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Books and Other Reviews 书籍和其他评论
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4994
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引用次数: 0
The postmodern era of environmental regulation 环境监管的后现代时代
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4995
John Toll
<p>Four years ago this month, I published an editorial in <i>Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management</i> (IEAM) titled “The Modern Era of Environmental Regulation” (Toll, <span>2020</span>), a synopsis of the first 50 years of the modern era. It applauded improvements in environmental quality achieved by regulating chemical pollution, but it criticized the environmental regulatory framework and the profession that had developed to serve it. My concern was that environmental regulations provided the motive, means, and opportunity to spend too much time and money on relatively minor problems.</p><p>That concern hasn't ebbed. I've become both more cynical and more pragmatic. I've come to appreciate the importance of trust. Risk aversion creates mistrust, making smaller problems more difficult to solve than bigger ones. If you find yourself working on a site where the risk or potential risk reduction is relatively low, beware: Such sites can be more difficult to close. Stakeholders often mistrust experts who tell them that a site is not badly polluted, especially if remediation might be a gateway to restoration or redevelopment opportunities.</p><p>My pragmatic side recognizes that people, by and large, are rational actors.</p><p>If behaviors seem irrational, then we should suspect that we misunderstand what motivates those behaviors. As environmental scientists and engineers, we are trained to collect and analyze data to gradually reveal the truth of a matter. That's fine up to a point, but the logic breaks down when we buy into the belief that environmental data and their analyses hold the answers to environmental problems. We overvalue data on environmental conditions and undervalue data on human values and motivations. This fundamental misconception leads to misunderstandings, which lead to frustration. Frustration makes us vulnerable to being drawn into what, in my 2020 editorial, I called the “regulatory-industrial complex.” The “regulatory-industrial complex” rewards people for enabling and indulging risk aversion because, frankly, fearmongering pays and most of us need paychecks. In the United States alone, we're spending billions of dollars (USD) to remediate (and litigate) contaminated sites, with little evidence that these investments are paying off in reduced risk. Were I to indulge my cynicism, I might say that these expenditures are meant to fund careers rather than mitigate risk.</p><p>This problem is on track to get worse before it gets better. Remedial investigations at contaminated sites in the United States generally focus on Toxic and Priority Pollutants. The Toxic Chemicals list is found at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 401, §401.15 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-N/part-401/section-401.15) and the Priority Pollutants list is found in Appendix A to 40 CFR Part 423 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-N/part-423/appendix-Appendix%20A%20to%20Part%20423). Both
