The intensity profile of a focused beam of light can exert small drift forces on particles with a few microns and even smaller, which can be used to confine or manipulate them. Optical trapping has several applications, in particular it has been adopted as a powerful tool in biology, allowing, for instance to manipulate in vivo single cells. A wide variety of optical setups have been implemented to optically trap microscopic bodies, however, the single beam trap using a tightly focused Gaussian beam continues to be the most used. Recent developments introduced an alternative to bulk optical trapping systems based on lensed optical fibers. This work presents simulations showing new designs of fiber optic and 2D waveguide tweezers based on studies of the forces acting on dielectric particles immersed in media with a distinct refractive index, which take into account the refractive index and structure of the particles.
{"title":"New developments on the design and modeling of fiber optical tweezers","authors":"R. S. Rodrigues Ribeiro, P. Jorge, A. Guerreiro","doi":"10.1117/12.2027443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027443","url":null,"abstract":"The intensity profile of a focused beam of light can exert small drift forces on particles with a few microns and even smaller, which can be used to confine or manipulate them. Optical trapping has several applications, in particular it has been adopted as a powerful tool in biology, allowing, for instance to manipulate in vivo single cells. A wide variety of optical setups have been implemented to optically trap microscopic bodies, however, the single beam trap using a tightly focused Gaussian beam continues to be the most used. Recent developments introduced an alternative to bulk optical trapping systems based on lensed optical fibers. This work presents simulations showing new designs of fiber optic and 2D waveguide tweezers based on studies of the forces acting on dielectric particles immersed in media with a distinct refractive index, which take into account the refractive index and structure of the particles.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114966954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have developed simulation software by Matlab (MathworksInc.) with a graphical interface designed for non-expert users. This simulator allows you to complete the process of subjective refraction starting from the aberrometry of the patients and analyse the influence of different factors during the exam. In addition to explain the graphical interface and its working, we show two examples about a complete process of subjective refraction with the influence of high order aberrations and without them showing the retinal image obtained in each step of the refraction process. When the Jackson Cross-Cylinder technique is made with this software, it becomes clear the difficulty of chosen between two images when high order aberrations are present. Therefore, the variability of response during the refraction can be a problem when the examiner has to reach an adequate optical prescription.
{"title":"Development of a subjective refraction simulator","authors":"S. Perches, J. Ares, M. Collados","doi":"10.1117/12.2026310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026310","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed simulation software by Matlab (MathworksInc.) with a graphical interface designed for non-expert users. This simulator allows you to complete the process of subjective refraction starting from the aberrometry of the patients and analyse the influence of different factors during the exam. In addition to explain the graphical interface and its working, we show two examples about a complete process of subjective refraction with the influence of high order aberrations and without them showing the retinal image obtained in each step of the refraction process. When the Jackson Cross-Cylinder technique is made with this software, it becomes clear the difficulty of chosen between two images when high order aberrations are present. Therefore, the variability of response during the refraction can be a problem when the examiner has to reach an adequate optical prescription.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115663526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a low-loss fusion splicing of a non-linear photonic-crystal fiber (NL-PCF) with a single-mode fiber (SMF), helped by an intermediate fiber, using a electric-arc splicer. We also analysed the splice loss between SMF and intermediate fiber, as a function of the electrical discharge duration, to achieve a low-loss transition between SMF and intermediate fiber, through a thermally expanded core splice (TEC). The NL-PCF has a external cladding diameter of 105 μm, a core diameter of 1.7 μm and mode-field diameter (MFD) of 1.5 μm. We also performed mechanical strength tests to verify the robustness of the splice joints obtained.
