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Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010-2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis. 全球人类蛔虫感染流行情况(2010-2021):系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z
Celia Holland, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Gwendoline Deslyper, Ali Abdollahi, Soghra Valizadeh, Abolfazl Mollalo, Sanaz Mahjour, Sahar Ghodsian, Ali Ardekani, Hamed Behniafar, Robin B Gasser, Ali Rostami

Background: Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of human Ascaris infection from 2010 to 2021.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus databases for studies measuring prevalence of Ascaris infection, published between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2022. We included studies of the general human population in endemic regions, which used accepted coprodiagnostic methods, and excluded studies of people with occupations with an increased risk or probability of ascariasis and/or specific diseases other than ascariasis. We applied random-effects models to obtain pooled prevalence estimates for six sustainable development goal regions of the world. We extrapolated the prevalence estimates to the global population in 2020, to estimate the number of individuals with Ascaris infection. We conducted multiple subgroup and meta-regression analyses to explore possible sources of heterogeneity, and to assess relationships between prevalence estimates and demographic, socio-economic, geo-climatic factors.

Results: Of 11,245 studies screened, we analysed 758 prevalence estimates for a total number of 4,923,876 participants in 616 studies from 81 countries. The global prevalence estimated was 11.01% (95% confidence interval: 10.27-11.78%), with regional prevalences ranging from 28.77% (7.07-57.66%) in Melanesia (Oceania) to 1.39% (1.07-1.74%) in Eastern Asia. We estimated that ~ 732 (682-782) million people harboured Ascaris worldwide in 2021. The infected people in Latin America and the Caribbean region had a higher prevalence of high intensity infection (8.4%, 3.9-14.1%). Prevalence estimates were higher in children, and people in rural communities or in countries or regions with lower income and human development indices. There was a trend for a higher prevalence in regions with increasing mean annual relative humidity, precipitation and environmental temperature.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the world's human population (> 0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris. Despite the clinical and socioeconomic importance of ascariasis, many past routine surveys did not assess the intensity of Ascaris infection in people. We propose that the present findings might stimulate the development of customised strategies for the improved control and prevention of Ascaris infection worldwide.

背景:蛔虫病是世界范围内最重要的被忽视的热带病之一。蛔虫感染的流行病学似乎随着卫生条件的改善和大规模药物管理而改变,但没有关于全球流行率的最新信息。在这里,我们进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析,以评估2010年至2021年全球人类蛔虫感染的流行情况。方法:我们检索MEDLINE/PubMed和Scopus数据库,检索2010年1月1日至2022年1月1日发表的测量蛔虫感染流行率的研究。我们纳入了流行地区一般人群的研究,这些研究使用了公认的共同诊断方法,并排除了从事蛔虫病和/或蛔虫病以外特定疾病风险或可能性增加的职业人群的研究。我们应用随机效应模型获得了全球六个可持续发展目标区域的综合患病率估计。我们将流行率估计外推到2020年的全球人口,以估计蛔虫感染的个体数量。我们进行了多亚组和元回归分析,以探索可能的异质性来源,并评估患病率估计与人口、社会经济、地理气候因素之间的关系。结果:在筛选的11,245项研究中,我们分析了来自81个国家的616项研究中4,923,876名参与者的758项患病率估计。全球患病率估计为11.01%(95%可信区间:10.27-11.78%),区域患病率从美拉尼西亚(大洋洲)的28.77%(7.07-57.66%)到东亚的1.39%(1.07-1.74%)不等。我们估计,2021年全球约有7.32亿(6.82 - 7.82)人感染蛔虫。拉丁美洲和加勒比地区感染者的高强度感染患病率较高(8.4%,3.9-14.1%)。儿童、农村社区或收入和人类发展指数较低的国家或地区的人群的患病率估计较高。在年平均相对湿度、降水量和环境温度增加的地区,发病率呈上升趋势。结论:我们的研究结果表明,尽管一些社区或当局重新承诺控制蛔虫病,但世界上很大一部分人口(> 7亿)感染了蛔虫。尽管蛔虫病在临床和社会经济方面具有重要意义,但过去的许多常规调查并未评估蛔虫在人群中的感染强度。我们建议,目前的发现可能会刺激定制策略的发展,以改善控制和预防蛔虫感染在世界范围内。
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引用次数: 6
Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology among children around the world. 世界各地病因不明的儿童急性肝炎。
IF 4.8 1区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2022-11-05 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01035-2
Chao Wang, Zhi-Yong Gao, Nick Walsh, Stephen Hadler, Qing-Bin Lu, Fuqiang Cui