报告建议采用所提交的两个 CSO 控制方案中成本较低的方案,但有一个前提条件:报告希望将不用于更严格的 CSO 控制的资金用于 CSO 所在服务区的修复项目。官方决策者的回答是,这笔钱专门用于补救,不能用于修复。作为回应,利益相关者小组改变了立场,建议采用成本更高的方案。在该项目现场,较宽松的 CSO 控制方案与较宽松的方案一样,都可以管理化学物质和病原体暴露的风险,而且在 30 年的方案有效期内可以节省数亿美元。驱动利益相关者小组的风险是栖息地退化造成的,以及生态系统恢复后将带来的相关利益损失。如今,经过近 30 年的时间,该计划已接近尾声。资金仅用于 CSO 控制。用于恢复的资金还没有出现,至少没有达到利益相关者小组所设想的规模。我们习惯于定义生态风险评估终点,并根据对测试生物的毒性影响而非对种群、群落、生态服务或甚至生态系统功能的衡量标准(例如,Patrício 等人,2006 年)来证明修复决策的合理性,但事实证明这种习惯很难改变。这是我重温最初论点的好地方:环境法规提供了在相对较小的问题上花费过多时间和金钱的动机、手段和机会。在 CSO 的例子中,在不太严格、不太昂贵的控制方案下,环境风险本来是微乎其微的,但我们还是花了 30 年时间和数亿美元来解决这些问题。补救措施无法消除环境中的有毒和重点污染物,更不用说 CECs 了,但我们却一直将补救措施作为解决污染的办法。因此,我们不仅有污染问题,还有激励问题。环境合规行业赖以生存的激励结构存在缺陷,要解决这个问题,就必须进行监管改革。注意,不是激进的改革,而是明智的改革。仅仅这一简单的修改,就能引发我们对污染问题思考方式的深刻变化。它将使污染问题与人类社会产生的无数其他问题和机遇处于更加平等的地位。为什么?因为它将把化学品暴露与有意义的影响联系起来,而这些影响应该成为法律法规的基础:具体来说,就是可衡量的人口健康结果和清晰易懂的生态保护目标。我猜想,大多数 IEAM 读者都认为自己是环境毒理学家、化学家或风险评估师,这些职业的重点是控制有毒化学品的暴露。显然,这种关注的范围比全球可持续发展要窄。可能不太清楚的是,只关注或主要关注控制有毒化学品暴露并不一定符合 2030 年可持续发展议程。环境毒理学家、化学家和风险评估师可以为实现可持续发展目标(尤其是可持续发展目标 3 和 6)做出贡献,但除非我们能够接受我们的专业实践中存在的监管缺陷,否则实现这些可持续发展目标的任何进展都将过于昂贵和缓慢。我们正忙于执行监管任务,这些任务最多只能逐步降低环境介质中的污染物浓度。生态系统服务方面的任何收益都是偶然的,因为生态系统服务并不是补救决策中的一个因素。公共健康方面的收益可能会实现,但补救措施是基于假设的暴露假设,夸大了真正的公共健康收益。因此,让我们宽宏大量一点,把实现类似 2030 年议程的最后期限推迟到 2050 年。想想自 2000 年以来的四分之一个世纪里,我们在环境方面取得的进展。如果我们着手完成这项任务,我们能否以足够快的速度重新制定法规,为在下一个四分之一世纪实现联合国的目标做出有意义的贡献?尽管我愤世嫉俗,但我的答案是肯定的。需要做什么呢?环境科学专业必须重组。除产品注册和安全领域外,危害评估将不再受到重视,因为这两个领域受到的干扰要小于污染控制和修复专业。人口和社区层面的生态评估终点将成为我们分析的核心。 补偿性缓解措施将成为一项主要的合规措施,其使用范围将超出目前在湿地损失许可中的使用范围。Engineering With Nature®--美国陆军工程兵部队 (USACE) 的一项计划,旨在通过合作,有意识地协调自然与工程过程,从而高效、可持续地实现经济、环境和社会效益,以及其他类似计划(如 https://www.ecoshape.org/en/)--将迅速推广。系统生态学、保护生物学、林业和其他农业科学、经济学的多个分支(如工程、自然资源和政治经济学)、地理学、社会人类学、应用统计学、决策理论以及其他专业也将迅速推广、系统生态学、保护生物学、林业和其他农业科学、多个经济学分支(如工程学、自然资源和政治经济学)、地理学、社会人类学、应用统计学、决策理论和其他专业将与毒理学、化学、化学归宿建模和风险评估并驾齐驱,成为监管和其他决策系统的重要基础,并将关注的压力源扩展到化学物质之外。在严格设计、执行和分析的实地研究支持下,真正的适应性管理(Walters,1986 年)将成为常规做法。经过精心设计和审查的实验所导致的失败,如果得到适当的调整,可以被视为成功。许多律师和政策分析师可以找到工作,制定奖励抗灾能力和创新的规则和条例,使科学家和工程师能够对重大问题的创造性解决方案进行大规模、安全的失败现场试验。大学和学院可以扩大办学规模,环保公司也会欢迎大量新的专业人士加入。如果社会真正致力于在 2050 年前实现某种程度的 2030 年议程,那么我们的专业将会发生深刻而令人兴奋的变化,因为工作不仅在数量上,而且在意义和重要性上都将得到扩展。机会将是无穷无尽的。我们是否准备好迎接挑战?
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引用次数: 0
Studies to assess natural resource recovery and evaluate monitoring methods for restored bottomland hardwood forests 开展研究,以评估自然资源的恢复情况,并对恢复后的底层硬木森林的监测方法进行评估。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4996
Michael J. Hooper, Matthew A. Struckhoff, John P. Isanhart, Janice L. Albers, Keith W. Grabner, Nicholas S. Green, Bethany K. Kunz, M. Victoria McDonald, Benjamin M. West

The Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration process assesses natural resource injury due to oil or chemical spills and calculates the damages to compensate the public for those injuries. Ecological restoration provides a means for recovering resources injured or lost due to contamination from oil or chemical spills by restoring the injured site after remediation, or acquiring or reconstructing equivalent resources off site to replace those lost due to the spill. In the case of restored forests, once restoration is implemented, monitoring of forest ecology helps keep recovery on track, with the maturation of forest vegetation, recovered soil conditions, and development of microbial, fungal, and faunal communities, necessary for ecologically functioning forests. This series of papers focuses on applying methods for monitoring restoration progress in forest vegetation and soils, and amphibian, avian, and mammalian communities, assessing strengths and weaknesses of different methods, and evaluating levels of effort needed to obtain accurate indications of forest ecological condition. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1912–1916. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

自然资源损害评估和恢复流程评估因油类或化学品泄漏造成的自然资源损害,并计算损害赔偿以补偿公众的损失。生态恢复是恢复因油类或化学品泄漏污染而受损或损失的资源的一种方法,方法是在补救后恢复受损现场,或在现场外获取或重建同等资源,以替代因泄漏而损失的资源。在恢复森林的情况下,一旦实施恢复,对森林生态的监控有助于保持恢复的正常进行,森林植被的成熟、土壤条件的恢复以及微生物、真菌和动物群落的发展都是森林生态功能所必需的。本系列论文重点关注应用各种方法监测森林植被和土壤以及两栖动物、鸟类和哺乳动物群落的恢复进展,评估不同方法的优缺点,并评价为获得准确的森林生态状况指标所需的努力程度。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-5.© 2024 作者。综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 出版。
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引用次数: 0
Vegetation community recovery on restored bottomland hardwood forests in northeast Indiana, USA 美国印第安纳州东北部底层阔叶林恢复后的植被群落恢复情况。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4993
Matthew A. Struckhoff, Keith W. Grabner, Janice L. Albers, Michael J. Hooper

Vegetation communities in restored bottomland hardwood forests in northeast Indiana were studied 6–21 years after restoration to assess progress toward restoration objectives. The study focused on four sites that were restored to compensate for resource injuries after contaminant releases. The restored sites were compared with four reference-site conditions, including crops (prerestoration condition), old field communities representing a no-management alternative, locally sampled second-growth mature forests, and forest community types described by the US National Vegetation Classification (USNVC), which represent ideal or defining conditions of recognized vegetation communities. Fixed-area plots provided data on field-sampled environmental variables, vegetation, soil, and hydrological conditions for crops, old fields, restored areas, and mature forests. The USNVC database provided quantitative data for three historically and geographically relevant reference forest community types for comparison with the sampled communities. Results of nonmetric multidimensional scaling based on species cover revealed clear gradients relating to site age and canopy development. Along those gradients, restored areas demonstrated increasing similarity to mature forest reference communities in terms of floristic composition. Specifically, the floristic quality of restored areas was significantly greater than that of crops and old fields. Furthermore, soil health measurements of physical, chemical, and hydrological conditions indicated significant improvements in restored site soils compared with prerestoration conditions represented by cropland soils. Descriptions and data from the USNVC provided ecological context for restoration target conditions and facilitated the assessment of restoration recovery along a trajectory from starting conditions to those target conditions. Descriptions by USNVC also helped identify deviations from the intended restoration objectives (e.g., invasive species recruitment) and potential adaptive management actions to return sites to their intended trajectories. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1917–1938. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

在印第安纳州东北部,对恢复 6-21 年后的底层硬木森林植被群落进行了研究,以评估在实现恢复目标方面取得的进展。研究主要集中在四个地点,这些地点在污染物释放后进行了恢复,以弥补资源损失。将恢复后的地点与四种参考地点条件进行了比较,包括农作物(恢复前条件)、代表无管理替代方案的老田地群落、当地取样的次生成熟林以及美国国家植被分类(USNVC)描述的森林群落类型,后者代表了公认植被群落的理想或定义条件。固定区域地块提供了农作物、老田、恢复区和成熟森林的实地采样环境变量、植被、土壤和水文条件数据。USNVC 数据库提供了三种历史上和地理上相关的参考森林群落类型的定量数据,以便与采样群落进行比较。基于物种覆盖率的非度量多维缩放结果显示,与场地年龄和树冠发展有关的梯度非常明显。沿着这些梯度,恢复区域在花卉组成方面与成熟森林参照群落的相似度越来越高。具体来说,恢复区的植物质量明显高于农作物和老田地。此外,物理、化学和水文条件的土壤健康测量结果表明,与恢复前的耕地土壤状况相比,恢复区的土壤有了显著改善。USNVC 的描述和数据为恢复目标条件提供了生态背景,并有助于评估从起始条件到目标条件的恢复轨迹。USNVC 的描述还有助于确定与预期恢复目标之间的偏差(如入侵物种的繁殖),以及可能采取的适应性管理措施,使恢复地点回到预期轨迹。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-22.发表于 2024 年。本文为美国政府著作,在美国属于公共领域。综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 出版。
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引用次数: 0
Survey effort and targeted landbird community metrics at Indiana lowland forest restoration sites 印第安纳州低地森林恢复点的调查工作和目标陆鸟群落指标
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4992
Benjamin M. West, Mark L. Wildhaber, Nicholas S. Green, John P. Isanhart, M. Victoria McDonald, Michael J. Hooper