{"title":"Extremely small-core photonic crystal fiber fusion splicing with a single-mode fiber","authors":"B. Tibúrcio, G. Fernandes, A. Pinto","doi":"10.1117/12.2027586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027586","url":null,"abstract":"We present a low-loss fusion splicing of a non-linear photonic-crystal fiber (NL-PCF) with a single-mode fiber (SMF), helped by an intermediate fiber, using a electric-arc splicer. We also analysed the splice loss between SMF and intermediate fiber, as a function of the electrical discharge duration, to achieve a low-loss transition between SMF and intermediate fiber, through a thermally expanded core splice (TEC). The NL-PCF has a external cladding diameter of 105 μm, a core diameter of 1.7 μm and mode-field diameter (MFD) of 1.5 μm. We also performed mechanical strength tests to verify the robustness of the splice joints obtained.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"516 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123088434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taking into account that the Gabor transform is the Fourier transform of the multiplication of the transfer function of a system with the Fourier transform of the input signal to the system, was developed and implemented digital and optically a system that achieves optical Gabor transform, if we consider the situation when the spectral transfer function becomes very narrow and applies to images this technique will enable one to overcome the instrumental limitations of the optical system, reaching superresolution.
{"title":"Gabor transform applied to superresolution in optical systems","authors":"C. Jimenez, R. Perez, C. Torres","doi":"10.1117/12.2026404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026404","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account that the Gabor transform is the Fourier transform of the multiplication of the transfer function of a system with the Fourier transform of the input signal to the system, was developed and implemented digital and optically a system that achieves optical Gabor transform, if we consider the situation when the spectral transfer function becomes very narrow and applies to images this technique will enable one to overcome the instrumental limitations of the optical system, reaching superresolution.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127507846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. A. Berni, W. Vilela, A. F. Beloto, Felipe Oliveira de Sena
To measure the angular response of radiometers developed in the laboratory, an automated system was assembled and characterized. The main light source is a QTH lamp of 1000W and for UV radiometers a Hg(Xe) lamp of 500W. The light beam has a useful diameter of 40 mm, a half divergence of 10mrad and the spatial uniformity is better than 97%. Errors up to 5% at large angles were estimated for misalignments of 1° in the positioning of the radiometers . In this work details of the system and results of measurements obtained with radiometers developed in the laboratory and with commercial ones are presented.
{"title":"System for measuring the angular response of radiometers","authors":"L. A. Berni, W. Vilela, A. F. Beloto, Felipe Oliveira de Sena","doi":"10.1117/12.2019888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2019888","url":null,"abstract":"To measure the angular response of radiometers developed in the laboratory, an automated system was assembled and characterized. The main light source is a QTH lamp of 1000W and for UV radiometers a Hg(Xe) lamp of 500W. The light beam has a useful diameter of 40 mm, a half divergence of 10mrad and the spatial uniformity is better than 97%. Errors up to 5% at large angles were estimated for misalignments of 1° in the positioning of the radiometers . In this work details of the system and results of measurements obtained with radiometers developed in the laboratory and with commercial ones are presented.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124874633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javier Espitia-Gómez, Luciano Ángel-Toro, D. Velásquez
Stability in a fringe pattern is a necessary condition in interferometric processes, such as holography, and not always is enough the use of passive stabilization systems, like holographic tables, in particular, when perturbations are caused by thermal or acoustic variations. For these cases, active systems are required. In this work it is presented the implementation of a control system for interferometric fringes stabilization. The interferometric arrangement characteristics are also discussed, which permits to act independently over each of the interferometer's arms by means of two piezoelectric actuators that change the length of the optical path of light that goes through, in order to perturb the system and simultaneously compensate this perturbation in real time. It is also shown that the proposed system allows evaluating the control system's performance subjected to diverse perturbations, and it is shown how remote access was given to the implemented platform.
