., <span>2022</span>). However, accidents involving encounters with different species of venomous animals remain a problem, with many gaps in knowledge. The majority of studies on venomous animals include data on snakebites, but other animals, including scorpions, bees, spiders, caterpillars, and marine animals (Chippaux, <span>2015</span>), constitute a significant portion of the records worldwide. As this is a serious public health issue, the official reporting of cases is mandatory in many countries, including 17 nations in the American continent (Fernández & Youssef, <span>2023</span>). This is a significant step for the prevention and implementation of mitigation measures for these accidents, given their importance for public health management.</p><p>Estimates indicate that annually, there are 1.8–2.7 million cases of snakebite envenomation in humans, resulting in a tragic toll of 81 000–138 000 deaths, and leaving 400 000 individuals with permanent physical and psychological sequelae (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>). Like data are difficult to track because of problems with proper recording and dissemination to national health systems, especially in poor regions, and, most importantly, because most updated scientific research focuses on snakebites (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>).</p><p>Just as with snakes, scorpion sting envenomation emerges as a serious health problem in certain regions of the world, resulting in 1.2 million annual occurrences and over 3000 deaths (Chippaux & Goyffon, <span>2008</span>). Cases of envenomation from spider bites, as well as from other arthropods and marine organisms, equally represent a significant concern in the medical field (Martinez et al., <span>2022</span>). These accidents typically occur in areas with lower socioeconomic status, precarious housing, rural communities, areas with limited access to healthcare services, and a scarcity of medical resources (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>).</p><p>The regulation of body temperature in many terrestrial venomous species is influenced by environmental factors, as they are ectothermic, meaning that their body temperature is directly linked to environmental conditions (Nori et al., <span>2014</span>). This temperature control is predominantly behavioral rather than metabolic, unlike endothermic animals. Therefore, it is widely accepted that variations in temperature and humidity have significant impacts on the behavior, reproduction, brumation, feeding, and activity of these animals (Chippaux, <span>2017</span>; Williams et al., <span>2015</span>).</p><p>Climate change has significant impacts on venomous animals such as snakes, scorpions, and spiders. For snakes, climate can affect both the increase and decrease of their populations (Yañez-Arenas et al., <span>2016</span>). Additionally, human population growth and economic development ar
近几十年来,气候变化的许多影响已得到验证和讨论(Agache 等人,2022 年)。然而,与不同种类的有毒动物遭遇的事故仍是一个问题,存在许多知识空白。大多数关于有毒动物的研究都包括蛇咬伤的数据,但其他动物,包括蝎子、蜜蜂、蜘蛛、毛虫和海洋动物(Chippaux,2015 年),也占全球记录的很大一部分。由于这是一个严重的公共卫生问题,许多国家都强制要求官方报告病例,其中包括美洲大陆的 17 个国家(Fernández & Youssef, 2023)。据估计,每年有 180 万至 270 万例人类被蛇咬伤,造成 81 000 至 138 000 人死亡,400 000 人留下永久性身体和心理后遗症(Gutiérrez 等人,2017 年)。由于国家卫生系统(尤其是贫困地区的卫生系统)在适当记录和传播方面存在问题,而且最重要的是,大多数最新科学研究都集中在蛇咬伤方面,因此很难跟踪类似数据(Gutiérrez et al.)被蜘蛛以及其他节肢动物和海洋生物咬伤的中毒病例同样是医疗领域的重大问题(马丁内斯等人,2022 年)。这些事故通常发生在社会经济地位较低、住房不稳定的地区、农村社区、医疗服务有限的地区以及医疗资源稀缺的地区(Gutiérrez et al.与内热动物不同,这种体温控制主要是通过行为而非代谢进行的。因此,人们普遍认为,温度和湿度的变化对这些动物的行为、繁殖、冬眠、进食和活动有重大影响(Chippaux,2017;Williams 等人,2015)。气候变化对蛇、蝎子和蜘蛛等有毒动物有重大影响。对于蛇类来说,气候既会影响其数量的增加,也会影响其数量的减少(Yañez-Arenas 等人,2016 年)。此外,人类的人口增长和经济发展与生物多样性的丧失直接相关,加剧了蛇咬事故的风险(Krauss 等人,2010 年)。同样,蝎子物种(如 Tenebrio obscurus)也受益于较高的温度,这表明气候变化可能导致蝎子向更高纬度扩展(Martinez 等人,2018 年)。温度也会影响蜘蛛对栖息地的选择(Glover,2013年),而气候变化会影响膜翅目昆虫的分布和行为,增加与人类的接触(Demain,2021年),并因入侵物种的存在而扩大健康和生态系统风险(Feás,2021年;Feás等人,2022年)。总之,关于有毒动物以及气候变化和人类发展如何影响其生态和行为,仍有许多问题有待探索和了解。虽然已经对某些方面进行了研究和记录,但我们的知识仍有很大的空白需要填补。在扩大调查范围方面,数学预测模型的使用是一个宝贵的盟友,它可以在理解和减轻气候变化下涉及毒兽类事故的相关风险方面发挥重要作用。随着气候条件的变化,这些动物的分布和行为可能会发生重大变化,而数学模型的使用有助于了解预测情况。在过去几十年中,物种分布模型已成为预测特定物种(包括有毒动物)未来潜在分布的重要工具(Kazemi 等人,2023 年),以应对气候变化(Lu 等人,2024 年)。此外,机器学习工具已证明能够有效预测未来的环境(Mosavi 等人,2018 年)和健康相关结果(Mohan 等人,2019 年)。然而,必须指出的是,涉及有毒动物的事故也是与气候变化直接或间接相关的其他人类变量的后果,如森林砍伐、移民、无序城市化、不安全住房和社会经济变化(Konstantyner 等人,2022 年)。 此外,缺乏基本的卫生设施和废物收集、行为因素、错误信息以及难以获得医疗服务和抗蛇毒血清治疗(Potet et al.然而,为此目的,对卫生专业人员的培训是必不可少的先决条件,因为报告的不完整性是一个严重的长期障碍,阻碍了对病例的深入分析和制定更好地解决这一问题的策略(Brito 等人,2023 年)。这可以鼓励缩短寻求专业帮助的响应时间,从而最大限度地减少后遗症和死亡,还可以提高社会对地球上人类活动的认识,以寻求人类进步与生物多样性共存之间的平衡:写作-原稿;写作-审阅和编辑。费尔南多-R-德莫拉:写作-原稿;写作-审阅和编辑。罗米娜-布法里尼写作-原稿;写作-审阅和编辑。Xesús Feás:写作-原稿;写作-审阅和编辑。Flávio M. R. da Silva Júnior:构思;写作-审阅和编辑,监督。