By 26 August 2022, the number of cases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (AHUA) has drastically increased to 1115 distributed in 35 countries that fulfill the World Health Organization definition. Several hypotheses on the cause of AHUA have been proposed and are being investigated around the world. In the recent United Kingdom (UK) report, human adenovirus (HAdV) with adeno-associated virus (AAV) co-infection is the leading hypothesis. However, there is still limited evidence in establishing the causal relationship between AHUA and any potential aetiology. The leading aetiology continues to be HAdV infection. It is reported that HAdV genomics is not unusual among the population in the UK, especially among AUHA cases. Expanding the surveillance of HAdV and AAV in the population and the environment in the countries with AUHA cases is suggested to be the primary action. Metagenomics should be used in detecting other infectious pathogens on a larger scale, to supplement the detection of viruses in the blood, stool, and liver specimens from AUHA cases. It is useful to develop a consensus-specific case definition of AHUA to better understand the characteristics of these cases globally based on all the collected cases.

截至 2022 年 8 月 26 日,病因不明的急性肝炎(AHUA)病例急剧增加到 1115 例,分布在 35 个符合世界卫生组织定义的国家。世界各地提出了几种病因不明急性肝炎的假说,并正在对其进行研究。在英国最近的报告中,人类腺病毒(HAdV)与腺相关病毒(AAV)合并感染是最主要的假说。然而,在确定 AHUA 与任何潜在病因之间的因果关系方面,证据仍然有限。最主要的病因仍然是 HAdV 感染。据报道,HAdV基因组学在英国人群中并不罕见,尤其是在AUHA病例中。建议首要行动是在出现非洲猪流感病例的国家扩大对人口和环境中的 HAdV 和 AAV 的监测。应在更大范围内使用元基因组学检测其他传染性病原体,以补充对 AUHA 病例的血液、粪便和肝脏标本中病毒的检测。在收集到的所有病例的基础上,为更好地了解这些病例在全球范围内的特征,制定一个共识性的 AHUA 病例定义是非常有用的。
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引用次数: 0
The new WHO guideline for control and elimination of human schistosomiasis: implications for the Schistosomiasis Elimination Programme in Nigeria. 世卫组织控制和消除人血吸虫病新指南:对尼日利亚消除血吸虫病规划的影响。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01034-3
Akinola Stephen Oluwole, Uwem Friday Ekpo, Obiageli Josephine Nebe, Nse Michael Akpan, Solomon Monday Jacob, Uche Veronica Amazigo, John Russell Stothard
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引用次数: 2
A decade of innovation to deepen the understanding of infectious diseases of poverty and foster their control and elimination. 十年创新,加深对贫穷传染病的了解,促进控制和消除这些疾病。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01037-0
Dirk Engels, Sheng-Lan Tang, Colin D Butler, Ayoade M J Oduola, Tania C de Araujo-Jorge, George F Gao, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of performance for a key indicator of One Health: evidence based on One Health index for zoonoses in Sub-Saharan Africa. 同一健康一项关键指标的绩效评估:基于撒哈拉以南非洲人畜共患病同一健康指数的证据。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-22 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01020-9
Han-Qing Zhao, Si-Wei Fei, Jing-Xian Yin, Qin Li, Tian-Ge Jiang, Zhao-Yu Guo, Jing-Bo Xue, Le-Fei Han, Xiao-Xi Zhang, Shang Xia, Yi Zhang, Xiao-Kui Guo, Kokouvi Kassegne

Background: Zoonoses are public health threats that cause severe damage worldwide. Zoonoses constitute a key indicator of One Health (OH) and the OH approach is being applied for zoonosis control programmes of zoonotic diseases. In a very recent study, we developed an evaluation system for OH performance through the global OH index (GOHI). This study applied the GOHI to evaluate OH performance for zoonoses in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: The framework for the OH index on zoonoses (OHIZ) was constructed including five indicators, 15 subindicators and 28 datasets. Publicly available data were referenced to generate the OHIZ database which included both qualitative and quantitative indicators for all sub-Sahara African countries (n = 48). The GOHI algorithm was used to estimate scores for OHIZ. Indicator weights were calculated by adopting the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process.