{"title":"Design of a control system for interferometric fringe stabilization system with remote access","authors":"Javier Espitia-Gómez, Luciano Ángel-Toro, D. Velásquez","doi":"10.1117/12.2026402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026402","url":null,"abstract":"Stability in a fringe pattern is a necessary condition in interferometric processes, such as holography, and not always is enough the use of passive stabilization systems, like holographic tables, in particular, when perturbations are caused by thermal or acoustic variations. For these cases, active systems are required. In this work it is presented the implementation of a control system for interferometric fringes stabilization. The interferometric arrangement characteristics are also discussed, which permits to act independently over each of the interferometer's arms by means of two piezoelectric actuators that change the length of the optical path of light that goes through, in order to perturb the system and simultaneously compensate this perturbation in real time. It is also shown that the proposed system allows evaluating the control system's performance subjected to diverse perturbations, and it is shown how remote access was given to the implemented platform.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125831676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, ultrasonic ranging sensors emit pulse trains. The distance traveled by the received signal is calculated from its delay with respect to the emitted signal. There are different strategies to encode the signal in order to determine the delay. In this paper we present a method for encoding amplitude that encodes the amplitude of a signal formed by rectangular pulse trains whose frequency is 40 kHz. The pulse amplitude is encoded in a binary manner according to a pseudorandom sequence. Owing to that the emitted signal is formed by pulse trains whose amplitude is modulated, the impulse response of the designed system generates sinusoidal pulse trains whose amplitude is variable. The proposed strategy uses the phase of signal to position temporally each pulse trains. This positioning has higher precision than the sampling time of the signal.
{"title":"Operating principle of a high resolution ultrasonic ranging system based in a phase processing","authors":"Laura X. Chaparro, C. R. Contreras, J. Meneses","doi":"10.1117/12.2025832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025832","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, ultrasonic ranging sensors emit pulse trains. The distance traveled by the received signal is calculated from its delay with respect to the emitted signal. There are different strategies to encode the signal in order to determine the delay. In this paper we present a method for encoding amplitude that encodes the amplitude of a signal formed by rectangular pulse trains whose frequency is 40 kHz. The pulse amplitude is encoded in a binary manner according to a pseudorandom sequence. Owing to that the emitted signal is formed by pulse trains whose amplitude is modulated, the impulse response of the designed system generates sinusoidal pulse trains whose amplitude is variable. The proposed strategy uses the phase of signal to position temporally each pulse trains. This positioning has higher precision than the sampling time of the signal.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116389255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we report the development of an optical simulator that can be used in the development of methodologies for compensate/decrease the light scattering effect of most biological tissues through phase-shaping methods. In fact, scattering has long been a major limitation for the medical applications of lasers where in-depth tissues concerns due to the turbid nature of most biological media in the human body. In developing the simulator, two different approaches were followed: one using multiple identical beams directed to the same target area and the other using a phase-shaped beam. In the multiple identical beams approach (used mainly to illustrate the limiting effect of scattering on the beam’s propagation) there was no improvement in the beam focus at 1 mm compared to a single beam layout but, in phase-shaped beam approach, a 8x improvement on the radius of the beam at the same depth was achieved. The models were created using the optical design software Zemax and numerical algorithms created in Matlab programming language to shape the beam wavefront. A dedicated toolbox allowed communication between both programs. The use of the two software’s proves to be a simple and powerful solution combining the best of the two and allowing a significant potential for adapting the simulations to new systems and thus allow to assess their response and define critical engineering parameters prior to laboratorial implementation.
{"title":"Optical simulation of laser beam phase-shaping focusing optimization in biological tissues","authors":"Ricardo Gomes, P. Vieira, J. Coelho","doi":"10.1117/12.2026238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026238","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we report the development of an optical simulator that can be used in the development of methodologies for compensate/decrease the light scattering effect of most biological tissues through phase-shaping methods. In fact, scattering has long been a major limitation for the medical applications of lasers where in-depth tissues concerns due to the turbid nature of most biological media in the human body. In developing the simulator, two different approaches were followed: one using multiple identical beams directed to the same target area and the other using a phase-shaped beam. In the multiple identical beams approach (used mainly to illustrate the limiting effect of scattering on the beam’s propagation) there was no improvement in the beam focus at 1 mm compared to a single beam layout but, in phase-shaped beam approach, a 8x improvement on the radius of the beam at the same depth was achieved. The models were created using the optical design software Zemax and numerical algorithms created in Matlab programming language to shape the beam wavefront. A dedicated toolbox allowed communication between both programs. The use of the two software’s proves to be a simple and powerful solution combining the best of the two and allowing a significant potential for adapting the simulations to new systems and thus allow to assess their response and define critical engineering parameters prior to laboratorial implementation.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122303246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Rangel-Fonseca, A. Gómez-Vieyra, D. Malacara-hernández, Julio C. