Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-76-82
A. Vasilev, S. N. Danilova, A. A. Okhlopkova, A. A. Dyakonov, A. V. Okoneshnikova, I. Makarov
Polymer composite materials (PCM) of antifriction duty with self-lubricating properties are used for the manufacture of various parts in friction units of machines and mechanisms. PCM can partially replace parts made of metals and alloys, increasing the reliability and service life of the equipment when the use of oils or external lubricants is limited or prohibited. The goal of the study is the effect of fillers (sulfenamide, sulfur, magnesium and zinc oxides) on the tribological parameters of polymer composite materials based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Samples were prepared by hot pressing at a temperature of 175°C and a pressure of 10 MPa. Composites with filler concentrations 0.5 and 1 wt.% were considered (for sulfenamide, sulfenamide with sulfur, and combinations of 0.5 and 1 wt.% sulfenamide with sulfur and zinc oxide or magnesium oxide). It is shown that the introduction of sulfenamide leads to an increase in the wear resistance by six times, and the introduction of a combination of fillers of 0.5 wt.% sulfenamide, sulfur, and magnesium oxide — by 1.5 times. The friction surfaces of composites were studied using methods of scanning electron microscopy and IR-spectrometry. The formation of an oriented ordered structure in the form of clusters of wear products was revealed on the friction surfaces of composites filled with sulfenamide. In the case of combined filling, secondary structures were found on the friction surface, which visually differ from the UHMWPE friction surface. The appearance of peaks in IR spectra corresponding to oxygen-containing groups (–C=O, –COOX) was observed on the friction surface of composites with combined filling. It is shown that IR spectra of composites with mono- and binary fillers have peaks of less intensity due to the formation of secondary structures. The introduction of sulfenamide into UHMWPE, together with zinc and magnesium oxides, promotes the crosslinking of polymer macromolecules in the friction zone due to frictional heating, shear loads, and the action of a counterbody. The developed materials can be used as parts of friction units for cars and transport equipment that can withstand harsh operating conditions in a sharply continental climate.
{"title":"Wear resistance of composite materials based on ultra-high molecular polyethylene with combined filling","authors":"A. Vasilev, S. N. Danilova, A. A. Okhlopkova, A. A. Dyakonov, A. V. Okoneshnikova, I. Makarov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-76-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-76-82","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer composite materials (PCM) of antifriction duty with self-lubricating properties are used for the manufacture of various parts in friction units of machines and mechanisms. PCM can partially replace parts made of metals and alloys, increasing the reliability and service life of the equipment when the use of oils or external lubricants is limited or prohibited. The goal of the study is the effect of fillers (sulfenamide, sulfur, magnesium and zinc oxides) on the tribological parameters of polymer composite materials based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Samples were prepared by hot pressing at a temperature of 175°C and a pressure of 10 MPa. Composites with filler concentrations 0.5 and 1 wt.% were considered (for sulfenamide, sulfenamide with sulfur, and combinations of 0.5 and 1 wt.% sulfenamide with sulfur and zinc oxide or magnesium oxide). It is shown that the introduction of sulfenamide leads to an increase in the wear resistance by six times, and the introduction of a combination of fillers of 0.5 wt.% sulfenamide, sulfur, and magnesium oxide — by 1.5 times. The friction surfaces of composites were studied using methods of scanning electron microscopy and IR-spectrometry. The formation of an oriented ordered structure in the form of clusters of wear products was revealed on the friction surfaces of composites filled with sulfenamide. In the case of combined filling, secondary structures were found on the friction surface, which visually differ from the UHMWPE friction surface. The appearance of peaks in IR spectra corresponding to oxygen-containing groups (–C=O, –COOX) was observed on the friction surface of composites with combined filling. It is shown that IR spectra of composites with mono- and binary fillers have peaks of less intensity due to the formation of secondary structures. The introduction of sulfenamide into UHMWPE, together with zinc and magnesium oxides, promotes the crosslinking of polymer macromolecules in the friction zone due to frictional heating, shear loads, and the action of a counterbody. The developed materials can be used as parts of friction units for cars and transport equipment that can withstand harsh operating conditions in a sharply continental climate.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86419229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-67-75
A. Erpalov, K. A. Khoroshevskii, I. Gadolina
The global digitalization of production opens new opportunities for predictive diagnostics of the technical condition of mechanical engineering products. The issues attributed to assessing their technical condition, primarily to the determination of the residual life of mechanical engineering products, are considered. Currently, a class of virtual models, digital twins of the residual life is distinguished. Apart from the functions of monitoring and predicting the stability of structures, they can possess a feedback and control the durability by simulating and optimizing the real technological process, taking into account the possibility of achieving the limit state of the structure. The problems of existing methods of assessing the durability in time and frequency domains are considered in detail from the viewpoint of using the residual resource of structures as the basis of an algorithmic support of digital twins. We also marked the possible variety of obtaining initial data for assessing the durability, namely fatigue diagrams of materials for different types and schemes of loading. The fatigue diagram is greatly affected by the loading process (regular, random or mixed), while in the actual work the non-stationary random loading prevails. The methods used for assessing the durability of non-stationary loading are poorly studied and often resolve into simplification of a non-stationary process. The study is focused on non-stationary loading processes, since the creation of digital twins implies a continuous analysis of the durability of the structure for real operational loads. Other problems that can arise when developing digital twins of structures are also considered and discussed.