Results: Overall, five indicators associated with weights were generated as follows: source of infection (23.70%), route of transmission (25.31%), targeted population (19.09%), capacity building (16.77%), and outcomes/case studies (15.13%). Following the indicators, a total of 37 sub-Sahara African countries aligned with OHIZ validation, while 11 territories were excluded for unfit or missing data. The OHIZ average score of sub-Saharan Africa was estimated at 53.67/100. The highest score was 71.99 from South Africa, while the lowest score was 40.51 from Benin. It is also worth mentioning that Sub-Sahara African countries had high performance in many subindicators associated with zoonoses, e.g., surveillance and response, vector and reservoir interventions, and natural protected areas, which suggests that this region had a certain capacity in control and prevention or responses to zoonotic events.

Conclusions: This study reveals that it is possible to perform OH evaluation for zoonoses in sub-Saharan Africa by OHIZ. Findings from this study provide preliminary research information in advancing knowledge of the evidenced risks to strengthen strategies for effective control of zoonoses and to support the prevention of zoonotic events.

背景:人畜共患病是在世界范围内造成严重损害的公共卫生威胁。人畜共患病是“同一个健康”的一个关键指标,目前正在将“同一个健康”方法应用于人畜共患病控制规划。在最近的一项研究中,我们通过全球OH指数(GOHI)开发了一个OH性能评估系统。本研究应用GOHI来评估撒哈拉以南非洲人畜共患病的OH性能。方法:构建人畜共患病OH指数框架,包括5个指标、15个子指标和28个数据集。OHIZ数据库参考了可公开获得的数据,其中包括所有撒哈拉以南非洲国家的定性和定量指标(n = 48)。使用GOHI算法估计OHIZ的分数。采用模糊层次分析法计算指标权重。结果:总体而言,与权重相关的5个指标分别为:感染源(23.70%)、传播途径(25.31%)、目标人群(19.09%)、能力建设(16.77%)和结局/病例研究(15.13%)。根据这些指标,共有37个撒哈拉以南非洲国家符合OHIZ验证,而11个领土因数据不合适或缺失而被排除在外。撒哈拉以南非洲的OHIZ平均得分估计为53.67/100。最高分是南非的71.99分,最低值是贝宁的40.51分。还值得一提的是,撒哈拉以南非洲国家在与人畜共患疾病相关的许多子指标(如监测和应对、媒介和水库干预以及自然保护区)中表现优异,这表明该地区在控制和预防或应对人畜共患疾病事件方面具有一定的能力。结论:本研究表明,通过OHIZ对撒哈拉以南非洲人畜共患病进行OH评价是可能的。本研究的结果提供了初步的研究信息,有助于提高对已证实的风险的认识,从而加强有效控制人畜共患病的战略,并支持预防人畜共患病事件。
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引用次数: 7
Global antimicrobial resistance: a system-wide comprehensive investigation using the Global One Health Index. 全球抗菌素耐药性:使用全球一体健康指数的全系统综合调查。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01016-5
Nan Zhou, Zile Cheng, Xiaoxi Zhang, Chao Lv, Chaoyi Guo, Haodong Liu, Ke Dong, Yan Zhang, Chang Liu, Yung-Fu Chang, Sheng Chen, Xiaokui Guo, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Min Li, Yongzhang Zhu

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top ten global public health challenges. However, given the lack of a comprehensive assessment of worldwide AMR status, our objective is to develop a One Health-based system-wide evaluation tool on global AMR.

Methods: We have further developed the three-hierarchical Global One Health Index (GOHI)-AMR indicator scheme, which consists of five key indicators, 17 indicators, and 49 sub-indicators, by incorporating 146 countries' data from diverse authoritative databases, including WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) and the European CDC. We investigated the overall- or sub-rankings of GOHI-AMR at the international/regional/national levels for data preprocessing and score calculation utilizing the existing GOHI methodology. Additionally, a correlation analysis was conducted between the GOHI-AMR and other socioeconomic factors.

Results: The average GOHI-AMR score for 146 countries is 38.45. As expected, high-income countries (HICs) outperform the other three income groups on overall rankings and all five key indicators of GOHI-AMR, whereas low-income countries unexpectedly outperform upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries on the antibiotics-resistant key indicator (ARR) and ARR-subordinate indicators, including carbapenem-, β-lactam-, and quinolone resistance, and even HICs on aminoglycoside resistance. There were no significant differences among the four groups on the environmental-monitoring indicator (P > 0.05). GOHI-AMR was positively correlated with gross domestic product, life expectancy, and AMR-related publications, but negatively with natural growth rate and chronic respiratory disease. In contrast to Cyprus, the remarkably lower prevalence of "ESKAPE pathogens" in high-scoring Sweden and Denmark highlights Europe's huge gaps. China and Russia outperformed the other three BRICS countries on all key indicators, particularly India's ARR and Brazil's AMR laboratory network and coordination capacity. Furthermore, significant internal disparities in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence were observed between China and the USA, with MRSA prevalence both gradually declining, whereas CRKP prevalence has been declining in the USA but increasing in China, consistent with higher carbapenems-related indicator' performance in USA.