Many sampling and analytical methods can estimate the abundance, distributions, and diversity of birds and other wildlife. However, challenges with sample size and analytical capacity can make these methods difficult to implement for resource-limited monitoring programs. To apprise efficient and attainable sampling designs for landbird monitoring programs with limited observational data, we used breeding season bird point survey data collected in 2016 at four forest restoration sites in Indiana, USA. We evaluated three subsets of observed species richness, total possibly breeding landbirds, Partners in Flight Regional Conservation Concern (PIF RCC) landbirds, and interior forest specialists (IFSs). Simulated surveys based on field data were used to conduct Bayesian Michaelis–Menten curve analyses estimating observed species as a function of sampling effort. On comparing simulated survey sets with multiple habitat types versus those with one habitat, we found that those with multiple habitat types had estimated 39%–83% greater observed PIF RCC species richness and required 41%–55% fewer visits per point to observe an equivalent proportion of PIF RCC species. Even with multiple habitats in a survey set, the number of visits per point required to detect 50% of observable species was 30% higher for PIF RCC species than for total breeding landbird species. Low detection rates of IFS species at two field sites made precise estimation of required effort to observe these species difficult. However, qualitatively, we found that only sites containing mature forest fragments had detections of several bird species designated as high-confidence IFS species. Our results suggest that deriving specialized species diversity metrics from point survey data can add value when interpreting those data. Additionally, designing studies to collect these metrics may require explicitly planning to visit multiple habitat types at a monitoring site and increasing the number of visits per survey point. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1954–1968. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

许多取样和分析方法可以估算鸟类和其他野生动物的数量、分布和多样性。然而,在资源有限的监测项目中,样本量和分析能力方面的挑战会使这些方法难以实施。为了给观测数据有限的陆地鸟类监测项目提供高效、可实现的取样设计,我们使用了 2016 年在美国印第安纳州四个森林恢复地点收集的繁殖季节鸟类点调查数据。我们评估了观察到的物种丰富度的三个子集,即可能繁殖的陆鸟总数、"飞行伙伴 "区域保护关注(PIF RCC)陆鸟和内陆森林专家(IFSs)。根据实地数据进行的模拟调查被用来进行贝叶斯迈克尔-门顿曲线分析,估计观察到的物种与采样工作的函数关系。通过比较具有多种栖息地类型与只有一种栖息地类型的模拟调查集,我们发现具有多种栖息地类型的模拟调查集所观测到的 PIF RCC 物种丰富度估计要高出 39%-83% ,而且每个点所需的访问次数要少 41%-55% 才能观测到同等比例的 PIF RCC 物种。即使在一个调查集中有多个栖息地,要发现50%的可观察到的物种,PIF RCC物种每个点所需的访问次数也要比全部繁殖陆鸟物种高30%。在两个野外地点,IFS物种的探测率较低,因此很难精确估算观察这些物种所需的工作量。然而,我们发现,只有在含有成熟森林片段的地点才有可能检测到几种被指定为高置信度 IFS 物种的鸟类。我们的研究结果表明,从定点调查数据中推导出专门的物种多样性指标可以为解释这些数据增添价值。此外,在设计收集这些指标的研究时,可能需要明确计划在监测点考察多种生境类型,并增加每个调查点的考察次数。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-15。© 2024 作者。综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 出版。本文由美国政府雇员撰写,其作品在美国属于公共领域。
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引用次数: 0
Ecotoxicological assessment of waste foundry sands and the application of different classification systems 铸造废砂的生态毒理学评估及不同分类系统的应用。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4983
Carlotta Alias, Flavio Cioli, Alessandro Abbà, Donatella Feretti, Sabrina Sorlini

The application of a battery of bioassays is widely recognized as a useful tool for assessing environmental hazard samples. However, the integration of different toxicity data is a key aspect of this assessment and remains a challenge. The evaluation of industrial waste leachates did not initially undergo any of the proposed integration procedures. This research addressed this knowledge gap. Twenty-five samples of waste foundry sands were subjected to a leaching test (UNI EN 12457-2) to evaluate waste recovery and landfill disposal. The leachates were evaluated using a battery of standardized toxicity bioassays composed of Aliivibrio fischeri (EN ISO 11348-3), Daphnia magna (UNI EN ISO 6341), and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (UNI EN ISO 8692), both undiluted and diluted. Daphnia magna and P. subcapitata were the most affected organisms, with significant effects caused by 68% and 64% of undiluted samples, respectively. The dilution of samples facilitates the calculation of EC50 values, which ranged from greater than the highest concentration tested to 2.5 g/L for P. subcapitata. The data on single-organism toxicity were integrated using three methods: the Toxicity Classification System, the toxicity test battery integrated index, and the EcoScore system. The three classifications were strongly similar. According to all applied systems, three samples were clearly nontoxic (from iron casting plants) and two were highly toxic (from steel casting plants). Moreover, the similar ranking between undiluted and diluted leachates suggests the possibility of using only undiluted leachates for a more cost-effective and time-efficient screening of waste materials. The findings of this study highlight the usefulness of integrating ecotoxicological waste assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2294–2311. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

人们普遍认为,应用一系列生物测定方法是评估环境危害样本的有用工具。然而,整合不同的毒性数据是这一评估的关键环节,也是一项挑战。对工业废物沥滤液的评估最初并未采用任何建议的整合程序。这项研究填补了这一知识空白。对 25 个铸造废砂样本进行了浸出试验(UNI EN 12457-2),以评估废物回收和填埋处理情况。在未稀释和已稀释的情况下,使用一系列标准化毒性生物测定对浸出物进行了评估,这些生物测定包括弗氏阿利维弧菌(EN ISO 11348-3)、大型蚤(UNI EN ISO 6341)和亚头蚤(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)(UNI EN ISO 8692)。受影响最大的生物是大型水蚤和亚盘尾柱虫,分别有 68% 和 64% 的未稀释样品对它们产生了显著影响。稀释样品有助于计算 EC50 值,EC50 值从高于测试的最高浓度到 P. subcapitata 的 2.5 克/升不等。使用三种方法对单生物毒性数据进行了整合:毒性分类系统、毒性测试电池综合指数和生态分数系统。这三种分类方法非常相似。根据所有应用系统,有三个样本明显无毒(来自铸铁厂),两个样本剧毒(来自铸钢厂)。此外,未稀释渗滤液和稀释渗滤液的等级相似,这表明可以只使用未稀释渗滤液来对废料进行更具成本效益和时间效率的筛选。这项研究的结果凸显了综合生态毒理学废物评估的实用性。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-18。© 2024 The Author(s).综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 出版。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of air pollution removal by urban trees based on the i-Tree Eco Model: The case of Tehran, Iran 基于 i-Tree 生态模型的城市树木清除空气污染评估:伊朗德黑兰案例。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4990
Reihaneh Rasoolzadeh, Naghmeh Mobarghaee Dinan, Hassan Esmaeilzadeh, Yousef Rashidi, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi

Air quality concerns have become increasingly serious in metropolises such as Tehran (Iran) in recent years. This study aims to assess the contribution of urban trees in Tehran toward mitigating air pollution and to evaluate the economic value of this ecosystem service using the i-Tree Eco model. To accomplish this objective, we utilized Tehran's original land use map, identifying five distinct land use categories: commercial and industrial, parks and urban forests, residential areas, roads and transportation, and urban services. Field data necessary for this analysis were collected from 316 designated plots, each with a radius of 11.3 m, and subsequently analyzed using the i-Tree Eco model. The locations of these plots were determined using the stratified sampling method. The results illustrate that Tehran's urban trees removed 1286.4 tons of pollutants in 2020. Specifically, the annual rates of air pollution removal were found to be 134.8 tons for CO; 299.7 tons for NO2; 270.3 tons for O3; 0.7 tons for PM2.5; 489.4 tons for PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter size between 2.5 and 10 µm); and 91.5 tons for SO2, with an associated monetary value of US$1 536 619. However, despite this significant removal capacity, the impact remains relatively small compared with the total amount of pollution emitted in 2020, accounting for only 0.17%. This is attributed to the high emissions rate and low per capita green space in the city. These findings could serve as a foundation for future research and urban planning initiatives aimed at enhancing green spaces in urban areas, thereby promoting sustainable urban development. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2142–2152. © 2024 SETAC

