Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airway inflammation, with cigarette smoke being a major contributor to epithelial injury. Recent studies have shown that abnormal mitochondrial function is closely linked to the onset and progression of airway inflammation. This study aims to explore the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation.
Materials and methods: Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to assess the expression of mitochondrial fusion markers MFN2 and OPA1, the fission marker DRP1, and the glucose-regulated protein GRP78. The siRNA and pharmaceutics targeting DRP1, MFN2, and GRP78 were employed. Both cells and supernatants were analyzed for inflammatory factor levels and the related signaling pathways.
Results: In this study, HBE cells exposed to CSE showed a significant decrease in the proteins MFN2 and OPA1 and an increase in DRP1. The inhibition of DRP1 expression mitigated inflammation while silencing MFN2 exacerbated it. This was similarly corroborated by the use of the DRP1 inhibitor mdivi-1 and the MFN2 activator leflunomide. Additionally, we proved that GRP78 played an important regulatory role as an essential endoplasmic reticulum protein, regulating the mitochondrial fusion/fission process and subsequently activating the NF-κB pathway to regulate airway inflammation.
Discussion and conclusion: Taken together, these results suggested that the GRP78-mediated mitochondrial fusion and fission process played a vital role in cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and might be a potential therapeutic target in this regard.
{"title":"GRP78 mediates mitochondrial fusion and fission in cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells.","authors":"Yong Wang, Ya-Jing Li, Chen-Chen Li, Li Pu, Wan-Li Geng, Fei Gao, Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2428163","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2428163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airway inflammation, with cigarette smoke being a major contributor to epithelial injury. Recent studies have shown that abnormal mitochondrial function is closely linked to the onset and progression of airway inflammation. This study aims to explore the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to assess the expression of mitochondrial fusion markers MFN2 and OPA1, the fission marker DRP1, and the glucose-regulated protein GRP78. The siRNA and pharmaceutics targeting DRP1, MFN2, and GRP78 were employed. Both cells and supernatants were analyzed for inflammatory factor levels and the related signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, HBE cells exposed to CSE showed a significant decrease in the proteins MFN2 and OPA1 and an increase in DRP1. The inhibition of DRP1 expression mitigated inflammation while silencing MFN2 exacerbated it. This was similarly corroborated by the use of the DRP1 inhibitor mdivi-1 and the MFN2 activator leflunomide. Additionally, we proved that GRP78 played an important regulatory role as an essential endoplasmic reticulum protein, regulating the mitochondrial fusion/fission process and subsequently activating the NF-κB pathway to regulate airway inflammation.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>Taken together, these results suggested that the GRP78-mediated mitochondrial fusion and fission process played a vital role in cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and might be a potential therapeutic target in this regard.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: PM2.5 is closely linked to vascular endothelial injury and has emerged as a major threat to human health. Our previous research indicated that exposure to PM2.5 induced an increased release of miR-421 from the bronchial epithelium. However, the role of miR-421 in PM2.5-induced endothelial injury remains elusive.
Materials and methods: We utilized a subacute PM2.5-exposure model in mice in vivo and an acute injury cell model in vitro to simulate PM2.5-associated endothelial injury. We also used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the role of miR-421 in PM2.5-induced endothelial injury.
Results: Our findings reveal that inhibition of miR-421 attenuated PM2.5-induced endothelial injury and hypertension. Mechanistically, miR-421 inhibited the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and upregulated the expression of the downstream molecule inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby exacerbating PM2.5-induced endothelial injury.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that PM2.5 exposure facilitates crosstalk between bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells via miR-421/ACE2/iNOS signaling pathway, mediating endothelial damage and hypertension. MiR-421 inhibition may offer a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of PM2.5-induced vascular endothelial injury.