Conclusions: GOHI-AMR is the most comprehensive tool currently available for the assessment of AMR status worldwide. We discovered unique features impacting AMR in each country and offered precise recommendations to improve the capacity to tackle AMR in low-ranking countries.

背景:抗微生物药物耐药性(AMR)是全球十大公共卫生挑战之一。然而,鉴于缺乏对全球抗菌素耐药性状况的全面评估,我们的目标是开发一个基于“同一个健康”的全球抗菌素耐药性全系统评估工具。方法:我们通过纳入来自世界卫生组织全球抗菌素耐药性和使用监测系统(GLASS)和欧洲疾病预防控制中心(CDC)等不同权威数据库的146个国家的数据,进一步制定了三层次全球单一健康指数(GOHI)-AMR指标方案,该方案由5个关键指标、17个指标和49个子指标组成。我们在国际/地区/国家层面调查了GOHI- amr的总体或分排名,并利用现有的GOHI方法进行数据预处理和得分计算。此外,还对GOHI-AMR与其他社会经济因素进行了相关分析。结果:146个国家的GOHI-AMR平均得分为38.45分。正如预期的那样,高收入国家在GOHI-AMR的总体排名和所有五个关键指标上都优于其他三个收入群体,而低收入国家在抗生素耐药性关键指标(ARR)和ARR从属指标上出人意料地优于中高收入国家和中低收入国家,包括碳青霉烯类、β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类耐药,甚至在氨基糖苷类耐药方面也优于高收入国家。4组间环境监测指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。GOHI-AMR与国内生产总值、预期寿命和amr相关出版物呈正相关,但与自然增长率和慢性呼吸道疾病呈负相关。与塞浦路斯相比,在得分较高的瑞典和丹麦,“ESKAPE病原体”的患病率明显较低,这凸显了欧洲的巨大差距。中国和俄罗斯在所有关键指标上都优于其他三个金砖国家,特别是印度的抗菌素耐药性和巴西的抗菌素耐药性实验室网络和协调能力。此外,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的患病率在中美两国之间存在显著的内部差异,MRSA的患病率都在逐渐下降,而CRKP的患病率在美国一直在下降,而在中国却在上升,这与美国碳青霉烯类相关指标的表现一致。结论:GOHI-AMR是目前可用于评估全球AMR状况的最全面的工具。我们发现了影响每个国家抗菌素耐药性的独特特征,并提出了精确的建议,以提高低排名国家应对抗菌素耐药性的能力。
{"title":"Global antimicrobial resistance: a system-wide comprehensive investigation using the Global One Health Index.","authors":"Nan Zhou,&nbsp;Zile Cheng,&nbsp;Xiaoxi Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Lv,&nbsp;Chaoyi Guo,&nbsp;Haodong Liu,&nbsp;Ke Dong,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Chang Liu,&nbsp;Yung-Fu Chang,&nbsp;Sheng Chen,&nbsp;Xiaokui Guo,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou,&nbsp;Min Li,&nbsp;Yongzhang Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s40249-022-01016-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-01016-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top ten global public health challenges. However, given the lack of a comprehensive assessment of worldwide AMR status, our objective is to develop a One Health-based system-wide evaluation tool on global AMR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We have further developed the three-hierarchical Global One Health Index (GOHI)-AMR indicator scheme, which consists of five key indicators, 17 indicators, and 49 sub-indicators, by incorporating 146 countries' data from diverse authoritative databases, including WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) and the European CDC. We investigated the overall- or sub-rankings of GOHI-AMR at the international/regional/national levels for data preprocessing and score calculation utilizing the existing GOHI methodology. Additionally, a correlation analysis was conducted between the GOHI-AMR and other socioeconomic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average GOHI-AMR score for 146 countries is 38.45. As expected, high-income countries (HICs) outperform the other three income groups on overall rankings and all five key indicators of GOHI-AMR, whereas low-income countries unexpectedly outperform upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries on the antibiotics-resistant key indicator (ARR) and ARR-subordinate indicators, including carbapenem-, β-lactam-, and quinolone resistance, and even HICs on aminoglycoside resistance. There were no significant differences among the four groups on the environmental-monitoring indicator (P > 0.05). GOHI-AMR was positively correlated with gross domestic product, life expectancy, and AMR-related publications, but negatively with natural growth rate and chronic respiratory disease. In contrast to Cyprus, the remarkably lower prevalence of \"ESKAPE pathogens\" in high-scoring Sweden and Denmark highlights Europe's huge gaps. China and Russia outperformed the other three BRICS countries on all key indicators, particularly India's ARR and Brazil's AMR laboratory network and coordination capacity. Furthermore, significant internal disparities in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence were observed between China and the USA, with MRSA prevalence both gradually declining, whereas CRKP prevalence has been declining in the USA but increasing in China, consistent with higher carbapenems-related indicator' performance in USA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GOHI-AMR is the most comprehensive tool currently available for the assessment of AMR status worldwide. We discovered unique features impacting AMR in each country and offered precise recommendations to improve the capacity to tackle AMR in low-ranking countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":13587,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9395850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40630781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
A relatively high zoonotic trematode prevalence in Orientogalba ollula and the developmental characteristics of isolated trematodes by experimental infection in the animal model. 东方藻中较高的人畜共患吸虫流行率及动物模型实验感染分离出吸虫的发育特征。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01014-7
Jian Li, Yijing Ren, Lei Yang, Jiani Guo, Haiying Chen, Jiani Liu, Haoqiang Tian, Qingan Zhou, Weiyi Huang, Wei Hu, Xinyu Feng