{"title":"Actual problems of creating digital twins of machine engineering products in terms of durability assessment","authors":"A. Erpalov, K. A. Khoroshevskii, I. Gadolina","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-67-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-67-75","url":null,"abstract":"The global digitalization of production opens new opportunities for predictive diagnostics of the technical condition of mechanical engineering products. The issues attributed to assessing their technical condition, primarily to the determination of the residual life of mechanical engineering products, are considered. Currently, a class of virtual models, digital twins of the residual life is distinguished. Apart from the functions of monitoring and predicting the stability of structures, they can possess a feedback and control the durability by simulating and optimizing the real technological process, taking into account the possibility of achieving the limit state of the structure. The problems of existing methods of assessing the durability in time and frequency domains are considered in detail from the viewpoint of using the residual resource of structures as the basis of an algorithmic support of digital twins. We also marked the possible variety of obtaining initial data for assessing the durability, namely fatigue diagrams of materials for different types and schemes of loading. The fatigue diagram is greatly affected by the loading process (regular, random or mixed), while in the actual work the non-stationary random loading prevails. The methods used for assessing the durability of non-stationary loading are poorly studied and often resolve into simplification of a non-stationary process. The study is focused on non-stationary loading processes, since the creation of digital twins implies a continuous analysis of the durability of the structure for real operational loads. Other problems that can arise when developing digital twins of structures are also considered and discussed.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89708983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-47-54
N. Filippenko
When determining the swelling of polymeric materials in aggressive environments by standard test methods, significant measurement errors occur which entails the necessity of improving laboratory methods and diagnostic tools to solve research problems by automation of existing testing processes and minimization or complete elimination of the subjective components of measurement errors. We present an automated control system (ACS) for the process of swelling of sealing elastomers used in the construction of containers, tanks and units for storage, transportation, operation and pumping of liquids of various origins and properties. Methods of hardware and algorithmic implementation of the developed automated system for studying and testing impregnation and swelling of sealing polymers are shown on the example of filling MBS elastomer samples with a standard working fluid. The results obtained can be used to reduce the time of impregnation and swelling of sealing elastomers due to the proposed filling method and the developed integrated automatic control system for the filling process.
{"title":"A system of automated control of thermal vacuum impregnation and swelling of sealing elastomers","authors":"N. Filippenko","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-47-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-47-54","url":null,"abstract":"When determining the swelling of polymeric materials in aggressive environments by standard test methods, significant measurement errors occur which entails the necessity of improving laboratory methods and diagnostic tools to solve research problems by automation of existing testing processes and minimization or complete elimination of the subjective components of measurement errors. We present an automated control system (ACS) for the process of swelling of sealing elastomers used in the construction of containers, tanks and units for storage, transportation, operation and pumping of liquids of various origins and properties. Methods of hardware and algorithmic implementation of the developed automated system for studying and testing impregnation and swelling of sealing polymers are shown on the example of filling MBS elastomer samples with a standard working fluid. The results obtained can be used to reduce the time of impregnation and swelling of sealing elastomers due to the proposed filling method and the developed integrated automatic control system for the filling process.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85953772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-55-61
V. Matyunin, A. Marchenkov, M. V. Goryachkina, A. Poroykov, D. Zhgut, M. Karimbekov, A. Pankina
The modulus elasticity (or Young’s modulus) is considered to be a rather stable physical and mechanical characteristic of metallic materials being a weak function of the chemical composition and structure. However, the temperature and anisotropy can be referred as the main factors affecting the Young modulus. Scanty data on the scale factor effect on Young’s modulus are sometime even contradictory. We present the results of studying the impact of the scale factor on Young’s modulus of steel 45 determined by the tension of cylindrical tensile specimens with different initial diameters on an Instron 8801 machine with a movable traverse speed of 0.1 mm/min at room temperature. An extensometer and a digital image correlation (DIC) method were used to measure elastic deformations. Both methods showed fairly close results during tensile testing of specimens with equal diameters. DIC method made it possible to measure elastic deformations on small-size specimens on which it was impossible to fix the extensometer. A decrease in the Young modulus with an increase in the specimen diameter has been revealed. Graphical dependences of the Young modulus on the specimen diameter and cross-sectional area have been obtained. Possible reasons for the decrease in the Young modulus under the influence of the scale factor have been indicated. A decrease in the specific surface area and specific surface energy, an increase in the deformable volume, and a decrease in the strain rate at a constant movable traverse speed are among the main reasons. The decrease in Young’s modulus under the influence of the scale factor must be taken into account in strength calculations and in assessing the residual life of large-scale parts and structures with relatively large cross sections and wall thicknesses.
{"title":"The scale factor effect on Young’s modulus of steel specimens determined by tensile tests","authors":"V. Matyunin, A. Marchenkov, M. V. Goryachkina, A. Poroykov, D. Zhgut, M. Karimbekov, A. Pankina","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-55-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-55-61","url":null,"abstract":"The modulus elasticity (or Young’s modulus) is considered to be a rather stable physical and mechanical characteristic of metallic materials being a weak function of the chemical composition and structure. However, the temperature and anisotropy can be referred as the main factors affecting the Young modulus. Scanty data on the scale factor effect on Young’s modulus are sometime even contradictory. We present the results of studying the impact of the scale factor on Young’s modulus of steel 45 determined by the tension of cylindrical tensile specimens with different initial diameters on an Instron 8801 machine with a movable traverse speed of 0.1 mm/min at room temperature. An extensometer and a digital image correlation (DIC) method were used to measure elastic deformations. Both methods showed fairly close results during tensile testing of specimens with equal diameters. DIC method made it possible to measure elastic deformations on small-size specimens on which it was impossible to fix the extensometer. A decrease in the Young modulus with an increase in the specimen diameter has been revealed. Graphical dependences of the Young modulus on the specimen diameter and cross-sectional area have been obtained. Possible reasons for the decrease in the Young modulus under the influence of the scale factor have been indicated. A decrease in the specific surface area and specific surface energy, an increase in the deformable volume, and a decrease in the strain rate at a constant movable traverse speed are among the main reasons. The decrease in Young’s modulus under the influence of the scale factor must be taken into account in strength calculations and in assessing the residual life of large-scale parts and structures with relatively large cross sections and wall thicknesses.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87596118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-23-30
E. V. Bizina, A. Polosina, O. Farafonova, S. Eremin, T. Ermolaeva
A technique for the determination of aristolochic acid (AA) in food products using a piezoelectric immunosensor is presented. Magnetic carbon nanocomposites (MCNC) were used as the recognition layer of the sensor, on the surface of which protein conjugates of AA were immobilized. Abstract-Methods for the synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nuclei and their attachment to the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied. Using IR spectrometry, it was found that the formation of the recognition layer of the sensor occurs due to the formation of covalent bonds between the amino groups of AA conjugates and carboxyl groups of CNTs. The concentrations of protein conjugates based on ovalbumin (OVA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.3 and 0.2 mg/ml) and the degree of antibody dilution (0.25) were determined, which provide optimal characteristics of the piezoelectric immunosensor. The metrological characteristics of the method for determining AA have been established. The range of determined concentrations of AA and the limit of detection when using a piezoelectric immunosensor with a recognition layer based on MUNA/AA-OVA and MUNA/AA-BSA are (ng/ml): 50 – 400 and 10; 100 – 300 and 50, respectively. The sensor has been tested in the determination of AA in samples of Chinese herbal tea and dietary supplements for weight loss. No acid was found in tea, and in dietary supplements, the acid content is 3.2 μg/g.