{"title":"<i>MiR-421</i> mediates PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced endothelial dysfunction via crosstalk between bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells.","authors":"Yiqing Chen, Mengting Zeng, Jinxin Xie, Zhihao Xiong, Yuxin Jin, Zihan Pan, Michail Spanos, Tianhui Wang, Hongyun Wang","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2356839","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2356839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>PM<sub>2.5</sub> is closely linked to vascular endothelial injury and has emerged as a major threat to human health. Our previous research indicated that exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> induced an increased release of <i>miR-421</i> from the bronchial epithelium. However, the role of <i>miR-421</i> in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced endothelial injury remains elusive.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We utilized a subacute PM<sub>2.5</sub>-exposure model in mice <i>in vivo</i> and an acute injury cell model <i>in vitro</i> to simulate PM<sub>2.5</sub>-associated endothelial injury. We also used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the role of <i>miR-421</i> in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced endothelial injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that inhibition of <i>miR-421</i> attenuated PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced endothelial injury and hypertension. Mechanistically, <i>miR-421</i> inhibited the expression of <i>angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2</i>) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and upregulated the expression of the downstream molecule inducible <i>nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)</i>, thereby exacerbating PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced endothelial injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate that PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure facilitates crosstalk between bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells <i>via miR-421</i>/<i>ACE2</i>/<i>iNOS</i> signaling pathway, mediating endothelial damage and hypertension. <i>MiR-421</i> inhibition may offer a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced vascular endothelial injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"501-510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2433762
Matthew Neal, Jill Harvilchuck, David Pressburger, William Coley, Tom C-C Hu
Objective: Chlorine (Cl2) is a widely used industrial chemical and toxic human exposures have occurred from Cl2 releases. No approved medical countermeasures (MCMs) exist for Cl2-induced lung injuries. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize swine Cl2 inhalation injuries to understand lung injury and histopathological sequalae.
Materials and methods: Male swine (approximately 14 weeks old) were anesthetized, paralyzed, intubated, and exposed to clean air or Cl2 while connected to a ventilator. The exposed LD50/24 hr of 1.8 mg/kg was delivered within a 15-20-minute timeframe. Scheduled terminal timepoints were 6 h, 7- and 30-days post-exposure.
Results: Following Cl2 exposure, 46% of the animals succumbed with an average time to death of 1.42 h. Dynamic lung compliance at 6 h post-exposure was reduced 45%. Clinical observations demonstrated respiratory abnormalities similar to Cl2 exposed humans. Compared to air shams, Cl2-exposed animals had decreased SpO2, arterial blood pH, pO2, sO2, increased blood lactate levels and deoxyhemoglobin levels at early timepoints. Increased neutrophils 6 h post- exposure occurred concurrent with increased inflammatory cytokines, bronchiolar epithelial necrosis with alveolar edema, cellular infiltrates, and lobular atelectasis.
Discussion/conclusions: Potentially relevant biomarkers involved in the progression and recovery from acute Cl2 lung injury in this model include lung compliance, select cytokines/chemokines, arterial blood gas parameters, and histopathological evaluation. Normal lung histopathological observations beyond 7- days indicates that histopathological evaluations should occur earlier. This animal model delivers accurate and consistent Cl2 exposures resulting in a human-relevant lung injury for evaluating MCM efficacy against Cl2-mediated acute lung injury.