Background: Food-borne parasitic diseases decrease food safety and threaten public health. The snail species is an intermediate host for numerous human parasitic trematodes. Orientogalba ollula has been reported as intermediate hosts of many zoonotic trematodes. Here, we investigated the prevalence of zoonotic trematodes within O. ollula in Guangxi, China, and assessed their zoonotic potential.

Methods: Snails were collected from 54 sites in 9 cities throughout Guangxi. The snail and trematode larvae species were determined by combining morphological characteristics and molecular markers. The trematodes prevalence and constituent ratio were calculated and compared among different habitat environments. Phylogenetic trees of the trematode species were constructed using the neighbor-joining method with nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences. The developmental cycles of the isolated trematodes were examined by experimental infection in ducks. The developmental characteristics of Echinostoma revolutum was recorded by dissecting infected ducklings from 1-day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi.

Results: The overall prevalence of trematode larvae was 22.1% (1818/8238) in O. ollula from 11 sample sites. Morphological together with molecular identification, showed that E. revolutum, Australapatemon sp., Hypoderaeum conoideum, Pharyngostomum cordatum, and Echinostoma sp. parasitized O. ollula, with the highest infection rate of E. revolutum (13.0%). However, no Fasciola larvae were detected. The trematodes prevalence and constituent ratio varied in two sub-biotypes (P < 0.01). A neighbor-joining tree analysis of ITS2 sequences resulted in distinct monophyletic clades supported by sequences from isolated larvae with high bootstrap values. Ducklings exposed to O. ollula infected with Echinostoma sp., E. revolutum, and H. conoideum larvae were successfully infected. The animal model for Echinostoma revolutum was successfully established. E. revolutum matured from larvae to adult at 10 dpi in the intestine of the duck, and the developmental characteristics of E. revolutum were characterized by the maturation of the reproductive and digestive organs at 6-8 dpi.

Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of zoonotic trematodes in O. ollula from Guangxi, China. Existing trematodes infection in animals and human clinical cases, coupled with the wide geographical distribution of O. ollula, necessitate further evaluations of the potential risk of spillover of zoonotic infection from animal to human and vice versa.