近年来,德黑兰(伊朗)等大都市的空气质量问题日益严重。本研究旨在评估德黑兰城市树木对缓解空气污染的贡献,并使用 i-Tree Eco 模型评估这种生态系统服务的经济价值。为实现这一目标,我们利用德黑兰的原始土地利用地图,确定了五个不同的土地利用类别:商业和工业、公园和城市森林、住宅区、道路和交通以及城市服务。分析所需的实地数据来自 316 个指定地块,每个地块半径为 11.3 米,随后使用 i-Tree Eco 模型进行分析。这些地块的位置是采用分层抽样法确定的。结果表明,德黑兰的城市树木在 2020 年清除了 1286.4 吨污染物。具体而言,空气污染的年去除率为:一氧化碳 134.8 吨;二氧化氮 299.7 吨;臭氧 270.3 吨;PM2.5 0.7 吨;PM10(直径在 2.5 至 10 微米之间的颗粒物)489.4 吨;二氧化硫 91.5 吨,相关货币价值为 1536 619 美元。然而,尽管清除能力巨大,但与 2020 年的污染排放总量相比,其影响仍然相对较小,仅占 0.17%。这归因于城市的高排放率和低人均绿地面积。这些研究结果可作为未来研究和城市规划的基础,旨在加强城市地区的绿地建设,从而促进城市的可持续发展。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-11。© 2024 SETAC.
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引用次数: 0
Derivation of site-specific environmental quality guideline values for fuel-contaminated soils on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island 推导亚南极麦考瑞岛受燃料污染土壤的特定地点环境质量指导值。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4989
Catherine K. King, Jane Wasley, Jeremy Richardson

Accidental fuel spills associated with the storage, transfer, and use of diesel fuel for power generation have occurred on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island since the establishment of the island's research station in 1948. An extensive in situ remediation program was implemented by the Australian government from 2009 to 2016 that used nutrient addition and air sparging to enhance the microbial degradation of petroleum products. During this period, a range of ecotoxicological assessments were conducted to better understand the impacts of fuel in soils on native biota and their sensitivity. This study compiles this ecotoxicological data into a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to establish environmental quality guideline values (EQGVs) for fuels in soils on Macquarie Island. The SSD model includes 13 critical effect concentrations (CECs) selected using an expert judgment approach. These include data from functional and community-based tests as well as traditional single-species toxicity tests using microbes, plants, and invertebrates and representing the range of carbon content (~3%–48%) and fuel composition at various stages of degradation (from fresh to 18 months aged) in soils as occurs at contaminated sites on the island. A protective concentration (PC80) of 97 mg/kg TPH C9–C40 (95% CI 24–283) was derived for special Antarctic blend diesel from the SSD and is recommended as an appropriate site-specific EQGV and potential remediation target for the immediate station area in the vicinity of infrastructure. More conservative PC values are also provided for areas with higher conservation values outside the station footprint. These EQGVs are the first to be produced for fuels in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. They will be used to inform ongoing environmental management on Macquarie Island and are likely suitable and recommended for use more broadly across the sub-Antarctic. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2334–2346. © 2024 Commonwealth of Australia. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