{"title":"Temporal evaluation of lung injury following chlorine Inhalation in a ventilated pig model.","authors":"Matthew Neal, Jill Harvilchuck, David Pressburger, William Coley, Tom C-C Hu","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2433762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2433762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chlorine (Cl<sub>2</sub>) is a widely used industrial chemical and toxic human exposures have occurred from Cl<sub>2</sub> releases. No approved medical countermeasures (MCMs) exist for Cl<sub>2</sub>-induced lung injuries. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize swine Cl<sub>2</sub> inhalation injuries to understand lung injury and histopathological sequalae.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Male swine (approximately 14 weeks old) were anesthetized, paralyzed, intubated, and exposed to clean air or Cl<sub>2</sub> while connected to a ventilator. The exposed LD<sub>50/24 hr</sub> of 1.8 mg/kg was delivered within a 15-20-minute timeframe. Scheduled terminal timepoints were 6 h, 7- and 30-days post-exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following Cl<sub>2</sub> exposure, 46% of the animals succumbed with an average time to death of 1.42 h. Dynamic lung compliance at 6 h post-exposure was reduced 45%. Clinical observations demonstrated respiratory abnormalities similar to Cl<sub>2</sub> exposed humans. Compared to air shams, Cl<sub>2</sub>-exposed animals had decreased SpO<sub>2</sub>, arterial blood pH, pO<sub>2</sub>, sO<sub>2</sub>, increased blood lactate levels and deoxyhemoglobin levels at early timepoints. Increased neutrophils 6 h post- exposure occurred concurrent with increased inflammatory cytokines, bronchiolar epithelial necrosis with alveolar edema, cellular infiltrates, and lobular atelectasis.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusions: </strong>Potentially relevant biomarkers involved in the progression and recovery from acute Cl<sub>2</sub> lung injury in this model include lung compliance, select cytokines/chemokines, arterial blood gas parameters, and histopathological evaluation. Normal lung histopathological observations beyond 7- days indicates that histopathological evaluations should occur earlier. This animal model delivers accurate and consistent Cl<sub>2</sub> exposures resulting in a human-relevant lung injury for evaluating MCM efficacy against Cl<sub>2</sub>-mediated acute lung injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"521-537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Airborne pathogen scan penetrate in human respiratory tract and can cause illness. The use of animal models to predict aerosol deposition and study respiratory disease pathophysiology is therefore important for research and a prerequisite to test and study the mechanism of action of treatment. NHPs are relevant animal species for inhalation studies because of their similarities with humans in terms of anatomical structure, respiratory parameters and immune system.
Materials and methods: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of pathogen aerosol studies performed in non-human primates (NHPs). Herein, we present and discuss the deposition of aerosolized bacteria and viruses. In this review, we present important advantages of using NHPs as model for inhalation studies.
Results: We demonstrate that deposition in the respiratory tract is not only a function of aerosol size but also the technique of administration influences the biological activity and site of aerosol deposition. Finally, we observe an influence of a region of pathogen deposition in the respiratory tract on the development of the pathophysiological effect in NHPs.
Conclusion: The wide range of methods used for the delivery of pathogento NHP respiratory airways is associated with varying doses and deposition profiles in the airways.
{"title":"Administration of airborne pathogens in non-human primates.","authors":"Justina R Creppy, Benoit Delache, Julien Lemaitre, Branka Horvat, Laurent Vecellio, Frédéric Ducancel","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2412685","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2412685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Airborne pathogen scan penetrate in human respiratory tract and can cause illness. The use of animal models to predict aerosol deposition and study respiratory disease pathophysiology is therefore important for research and a prerequisite to test and study the mechanism of action of treatment. NHPs are relevant animal species for inhalation studies because of their similarities with humans in terms of anatomical structure, respiratory parameters and immune system.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of pathogen aerosol studies performed in non-human primates (NHPs). Herein, we present and discuss the deposition of aerosolized bacteria and viruses. In this review, we present important advantages of using NHPs as model for inhalation studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrate that deposition in the respiratory tract is not only a function of aerosol size but also the technique of administration influences the biological activity and site of aerosol deposition. Finally, we observe an influence of a region of pathogen deposition in the respiratory tract on the development of the pathophysiological effect in NHPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The wide range of methods used for the delivery of pathogento NHP respiratory airways is associated with varying doses and deposition profiles in the airways.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"475-500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2413373
Olivia F McDonald, James G Wagner, Ryan P Lewandowski, Lauren K Heine, Vanessa Estrada, Elham Pourmand, Megha Singhal, Jack R Harkema, Kin Sing Stephen Lee, James J Pestka
Objective: Acute intranasal (IN) instillation of lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice with crystalline silica (cSiO2) triggers robust lung inflammation that drives autoimmunity. Prior studies in other preclinical models show that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition upregulates pro-resolving lipid metabolites that are protective against pulmonary inflammation. Herein, we assessed in NZBWF1 mice how acute IN cSiO2 exposure with or without the selective sEH inhibitor TPPU influences lipidomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis, and autoimmunity.