背景:食源性寄生虫病降低食品安全,威胁公众健康。蜗牛是许多人类寄生吸虫的中间宿主。据报道,东方藻是许多人畜共患吸虫的中间宿主。在此,我们调查了广西瓢虫中人畜共患病的流行情况,并评估了它们的人畜共患病潜力。方法:在广西9个城市的54个地点采集钉螺。采用形态特征和分子标记相结合的方法对钉螺和吸虫幼虫进行种类鉴定。计算并比较不同生境环境中吸虫的流行率和构成比。采用核内转录间隔2 (ITS2)序列相邻连接法构建了各吸虫种的系统发育树。采用实验感染法对分离的吸虫的发育周期进行了研究。通过解剖感染雏鸭,记录其感染后1天至10天的发育特征。结果:11个采样点棉铃虫吸虫幼虫总检出率为22.1% (1818/8238);形态学和分子鉴定结果表明,绿腹小蠊、Australapatemon sp.、conoideum Hypoderaeum sp.、cordatum Pharyngostomum cordatum和Echinostoma sp.分别寄生于圆腹小蠊,其中绿腹小蠊的感染率最高(13.0%)。未检出片形吸虫幼虫。结论:本研究揭示了广西瓢虫中人畜共患性吸虫的高流行率。动物和人类临床病例中已有的吸虫感染,加上圆囊虫的广泛地理分布,有必要进一步评估人畜共患感染从动物向人类扩散的潜在风险,反之亦然。
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引用次数: 2
Spatial distribution of insecticide resistant populations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus and first detection of V410L mutation in Ae. aegypti from Cameroon. 埃及伊蚊和伊蚊抗药性种群的空间分布。首次检测到白纹伊蚊V410L突变。喀麦隆的埃及伊蚊。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01013-8
Matthew Montgomery, James F Harwood, Aurelie P Yougang, Theodel A Wilson-Bahun, Armel N Tedjou, Christophe Rostand Keumeni, Auston Marm Kilpatrick, Charles S Wondji, Basile Kamgang

Background: Dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), are mosquito-borne viruses of medical importance in most tropical and subtropical regions. Vector control, primarily through insecticides, remains the primary method to prevent their transmission. Here, we evaluated insecticide resistance profiles and identified important underlying resistance mechanisms in populations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus from six different regions in Cameroon to pesticides commonly used during military and civilian public health vector control operations.

Methods: Aedes mosquitoes were sampled as larvae or pupae between August 2020 and July 2021 in six locations across Cameroon and reared until the next generation, G1. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults from G1 were tested following World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and Ae. aegypti G0 adults screened with real time melting curve qPCR analyses to genotype the F1534C, V1016I and V410L Aedes kdr mutations. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) assays and real time qPCR were carried out from some cytochrome p450 genes known to be involved in metabolic resistance. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test and generalized linear models.

Results: Loss of susceptibility was observed to all insecticides tested. Mortality rates from tests with 0.25% permethrin varied from 24.27 to 85.89% in Ae. aegypti and from 17.35% to 68.08% in Ae. albopictus. Mortality rates for 0.03% deltamethrin were between 23.30% and 88.20% in Ae. aegypti and between 69.47 and 84.11% in Ae. albopictus. We found a moderate level of resistance against bendiocarb, with mortality rates ranging from 69.31% to 90.26% in Ae. aegypti and from 86.75 to 98.95% in Ae. albopictus. With PBO pre-exposure, we found partial or fully restored susceptibility to pyrethroids and bendiocarb. The genes Cyp9M6F88/87 and Cyp9J10 were overexpressed in Ae. aegypti populations from Douala sites resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin. Cyp6P12 was highly expressed in alphacypermethrin and permethrin resistant Ae. albopictus samples. F1534C and V1016I mutations were detected in A. aegypti mosquitoes and for the first time V410L was reported in Cameroon.

Conclusions: This study revealed that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are resistant to multiple insecticide classes with multiple resistance mechanisms implicated. These findings could guide insecticide use to control arbovirus vectors in Cameroon.