{"title":"Determination of aristolochic acid using a piezoelectric immunosensor based on magnetic carbon nanocomposites","authors":"E. V. Bizina, A. Polosina, O. Farafonova, S. Eremin, T. Ermolaeva","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-23-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-23-30","url":null,"abstract":"A technique for the determination of aristolochic acid (AA) in food products using a piezoelectric immunosensor is presented. Magnetic carbon nanocomposites (MCNC) were used as the recognition layer of the sensor, on the surface of which protein conjugates of AA were immobilized. Abstract-Methods for the synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nuclei and their attachment to the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied. Using IR spectrometry, it was found that the formation of the recognition layer of the sensor occurs due to the formation of covalent bonds between the amino groups of AA conjugates and carboxyl groups of CNTs. The concentrations of protein conjugates based on ovalbumin (OVA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.3 and 0.2 mg/ml) and the degree of antibody dilution (0.25) were determined, which provide optimal characteristics of the piezoelectric immunosensor. The metrological characteristics of the method for determining AA have been established. The range of determined concentrations of AA and the limit of detection when using a piezoelectric immunosensor with a recognition layer based on MUNA/AA-OVA and MUNA/AA-BSA are (ng/ml): 50 – 400 and 10; 100 – 300 and 50, respectively. The sensor has been tested in the determination of AA in samples of Chinese herbal tea and dietary supplements for weight loss. No acid was found in tea, and in dietary supplements, the acid content is 3.2 μg/g.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85280301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-5-11
E. S. Kozhinova, A. Tumskaia, I. V. Kosyreva
Indicator papers based on immobilized reagents with their subsequent digital image processing are widely used for the quick and cheap screening study of drugs when assessing the content of the main substance in drugs for the presence of counterfeits. Indicator papers based on reagents immobilized on a cellulose matrix 4-dimethylaminocinnamic aldehyde (DMACA), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) were proposed for the determination of β-lactam antibiotic cefotaxime. To specify optimal conditions for the immobilization of reagents on a solid matrix, the intensities (changes in intensities) of color parameters were recorded at a different concentration of reagents, type of surfactants, and paper porosity. The detection limits of visual-colorimetric determination of cefotaxime were 1.0 mg/ml (DMACA), 0.12 mg/ml (DMAB), and 0.30 mg/ml (vanillin). Colorimetric processing of images of the test agents was carried out in the GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) 2.10 program by averaging the images of indicator papers using the blur-sharp function, determining the intensity of color parameters. The photos were taken using a 48-megapixel camera of a POCO X3 pro smartphone in a specialized box measuring 22 × 23 × 24 cm with two LED lighting strips (5 V, 1 A). Linear dependences of the intensities of color parameters of the RGB, HSV, and CMYK models on the cefotaxime concentration (log c) were obtained: y = –15x + 45 (r2 = 0. 99, color parameter H for DMACA), y = –51x + 130 (r2 = = 0.99, parameter B for DMAB), y = 36x + 30 (r2 = 0. 99, S parameter for vanillin). Linear dependences of the areas and perimeters of the petal diagrams of indicator papers on the cefotaxime concentration have been plotted for the studied systems of cefotaxime — immobilized reagent. The correctness of the determination results was assessed using the analysis of spiked samples, the relative error did not exceed 25%. The developed test tools based on immobilized aromatic aldehydes are recommended for the semi-quantitative determination of cefotaxime.