Methods: Female 6-week-old NZBWF1 mice were fed control or TPPU-supplemented diets for 2 weeks then IN instilled with 2.5 mg cSiO2 or saline vehicle. Cohorts were terminated at 7 or 28 days post-cSiO2 instillation (PI) and lungs analyzed for prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokines, gene expression, differential cell counts, histopathology, and autoantibodies.
Results: cSiO2-treatment induced prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokine, proinflammatory gene expression, CD206+ monocytes, Ly6B.2+ neutrophils, CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells, centriacinar inflammation, collagen deposition, ectopic lymphoid structure neogenesis, and autoantibodies. While TPPU effectively inhibited sEH as reflected by skewed lipidomic profile in lung and decreased cSiO2-induced monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in lung lavage fluid, it did not significantly impact other biomarkers.
Discussion: cSiO2 evoked robust pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in NZBWF1 mice that was evident at 7 days PI and progressed to ELS development and autoimmunity by 28 days PI. sEH inhibition by TPPU modestly suppressed cSiO2-induced cellularity changes and pulmonary fibrosis. However, TPPU did not affect ELS formation or autoantibody responses, suggesting sEH minimally impacts cSiO2-triggered lung inflammation, fibrosis, and early autoimmunity in our model.
目的:给狼疮易感基因 NZBWF1 小鼠急性鼻内灌注结晶二氧化硅(cSiO2)会引发强烈的肺部炎症,从而导致自身免疫。之前在其他临床前模型中进行的研究表明,抑制可溶性环氧化物水解酶(sEH)会上调促进缓解的脂质代谢物,从而对肺部炎症起到保护作用。在此,我们在 NZBWF1 小鼠中评估了急性 IN cSiO2 暴露与选择性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂 TPPU 的作用如何影响炎症、纤维化和自身免疫的脂质组、转录物组、蛋白质组和组织病理学生物标志物:6周大的雌性NZBWF1小鼠被喂食对照组或添加TPPU的饲料2周,然后IN灌注2.5 mg cSiO2或生理盐水载体。结果:二氧化硅处理诱导前列腺素、细胞因子/凝血因子、促炎基因表达、CD206+单核细胞、Ly6B.2+中性粒细胞、CD3+中性粒细胞、CD4+中性粒细胞、CD5+中性粒细胞、CD7+中性粒细胞、CD8+中性粒细胞和CD9+中性粒细胞。+中性粒细胞、CD3+ T 细胞、CD45R+ B 细胞、中心炎、胶原沉积、异位淋巴结构新生和自身抗体。TPPU能有效抑制sEH,这体现在肺部脂质体谱的偏斜上,并能减少cSiO2诱导的肺灌洗液中的单核细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞,但对其他生物标志物没有显著影响。讨论:cSiO2诱发了NZBWF1小鼠严重的肺部炎症和纤维化,这种炎症和纤维化在7天PI时就很明显,到28天PI时发展为ELS和自身免疫。然而,TPPU并不影响ELS的形成或自身抗体反应,这表明在我们的模型中,sEH对cSiO2诱发的肺部炎症、纤维化和早期自身免疫的影响微乎其微。
{"title":"Impact of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis, ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, and autoantibody production in lupus-prone mice.","authors":"Olivia F McDonald, James G Wagner, Ryan P Lewandowski, Lauren K Heine, Vanessa Estrada, Elham Pourmand, Megha Singhal, Jack R Harkema, Kin Sing Stephen Lee, James J Pestka","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2413373","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2413373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acute intranasal (IN) instillation of lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice with crystalline silica (cSiO<sub>2</sub>) triggers robust lung inflammation that drives autoimmunity. Prior studies in other preclinical models show that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition upregulates pro-resolving lipid metabolites that are protective against pulmonary inflammation. Herein, we assessed in NZBWF1 mice how acute IN cSiO<sub>2</sub> exposure with or without the selective sEH inhibitor TPPU influences lipidomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis, and autoimmunity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female 6-week-old NZBWF1 mice were fed control or TPPU-supplemented diets for 2 weeks then IN instilled with 2.5 mg cSiO<sub>2</sub> or saline vehicle. Cohorts were terminated at 7 or 28 days post-cSiO<sub>2</sub> instillation (PI) and lungs analyzed for prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokines, gene expression, differential cell counts, histopathology, and autoantibodies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>cSiO<sub>2</sub>-treatment induced prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokine, proinflammatory gene expression, CD206<sup>+</sup> monocytes, Ly6B.2<sup>+</sup> neutrophils, CD3<sup>+</sup> T cells, CD45R<sup>+</sup> B cells, centriacinar inflammation, collagen deposition, ectopic lymphoid structure neogenesis, and autoantibodies. While TPPU effectively inhibited sEH as reflected by skewed lipidomic profile in lung and decreased cSiO<sub>2</sub>-induced monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in lung lavage fluid, it did not significantly impact other biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>cSiO<sub>2</sub> evoked robust pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in NZBWF1 mice that was evident at 7 days PI and progressed to ELS development and autoimmunity by 28 days PI. sEH inhibition by TPPU modestly suppressed cSiO<sub>2</sub>-induced cellularity changes and pulmonary fibrosis. However, TPPU did not affect ELS formation or autoantibody responses, suggesting sEH minimally impacts cSiO<sub>2</sub>-triggered lung inflammation, fibrosis, and early autoimmunity in our model.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"442-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11606782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2400479