背景:登革热(DENV)、基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)和寨卡病毒(ZIKV)是蚊媒病毒,在大多数热带和亚热带地区具有重要的医学意义。媒介控制,主要是通过杀虫剂,仍然是预防其传播的主要方法。在此,我们评估了埃及伊蚊和伊蚊种群的杀虫剂抗性特征,并确定了重要的潜在抗性机制。喀麦隆六个不同地区的白纹伊蚊,以及军事和民用公共卫生病媒控制行动中常用的杀虫剂。方法:于2020年8月至2021年7月在喀麦隆6个地点取样伊蚊幼虫或蛹,饲养至下一代G1。Ae。埃及伊蚊和伊蚊。按照世界卫生组织(WHO)的建议和伊蚊(Ae。采用实时熔解曲线qPCR技术筛选埃及伊蚊G0成虫,对F1534C、V1016I和V410L伊蚊kdr突变进行基因分型。对一些已知参与代谢抗性的细胞色素p450基因进行了PBO检测和实时qPCR。采用卡方检验和广义线性模型进行统计分析。结果:所有试验药剂均无药敏。氯菊酯浓度为0.25%时,对白纹伊蚊死亡率为24.27% ~ 85.89%。埃及伊蚊占比为17.35% ~ 68.08%;蚊。0.03%溴氰菊酯对伊蚊的死亡率为23.30% ~ 88.20%。埃及伊蚊占比69.47% ~ 84.11%;蚊。我们发现伊蚊对苯虫威有中等程度的抗性,死亡率在69.31% ~ 90.26%之间。埃及伊蚊占86.75% ~ 98.95%;蚊。通过PBO预暴露,我们发现部分或完全恢复了对拟除虫菊酯和苯虫威的敏感性。Cyp9M6F88/87和Cyp9J10基因在伊蚊中过表达。杜阿拉地区的埃及伊蚊种群对氯菊酯和溴氰菊酯有抗性。Cyp6P12在高效氯氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯抗性伊蚊中高度表达。排样品。在埃及伊蚊中检测到F1534C和V1016I突变,喀麦隆首次报告了V410L突变。结论:本研究揭示了Ae;埃及伊蚊和伊蚊。白纹伊蚊对多种杀虫剂具有抗性,涉及多种抗性机制。这些发现可以指导喀麦隆使用杀虫剂来控制虫媒病毒载体。
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引用次数: 3
Re-emerging threat of Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in El Salvador, update from 2018 to 2020. 萨尔瓦多克氏锥虫病媒传播再次出现的威胁,2018年至2020年更新情况。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01008-5
Marvin Stanley Rodríguez, Yuko Nitahara, Michelle Cornejo, Kevin Siliezar, Rafael Grande, Ana González, Kotaro Tasaki, Yu Nakagama, Yu Michimuko, Yoko Onizuka, Junko Nakajima-Shimada, José Eduardo Romero, José Ricardo Palacios, Carmen Elena Arias, William Mejía, Yasutoshi Kido, Ricardo Cardona Alvarenga

Background: Since the late twentieth century, Chagas disease gained global attention to suppress the vector burden as a main control strategy in endemic countries. In Central America, multi-national initiative successfully achieved significant reduction in the estimated disease prevalence as well as elimination of the region's principal vector species at the time in 2012. While the last decade has witnessed significant changes in ecosystem-such as urbanization and replacement of the main vector species-that can possibly affect the vector's habitation and residual transmission, the up-to-date vector burden in the region has not been evaluated thoroughly due to the cessation of active vector surveillance. The aim of this study was to update the risk of vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi infection in El Salvador, the top Chagas disease-endemic country in Central America.

Methods: A nationwide vector survey was conducted in the domestic environment of El Salvador from September 2018 to November 2020. The selection of the houses for inspection was based on expert purposeful sampling. Infection for T. cruzi was examined by microscopic observation of the insects' feces, followed by a species confirmation using PCR. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3. Proportion estimates with 95% confidence intervals were inferred using the Jeffrey's method provided under the epiR package.

Results: A total of 1529 Triatoma dimidiata was captured from 107 houses (infestation rate, 34.4%; 107/311) in all the fourteen departments of the country visited within the period; prevalence of T. cruzi infection was as high as 10% (153/1529). In the country, domestic T. dimidiata infestation was distributed ubiquitously, while T. cruzi infection rates varied across the departments. Five out of fourteen departments showed higher infection rates than the average, suggesting sporadic high-risk areas in the country.

Conclusions: Our comprehensive study revealed substantial T. cruzi infection of T. dimidiata across the country, indicating potential active transmission of the disease. Therefore, strengthened surveillance for both vector and human infection is required to truly eliminate the risk of T. cruzi transmission in Central America.