{"title":"The use of aromatic aldehydes for the test determination of cefotaxime","authors":"E. S. Kozhinova, A. Tumskaia, I. V. Kosyreva","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-5-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-5-11","url":null,"abstract":"Indicator papers based on immobilized reagents with their subsequent digital image processing are widely used for the quick and cheap screening study of drugs when assessing the content of the main substance in drugs for the presence of counterfeits. Indicator papers based on reagents immobilized on a cellulose matrix 4-dimethylaminocinnamic aldehyde (DMACA), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) were proposed for the determination of β-lactam antibiotic cefotaxime. To specify optimal conditions for the immobilization of reagents on a solid matrix, the intensities (changes in intensities) of color parameters were recorded at a different concentration of reagents, type of surfactants, and paper porosity. The detection limits of visual-colorimetric determination of cefotaxime were 1.0 mg/ml (DMACA), 0.12 mg/ml (DMAB), and 0.30 mg/ml (vanillin). Colorimetric processing of images of the test agents was carried out in the GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) 2.10 program by averaging the images of indicator papers using the blur-sharp function, determining the intensity of color parameters. The photos were taken using a 48-megapixel camera of a POCO X3 pro smartphone in a specialized box measuring 22 × 23 × 24 cm with two LED lighting strips (5 V, 1 A). Linear dependences of the intensities of color parameters of the RGB, HSV, and CMYK models on the cefotaxime concentration (log c) were obtained: y = –15x + 45 (r2 = 0. 99, color parameter H for DMACA), y = –51x + 130 (r2 = = 0.99, parameter B for DMAB), y = 36x + 30 (r2 = 0. 99, S parameter for vanillin). Linear dependences of the areas and perimeters of the petal diagrams of indicator papers on the cefotaxime concentration have been plotted for the studied systems of cefotaxime — immobilized reagent. The correctness of the determination results was assessed using the analysis of spiked samples, the relative error did not exceed 25%. The developed test tools based on immobilized aromatic aldehydes are recommended for the semi-quantitative determination of cefotaxime.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84869339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-62-66
V. Stolyarov
One of the well-known features of the external action of the electric current in the process of plastic deformation is the electroplastic effect manifesting in a decrease in flow stresses and an increase in plasticity (deformability). Understanding the nature of the electroplastic effect provides targeted regulation and application of the effect to improve the efficiency of metal working processes or to change the structure and properties of materials. The deformation behavior of commercially pure titanium under the impact of an electric current of critical density from 12 to 400 A/mm2 is considered. The electroplastic effect in coarse-grained (d = 50 μm) and ultrafine-grained (d = 500 nm) VT1-0 titanium has been studied under a combination of tensile deformation and applied current of various modes and regimes, including the single-pulse, multipulse and direct current modes. It is shown that a decrease in the grain size contributes not only to an increase in the strength characteristics, but also to a decrease in the electroplastic effect, the mechanism of which is closely related to the density of mobile dislocations. It has been shown that the manifestation of the electroplastic effect in titanium is controlled by the grain size, and a decrease in the grain size leads to its electroplastic degradation and finally to the complete disappearance in the amorphous state due to a decrease in the density of free dislocations.
{"title":"The electroplastic effect in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained titanium","authors":"V. Stolyarov","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-62-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-62-66","url":null,"abstract":"One of the well-known features of the external action of the electric current in the process of plastic deformation is the electroplastic effect manifesting in a decrease in flow stresses and an increase in plasticity (deformability). Understanding the nature of the electroplastic effect provides targeted regulation and application of the effect to improve the efficiency of metal working processes or to change the structure and properties of materials. The deformation behavior of commercially pure titanium under the impact of an electric current of critical density from 12 to 400 A/mm2 is considered. The electroplastic effect in coarse-grained (d = 50 μm) and ultrafine-grained (d = 500 nm) VT1-0 titanium has been studied under a combination of tensile deformation and applied current of various modes and regimes, including the single-pulse, multipulse and direct current modes. It is shown that a decrease in the grain size contributes not only to an increase in the strength characteristics, but also to a decrease in the electroplastic effect, the mechanism of which is closely related to the density of mobile dislocations. It has been shown that the manifestation of the electroplastic effect in titanium is controlled by the grain size, and a decrease in the grain size leads to its electroplastic degradation and finally to the complete disappearance in the amorphous state due to a decrease in the density of free dislocations.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75385650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-31-37
A. D. Cheremnykh, A. Sergienko, D. Pushkin
The process of tuning of the piezoelectric filter consists in lowering the frequencies of the resonators as a result of removing the electrode layer by means of ion-beam etching (IBE) in an inert gas atmosphere. It is necessary to control frequencies of the first and second resonators, as well as the frequency spacing (distance between frequencies of the upper and lower resonances of the piezo system), dynamic impedance of partial resonators and insertion attenuation. We present the results of using ion-beam etching in tuning monolithic piezoelectric filters on volumetric acoustic waves. It is shown that tuning should be performed using frequencies of the upper and lower resonances of the piezo system under control of the insertion attenuation. It is also necessary to exclude the control operations for the frequencies of the first and second resonators. The optimum parameters of ion-beam etching electrodes of the resonators are determined: working pressure — 1.33 × 10–5 Pa, working gas flow — 1.75 m3 · Pa/sec, ion beam energy — 1 keV, ion current density — 6 mA/cm2. Moreover, the dependence of the insertion damping and dynamic resistance on the frequency of the resonator was revealed. Characteristics of the obtained monolithic quartz filter are presented: nominal frequency — 21400.681 MHz, bandwidth by –3 dB — 32.66 kHz, insertion loss 0.5 dB. The obtained results can be used when tuning sections with smaller electrodes for filters at higher frequencies.