Shanqiu Shi, Rui Deng, Renchun Huang, Shitai Zhou
Background: The abnormality of the immune system caused by infection is a contributor to the organ dysfunctions associated with sepsis. The balance between Th17/Treg cells is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Bergapten is a natural furocoumarin and has been reported to alleviate the Th17/Treg imbalance. Here, we explored the effects of bergapten on the inflammation and immune state in mouse models of sepsis.
Methods: The model was established using the cecal ligation and puncture method. Mice were administered 30 mg/kg bergapten. Histological examination, RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of bergapten in vivo.
Results: Bergapten ameliorated lung damage, reduced lung wet/dry weight ratio, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Bergapten also restrained sepsis-induced inflammation via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling. These effects were accompanied by the restored Th17/Treg balance induced by bergapten. Bergapten decreased the number of Th17 cells and elevated the number of Tregs, and this effect was mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)/Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and STAT3/retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) pathways.
Conclusions: Bergapten exerted anti-inflammatory effects in acute lung injury by improving the Th17/Treg balance, which suggested a potential of bergapten as an immunomodulatory drug treating sepsis-associated diseases.
{"title":"Bergapten attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating Th17/Treg balance.","authors":"Shanqiu Shi, Rui Deng, Renchun Huang, Shitai Zhou","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2400479","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2400479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The abnormality of the immune system caused by infection is a contributor to the organ dysfunctions associated with sepsis. The balance between Th17/Treg cells is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Bergapten is a natural furocoumarin and has been reported to alleviate the Th17/Treg imbalance. Here, we explored the effects of bergapten on the inflammation and immune state in mouse models of sepsis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The model was established using the cecal ligation and puncture method. Mice were administered 30 mg/kg bergapten. Histological examination, RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of bergapten <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bergapten ameliorated lung damage, reduced lung wet/dry weight ratio, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Bergapten also restrained sepsis-induced inflammation via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling. These effects were accompanied by the restored Th17/Treg balance induced by bergapten. Bergapten decreased the number of Th17 cells and elevated the number of Tregs, and this effect was mediated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)/Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and STAT3/retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bergapten exerted anti-inflammatory effects in acute lung injury by improving the Th17/Treg balance, which suggested a potential of bergapten as an immunomodulatory drug treating sepsis-associated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"421-430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2416428
Guanghe Wang, Wenjing Liu, Yujie Cao, Wanqi Chen, Nuo Chen
Respiratory co-exposure to ambient PM2.5 and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) frequently occurs in public. However, the combined effects on human respiratory health have not been well documented. To discuss potential co-effects and possible biological mechanisms, A549/THP-1 co-cultures and BEAS-2B cells were exposed to unvapedtobacco or mint-flavored e-liquids (0-7.2% v/v), e-cigarette aerosol extract (ECE, 0-50% v/v), PM2.5 (60 μg/mL), or PM2.5 + ECE for 24 h. Cell viability assessments on e-liquids, ECE, PM2.5 + ECE showed that the mint flavor exhibited higher cytotoxicity compared to the tobacco flavor in both A549/THP-1 and BEAS-2B. However, the influence of flavors on ROS levels and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β) after ECE exposure demonstrated inconsistency in the two cell models. PM2.5 + ECE treatment notably elevated ROS production and inflammation responses compared to ECE alone exposure. Only co-exposure induced a significant increase in nuclear transcription factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) protein expression regardless of flavors. Our results indicate that PM2.5-treated cells exacerbate the adverse effects induced by ECE in both A549/THP-1 and BEAS-2B cells. Flavors in unvaped e-liquids affect cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation response, but these effects vary depending on the vaping process and the specific cell line.