{"title":"The relationship and consequences of venomous animal encounters in the context of climate change","authors":"Livia da Silva Freitas, Fernando R. de Moura, Romina Buffarini, Xesús Feás, Flavio M. R. da Silva Júnior","doi":"10.1002/ieam.4919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4919","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerous impacts of climate change have been verified and discussed in recent decades (Agache et al., <span>2022</span>). However, accidents involving encounters with different species of venomous animals remain a problem, with many gaps in knowledge. The majority of studies on venomous animals include data on snakebites, but other animals, including scorpions, bees, spiders, caterpillars, and marine animals (Chippaux, <span>2015</span>), constitute a significant portion of the records worldwide. As this is a serious public health issue, the official reporting of cases is mandatory in many countries, including 17 nations in the American continent (Fernández & Youssef, <span>2023</span>). This is a significant step for the prevention and implementation of mitigation measures for these accidents, given their importance for public health management.</p><p>Estimates indicate that annually, there are 1.8–2.7 million cases of snakebite envenomation in humans, resulting in a tragic toll of 81 000–138 000 deaths, and leaving 400 000 individuals with permanent physical and psychological sequelae (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>). Like data are difficult to track because of problems with proper recording and dissemination to national health systems, especially in poor regions, and, most importantly, because most updated scientific research focuses on snakebites (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>).</p><p>Just as with snakes, scorpion sting envenomation emerges as a serious health problem in certain regions of the world, resulting in 1.2 million annual occurrences and over 3000 deaths (Chippaux & Goyffon, <span>2008</span>). Cases of envenomation from spider bites, as well as from other arthropods and marine organisms, equally represent a significant concern in the medical field (Martinez et al., <span>2022</span>). These accidents typically occur in areas with lower socioeconomic status, precarious housing, rural communities, areas with limited access to healthcare services, and a scarcity of medical resources (Gutiérrez et al., <span>2017</span>).</p><p>The regulation of body temperature in many terrestrial venomous species is influenced by environmental factors, as they are ectothermic, meaning that their body temperature is directly linked to environmental conditions (Nori et al., <span>2014</span>). This temperature control is predominantly behavioral rather than metabolic, unlike endothermic animals. Therefore, it is widely accepted that variations in temperature and humidity have significant impacts on the behavior, reproduction, brumation, feeding, and activity of these animals (Chippaux, <span>2017</span>; Williams et al., <span>2015</span>).</p><p>Climate change has significant impacts on venomous animals such as snakes, scorpions, and spiders. For snakes, climate can affect both the increase and decrease of their populations (Yañez-Arenas et al., <span>2016</span>). Additionally, human population growth and economic development ar","PeriodicalId":13557,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","volume":"20 3","pages":"589-591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ieam.4919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}