{"title":"Settings of a monolithic piezoelectric filter on bulk acoustic waves by ion-beam etching","authors":"A. D. Cheremnykh, A. Sergienko, D. Pushkin","doi":"10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-31-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-31-37","url":null,"abstract":"The process of tuning of the piezoelectric filter consists in lowering the frequencies of the resonators as a result of removing the electrode layer by means of ion-beam etching (IBE) in an inert gas atmosphere. It is necessary to control frequencies of the first and second resonators, as well as the frequency spacing (distance between frequencies of the upper and lower resonances of the piezo system), dynamic impedance of partial resonators and insertion attenuation. We present the results of using ion-beam etching in tuning monolithic piezoelectric filters on volumetric acoustic waves. It is shown that tuning should be performed using frequencies of the upper and lower resonances of the piezo system under control of the insertion attenuation. It is also necessary to exclude the control operations for the frequencies of the first and second resonators. The optimum parameters of ion-beam etching electrodes of the resonators are determined: working pressure — 1.33 × 10–5 Pa, working gas flow — 1.75 m3 · Pa/sec, ion beam energy — 1 keV, ion current density — 6 mA/cm2. Moreover, the dependence of the insertion damping and dynamic resistance on the frequency of the resonator was revealed. Characteristics of the obtained monolithic quartz filter are presented: nominal frequency — 21400.681 MHz, bandwidth by –3 dB — 32.66 kHz, insertion loss 0.5 dB. The obtained results can be used when tuning sections with smaller electrodes for filters at higher frequencies.","PeriodicalId":13559,"journal":{"name":"Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79652384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-8-38-46
N. Y. Komarovsky, E. V. Molodtsova, A. Belov, M. Grishechkin, R. Kozlov, S. S. Kormilitsina, E. Zhuravlev, M. S. Nestyurkin
Single-crystal indium antimonide InSb is an indispensable material in such branches of solid-state electronics as opto- and nanoelectronics. In turn, the dislocation density and the character of their distribution, which directly depend on the technological parameters of the growth process, considerably determine the physical and mechanical properties of the material. We present the results of studying InSb single crystals obtained by the modernized Czochralski method in the crystallographic directions [100], [111], and [112]. The effect of growth conditions (axial and radial temperature gradients at the crystallization front) on the dislocation structure of InSb plates and the structural properties of the plates were analyzed. Using the method of selective etching it was shown that the number of etching pits on the wafers with different orientations differs by approximately an order of magnitude (103 cm–2 for plane (111) and 102 cm–2 for (100)). Number of etch pits for the (100) plane is commensurate with their number in crystals grown in the [112] and [100] directions. Probably, the maximum dislocation density in InSb single crystals can be considered as a material constant, and the increased strength of single crystals grown at lower axial gradients at the crystallization front is related to the formation of a characteristic ensemble of point defects along the dislocation line through diffusion. It is shown that InSb wafers [112] (100) exhibit the best physical and mechanical properties. The results obtained can be used in the manufacture of structures for photodetectors, in particular, in plate processing (cutting, grinding and polishing) to optimize technological processes.
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