{"title":"Co-existing ambient fine particulate matter exacerbated electronic cigarette toxicity on human respiratory cells.","authors":"Guanghe Wang, Wenjing Liu, Yujie Cao, Wanqi Chen, Nuo Chen","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2416428","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2416428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory co-exposure to ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) frequently occurs in public. However, the combined effects on human respiratory health have not been well documented. To discuss potential co-effects and possible biological mechanisms, A549/THP-1 co-cultures and BEAS-2B cells were exposed to unvapedtobacco or mint-flavored e-liquids (0-7.2% v/v), e-cigarette aerosol extract (ECE, 0-50% v/v), PM<sub>2.5</sub> (60 μg/mL), or PM<sub>2.5</sub> + ECE for 24 h. Cell viability assessments on e-liquids, ECE, PM<sub>2.5</sub> + ECE showed that the mint flavor exhibited higher cytotoxicity compared to the tobacco flavor in both A549/THP-1 and BEAS-2B. However, the influence of flavors on ROS levels and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β) after ECE exposure demonstrated inconsistency in the two cell models. PM<sub>2.5</sub> + ECE treatment notably elevated ROS production and inflammation responses compared to ECE alone exposure. Only co-exposure induced a significant increase in nuclear transcription factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) protein expression regardless of flavors. Our results indicate that PM<sub>2.5</sub>-treated cells exacerbate the adverse effects induced by ECE in both A549/THP-1 and BEAS-2B cells. Flavors in unvaped e-liquids affect cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation response, but these effects vary depending on the vaping process and the specific cell line.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"461-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2410736
Jong-Uk Lee, Jisu Hong, Eunji Park, Junyeong Baek, Ye Min Choi, Su Sie Chin, Ki-Joon Jeon, Woo-Jin Kim, Sung Woo Park, Sung Hwan Jeong
Introduction: Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is associated with an increased incidence of lung diseases, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a mouse model of subacute lung inflammation was employed to investigate the cellular responses and gene expression changes induced by exposure to natural ambient air pollution.
Methods: C57BL/6J mice were exposed to road dust (primarily PM10) at 150 µg/m³ for 21 days (8 h/day) through a nose-only inhalation exposure system. Lung tissues were analyzed for the expression of proinflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and fibrosis markers. RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A gene ontology over-representation analysis was performed to identify the altered genetic pathways.
Results: Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and an increase in phosphorylated MAPK were determined in the road dust exposure group compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations revealed more severe lung inflammation and damage in the exposed mice, including fibrosis and bronchiolar hyperplasia. Gene expression profiling identified 108 DEGs, with decreases in most except genes such as Krt15 and Reg3g. The protein-protein interaction network analysis together with text-mining identified 18 key hub genes, associated with fatty acid oxidation, lipid metabolism, and peroxisomes.
Conclusion: This study identified key genes, signaling pathways, and cellular responses in mouse lung affected by road dust exposure. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the transcriptional and cellular responses induced by subacute exposure to the PM in road dust.