自 1948 年在亚南极麦考瑞岛上建立研究站以来,与用于发电的柴油的储存、转移和使用有关的燃料泄漏事故时有发生。2009 年至 2016 年期间,澳大利亚政府实施了一项广泛的原地修复计划,利用添加营养物和空气喷射来加强石油产品的微生物降解。在此期间,进行了一系列生态毒理学评估,以更好地了解土壤中的燃料对本地生物群的影响及其敏感性。本研究将这些生态毒理学数据编入物种敏感性分布(SSD),以确定麦考瑞岛土壤中燃料的环境质量指导值(EQGV)。SSD 模型包括通过专家判断法选出的 13 个临界效应浓度 (CEC)。这些数据来自功能和群落测试,以及使用微生物、植物和无脊椎动物进行的传统单一物种毒性测试,代表了该岛受污染地区土壤中不同降解阶段(从新鲜到 18 个月)的碳含量范围(~3%-48%)和燃料成分。对于 SSD 中的南极混合柴油,得出的保护浓度 (PC80) 为 97 mg/kg TPH C9-C40(95% CI 24-283),并建议将其作为特定场地的适当 EQGV 值和基础设施附近站点区域的潜在修复目标。此外,还为站区外具有较高保护价值的区域提供了更为保守的 PC 值。这些 EQGV 是首次针对亚南极和南极地区的燃料制定的。它们将用于为麦格理岛正在进行的环境管理提供信息,而且很可能适合并建议在整个亚南极地区更广泛地使用。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-13。© 2024 澳大利亚联邦。综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理学与化学学会 (SETAC) 出版。
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引用次数: 0
What can laboratory studies tell us about potential effects of pesticides on nontarget arthropods populations and communities in the field? 关于农药对田间非目标节肢动物种群和群落的潜在影响,实验室研究能告诉我们什么?
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4987
Helen Thompson, Charlotte Elston

Over the past decades, concern has been increasing over reported declines in aboveground biodiversity on farmland. In many regions, data on the toxicity of pesticides to honeybees (Apis mellifera), but not wider nontarget arthropod (NTA) data, are required for pesticide registration. In Europe, the effects of pesticides on NTAs and honeybees have been the subject of regulatory risk assessment for more than 30 years, resulting in a large database. Although insecticides may be expected to affect NTA populations, solely identifying insecticidal modes of action for further NTA testing would result in redundancy among low-risk testing products and may also exclude other modes of action with potential effects in the field. This study assessed whether the honeybee acute risk assessment could provide any indication of the potential impact and recovery time of NTAs in cropped areas at the field scale and, if so, how it might be used in a tiered testing approach. The hazard quotients (HQs; foliar application rate/LR50) were derived for 151 active substances (32% insecticides, 28% fungicides, 38% herbicides, 2% plant growth regulators) for which toxicity data for established EU Tier 1 NTA indicator species (Typhlodromus pyri, Aphidius rhopalosiphi) and application rate data were available. These HQs were compared with published NTA HQ thresholds indicating the time to recovery of NTA populations and communities in field studies (>1 to >12 months). Using the same application rate data, honeybee acute risk quotient (RQ) and HQ were also determined and compared with NTA HQs and honeybee regulatory thresholds. These comparisons demonstrated that, where required, the current regulatory honeybee acute RQ of 0.4 or honeybee HQ of 50 can provide an efficient screening tier to target NTA testing at those products and uses with potential effects in the field where recovery may exceed 12 months. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2326–2333. © 2024 SETAC

过去几十年来,人们对农田地上生物多样性减少的报道日益关注。在许多地区,农药登记需要提供农药对蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的毒性数据,但不需要更广泛的非目标节肢动物(NTA)数据。在欧洲,农药对非目标节肢动物和蜜蜂的影响已成为监管风险评估的主题长达 30 多年,从而形成了一个庞大的数据库。尽管预计杀虫剂可能会影响 NTA 种群,但仅仅确定杀虫剂的作用模式以进一步进行 NTA 测试会造成低风险测试产品的冗余,而且还可能排除在实地具有潜在影响的其他作用模式。本研究评估了蜜蜂急性风险评估是否能说明 NTAs 在田间种植区的潜在影响和恢复时间,如果能,如何将其用于分级测试方法。针对 151 种活性物质(32% 杀虫剂、28% 杀菌剂、38% 除草剂、2% 植物生长调节剂)得出了危害商数(HQs;叶面施用率/LR50),这些活性物质具有既定的欧盟 1 级 NTA 指示物种(Typhlodromus pyri、Aphidius rhopalosiphi)毒性数据和施用率数据。这些 HQ 与已公布的 NTA HQ 临界值进行了比较,后者表明了实地研究中 NTA 种群和群落的恢复时间(>1 到 >12 个月)。使用相同的施药量数据,还确定了蜜蜂急性风险商数(RQ)和 HQ,并与 NTA HQ 和蜜蜂监管阈值进行了比较。这些比较结果表明,在需要的情况下,目前蜜蜂急性风险商数为 0.4 或蜜蜂 HQ 为 50 的监管阈值可提供有效的筛选层级,以针对那些在田间具有潜在影响、恢复期可能超过 12 个月的产品和用途进行 NTA 测试。集成环境评估管理 2024;00:1-8。© 2024 SETAC.
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引用次数: 0
Microfiber pollution: Assessment, emission estimation, and time-series-based forecast of microfibers from domestic washing machine laundering and mitigation measures 超细纤维污染:家用洗衣机洗涤产生的超细纤维的评估、排放估计和基于时间序列的预测以及减缓措施。
IF 3 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4985
Riya Kumbukattu Alex, Thasnimol Mukalarkudy Muhammed, Madhuraj Palat Kannankai, Amal Radhakrishnan, Abhinab Borah, Abesh Reghuvaran, Suja Purushothaman Devipriya

Microfibers are thread-like structures shorter than 5 mm and have natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origins. These micropollutants are ubiquitous and are emerging in the environment, living organisms, and food sources. Textile laundering is a prominent source of microfibers, but limited research has been conducted on microfiber pollution from domestic washing machines in emerging economies such as India, where consumption and production rates are exorbitantly high. This study aimed to assess the abundance and size distribution of microfibers from the effluent of a semiautomatic domestic washing machine using three categories of “not-new” textiles: cotton, blended, and synthetic under “with” and “without” detergent conditions. Although most Indians still rely on hand washing, this study focused on washing machines due to their increasing use in India driven by improving socioeconomic factors. This study also developed annual emission estimation and forecasting models for India to understand pollution trends. The results revealed that microfibers were highly abundant in washing machine effluent, with a mean abundance of cotton, blended, and synthetic in “with detergent” conditions of 6476.67, 3766.67, and 8645/L, respectively, whereas in “without detergent,” it was lower. All identified microfibers were divided into five size classes. The study also found that powdered detergent increased the abundance and emission of tiny fibers. The overall annual emissions estimate was 1.23 × 1011 microfibers, with cotton, synthetic, and blended categories accounting for 2.11 × 1010, 1.40 × 1010, and 6.15 × 109 microfibers, respectively. Time-series-based future estimates (autoregressive integrated moving average [ARIMA] and error-trend-seasonality [ETS]) showed an alarming increase in microfiber emissions, with forecasted annual emission reaching 1.90 × 1011 by 2030. Synthetic and cotton textiles are the most significant contributors to microfiber pollution. This study emphasized the urgent need to address the issue of microfiber pollution caused by washing machine laundering in developing countries, such as India, where sociodemographic factors intensify the problem. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2116–2127. © 2024 SETAC

微纤维是短于 5 毫米的线状结构,有天然、半合成或合成来源。这些微污染物无处不在,在环境、生物体和食物来源中不断出现。纺织品洗涤是超细纤维的一个主要来源,但在印度等消费和生产率极高的新兴经济体,对家用洗衣机产生的超细纤维污染的研究还很有限。本研究旨在评估在 "使用 "和 "不使用 "洗涤剂的条件下,半自动家用洗衣机流出的三类 "非新 "纺织品(纯棉、混纺和合成纤维)中微纤维的数量和大小分布。尽管大多数印度人仍然依赖手洗,但由于社会经济因素的改善,洗衣机在印度的使用量不断增加,因此本研究将重点放在洗衣机上。这项研究还为印度开发了年度排放估计和预测模型,以了解污染趋势。研究结果表明,洗衣机污水中的微纤维含量很高,在 "使用洗涤剂 "的条件下,棉、混纺和合成纤维的平均含量分别为 6476.67、3766.67 和 8645/L,而在 "不使用洗涤剂 "的条件下,含量较低。所有识别出的微纤维被分为五个大小等级。研究还发现,粉末洗涤剂增加了微小纤维的数量和排放量。每年的总排放量估计为 1.23 × 1011 微纤维,其中棉、合成纤维和混纺类微纤维的排放量分别为 2.11 × 1010、1.40 × 1010 和 6.15 × 109。基于时间序列的未来估算(自回归综合移动平均[ARIMA]和误差-趋势-季节性[ETS])显示,超细纤维排放量的增长速度惊人,预计到 2030 年,年排放量将达到 1.90 × 1011。合成纤维和棉纺织品是造成超细纤维污染的最主要因素。这项研究强调,迫切需要解决印度等发展中国家因洗衣机洗涤造成的超细纤维污染问题,因为这些国家的社会人口因素加剧了这一问题。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-12.© 2024 SETAC.
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Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
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