背景:自20世纪后期以来,南美锥虫病受到全球关注,将抑制病媒负担作为流行国家的主要控制战略。在中美洲,多国倡议在2012年成功地大幅降低了估计的疾病流行率,并消灭了该区域的主要病媒物种。虽然过去十年见证了生态系统的重大变化,如城市化和主要病媒物种的替代,这些变化可能影响病媒的栖息和残留传播,但由于停止了主动病媒监测,该地区最新的病媒负担尚未得到彻底评估。本研究的目的是更新中美洲恰加斯病流行最严重的国家萨尔瓦多病媒传播克氏锥虫感染的风险。方法:2018年9月至2020年11月,在萨尔瓦多国内环境进行全国媒介生物调查。检查房屋的选择是基于专家有目的的抽样。通过对昆虫粪便的显微观察来检查克氏锥虫感染,然后用PCR方法确认物种。采用R软件4.1.3版对数据进行分析。使用epiR包下提供的Jeffrey方法推断95%置信区间的比例估计值。结果:在107间民房共捕获双三角蝽1529只(侵害率34.4%;107/311)在这一期间访问的所有14个省;克氏锥虫感染率高达10%(153/1529)。在国内,国内双翅绦虫感染分布普遍,而克氏绦虫感染率各科室差异较大。在14个部门中,有5个部门的感染率高于平均水平,这表明国内存在零星的高感染地区。结论:我们的综合研究显示,全国范围内存在大量克氏体感染,表明该疾病可能存在活跃传播。因此,需要加强对病媒和人间感染的监测,以真正消除中美洲克鲁氏锥虫传播的风险。
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引用次数: 3
Local tips, global impact: community-driven measures as avenues of promoting inclusion in the control of neglected tropical diseases: a case study in Kenya. 地方提示,全球影响:社区驱动措施作为促进融入被忽视热带病控制的途径:肯尼亚的案例研究。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-05 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01011-w
Elizabeth A Ochola, Diana M S Karanja, Susan J Elliott

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect poor populations with little or no 'political voice' to influence control activities. While most NTDs have interventions that work, the biggest challenge remains in delivering targeted interventions to affected populations residing in areas experiencing weak health systems. Despite the upward development trends in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the healthcare worker to population ratio remains exceptionally low, with some areas not served at all; thus, there is a need to involve other personnel for school and community-based healthcare approaches. Nonetheless, the current community-based programs suffer from inconsistent community participation due to a lack of coordinated response, and an expanded intervention agenda that lacks context-specific solutions applicable to rural, urban, and marginalized areas.

Methods: This research investigated the capacity of local communities to address the burden of NTDs. Informed by the social theory of human capability, the research collected primary qualitative data by conducting key informant interviews and focus group discussions of people infected or affected by NTDs. The interview data were collected and transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis using Nvivo version 12.

Results: Our findings reveal, first, a need for intersectoral collaboration between governments and affected populations for inclusive and sustainable NTD solutions. Second, a 'bottom-up' approach that enhances capacity building, sensitization, and behaviour change for improved uptake of NTD interventions. Third, the enforcement of Public Health Legislative Acts that mandates the reporting and treatment of NTDs such as leprosy. Fourth, the establishment of support groups and counseling services to assist persons suffering from debilitating and permanent effects of NTDs.

Conclusions: Our research demonstrates the importance of human agency in encouraging new forms of participation leading to the co-production of inclusive and sustainable solutions against NTDs.

背景:被忽视的热带病(NTDs)影响很少或没有“政治声音”来影响控制活动的贫困人口。虽然大多数被忽视热带病都有有效的干预措施,但最大的挑战仍然是向居住在卫生系统薄弱地区的受影响人口提供有针对性的干预措施。尽管撒哈拉以南非洲大多数国家的发展趋势呈上升趋势,但保健工作者与人口的比例仍然非常低,有些地区根本没有服务;因此,有必要让其他人员参与学校和社区保健办法。然而,由于缺乏协调一致的应对措施,以及缺乏适用于农村、城市和边缘地区的因地制宜的解决方案而扩大的干预议程,目前以社区为基础的项目受到社区参与不一致的影响。方法:本研究调查了当地社区解决被忽视热带病负担的能力。根据人的能力的社会理论,该研究通过对被忽视的热带病感染或受影响的人进行关键信息提供者访谈和焦点小组讨论,收集了主要的定性数据。访谈数据被收集并逐字转录,使用Nvivo version 12进行专题分析。结果:我们的研究结果表明,首先,需要政府和受影响人群之间的跨部门合作,以实现包容性和可持续的NTD解决方案。第二,一种“自下而上”的方法,加强能力建设、宣传和行为改变,以更好地接受非传染性疾病干预措施。第三,执行要求报告和治疗麻风等被忽视热带病的《公共卫生立法法案》。第四,建立支持小组和咨询服务,以帮助遭受被忽视热带病的衰弱和永久性影响的人。结论:我们的研究证明了人类机构在鼓励新形式的参与方面的重要性,从而导致共同制定针对被忽视热带病的包容性和可持续解决方案。
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引用次数: 1
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty
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