{"title":"Gene expression changes in mouse lung induced by subacute inhalation of PM<sub>10</sub>-rich particulate matter.","authors":"Jong-Uk Lee, Jisu Hong, Eunji Park, Junyeong Baek, Ye Min Choi, Su Sie Chin, Ki-Joon Jeon, Woo-Jin Kim, Sung Woo Park, Sung Hwan Jeong","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2410736","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2410736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is associated with an increased incidence of lung diseases, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a mouse model of subacute lung inflammation was employed to investigate the cellular responses and gene expression changes induced by exposure to natural ambient air pollution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>C57BL/6J mice were exposed to road dust (primarily PM10) at 150 µg/m³ for 21 days (8 h/day) through a nose-only inhalation exposure system. Lung tissues were analyzed for the expression of proinflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and fibrosis markers. RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A gene ontology over-representation analysis was performed to identify the altered genetic pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and an increase in phosphorylated MAPK were determined in the road dust exposure group compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations revealed more severe lung inflammation and damage in the exposed mice, including fibrosis and bronchiolar hyperplasia. Gene expression profiling identified 108 DEGs, with decreases in most except genes such as Krt15 and Reg3g. The protein-protein interaction network analysis together with text-mining identified 18 key hub genes, associated with fatty acid oxidation, lipid metabolism, and peroxisomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identified key genes, signaling pathways, and cellular responses in mouse lung affected by road dust exposure. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the transcriptional and cellular responses induced by subacute exposure to the PM in road dust.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"431-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-06-23DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2367419
Bahman Asgharian, Owen Price, Scott Wasdo, Cissy Li, Kamau O Peters, Ryan M Haskins, Susan Chemerynski, Jeffry Schroeter
Objective: Cigarette smoking can lead to a host of adverse health effects such as lung and heart disease. Increased lung cancer risk is associated with inhalation of carcinogens present in a puff of smoke. These carcinogenic compounds deposit in the lung at different sites and trigger a cascade of events leading to adverse outcomes. Understanding the site-specific deposition of various smoke constituents will inform the study of respiratory diseases from cigarette smoking. We previously developed a deposition model for inhalation of aerosol from electronic nicotine delivery systems. In this study, the model was modified to simulate inhalation of cigarette smoke consisting of soluble and insoluble tar, nicotine, and cigarette-specific constituents that are known or possible human carcinogens.
Materials and methods: The deposition model was further modified to account for nicotine protonation and other cigarette-specific physics-based mechanisms that affect smoke deposition. Model predictions showed a total respiratory tract uptake in the lung for formaldehyde (99%), nicotine (80%), and benzo[a]pyrene (60%).
Results: The site of deposition and uptake depended primarily on the constituent's saturation vapor pressure. High vapor pressure constituents such as formaldehyde were preferentially absorbed in the oral cavity and proximal lung regions, while low vapor pressure constituents such as benzo[a]pyrene were deposited in the deep lung regions. Model predictions of exhaled droplet size, droplet retention, nicotine retention, and uptake of aldehydes compared favorably with experimental data.
Conclusion: The deposition model can be integrated into exposure assessments and other studies that evaluate potential adverse health effects from cigarette smoking.
{"title":"The fate of an inhaled cigarette puff in the human respiratory tract.","authors":"Bahman Asgharian, Owen Price, Scott Wasdo, Cissy Li, Kamau O Peters, Ryan M Haskins, Susan Chemerynski, Jeffry Schroeter","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2367419","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2367419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cigarette smoking can lead to a host of adverse health effects such as lung and heart disease. Increased lung cancer risk is associated with inhalation of carcinogens present in a puff of smoke. These carcinogenic compounds deposit in the lung at different sites and trigger a cascade of events leading to adverse outcomes. Understanding the site-specific deposition of various smoke constituents will inform the study of respiratory diseases from cigarette smoking. We previously developed a deposition model for inhalation of aerosol from electronic nicotine delivery systems. In this study, the model was modified to simulate inhalation of cigarette smoke consisting of soluble and insoluble tar, nicotine, and cigarette-specific constituents that are known or possible human carcinogens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The deposition model was further modified to account for nicotine protonation and other cigarette-specific physics-based mechanisms that affect smoke deposition. Model predictions showed a total respiratory tract uptake in the lung for formaldehyde (99%), nicotine (80%), and benzo[a]pyrene (60%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The site of deposition and uptake depended primarily on the constituent's saturation vapor pressure. High vapor pressure constituents such as formaldehyde were preferentially absorbed in the oral cavity and proximal lung regions, while low vapor pressure constituents such as benzo[a]pyrene were deposited in the deep lung regions. Model predictions of exhaled droplet size, droplet retention, nicotine retention, and uptake of aldehydes compared favorably with experimental data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The deposition model can be integrated into exposure assessments and other studies that evaluate potential adverse health effects from cigarette smoking.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"378-390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141440452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2352748
Molly E Harmon, Michelle Fiamingo, Sydnie Toler, Kaleb Lee, Yongho Kim, Brandi Martin, Ian Gilmour, Aimen K Farraj, Mehdi S Hazari
Objectives: Living conditions play a major role in health and well-being, particularly for the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Depleted housing contributes to impairment and development of disease, but how it impacts body resiliency during exposure to environmental stressors is unknown. This study examined the effect of depleted (DH) versus enriched housing (EH) on cardiopulmonary function and subsequent responses to wildfire smoke. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of healthy female mice, one of them surgically implanted with radiotelemeters for the measurement of electrocardiogram, body temperature (Tco) and activity, were housed in either DH or EH for 7 weeks. Telemetered mice were exposed for 1 h to filtered air (FA) and then flaming eucalyptus wildfire smoke (WS) while untelemetered mice, which were used for ventilatory assessment and tissue collection, were exposed to either FA or WS. Animals were continuously monitored for 5-7 days after exposure. Results: EH prevented a decrease in Tco after radiotelemetry surgery. EH mice also had significantly higher activity levels and lower heart rate during and after FA and WS. Moreover, EH caused a decreased number of cardiac arrhythmias during WS. WS caused ventilatory depression in DH mice but not EH mice. Housing enrichment also upregulated the expression of cardioprotective genes in the heart. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that housing conditions impact overall health and cardiopulmonary function. More importantly, depleted housing appears to worsen the response to air pollution. Thus, non-chemical factors should be considered when assessing the susceptibility of populations, especially when it comes to extreme environmental events.
{"title":"The effect of enriched versus depleted housing on eucalyptus smoke-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in mice.","authors":"Molly E Harmon, Michelle Fiamingo, Sydnie Toler, Kaleb Lee, Yongho Kim, Brandi Martin, Ian Gilmour, Aimen K Farraj, Mehdi S Hazari","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2352748","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2024.2352748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Living conditions play a major role in health and well-being, particularly for the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Depleted housing contributes to impairment and development of disease, but how it impacts body resiliency during exposure to environmental stressors is unknown. This study examined the effect of depleted (DH) versus enriched housing (EH) on cardiopulmonary function and subsequent responses to wildfire smoke. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Two cohorts of healthy female mice, one of them surgically implanted with radiotelemeters for the measurement of electrocardiogram, body temperature (Tco) and activity, were housed in either DH or EH for 7 weeks. Telemetered mice were exposed for 1 h to filtered air (FA) and then flaming eucalyptus wildfire smoke (WS) while untelemetered mice, which were used for ventilatory assessment and tissue collection, were exposed to either FA or WS. Animals were continuously monitored for 5-7 days after exposure. <b>Results:</b> EH prevented a decrease in Tco after radiotelemetry surgery. EH mice also had significantly higher activity levels and lower heart rate during and after FA and WS. Moreover, EH caused a decreased number of cardiac arrhythmias during WS. WS caused ventilatory depression in DH mice but not EH mice. Housing enrichment also upregulated the expression of cardioprotective genes in the heart. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results of this study indicate that housing conditions impact overall health and cardiopulmonary function. More importantly, depleted housing appears to worsen the response to air pollution. Thus, non-chemical factors should be considered when assessing the susceptibility of populations, especially when it comes to extreme environmental events.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"355-366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}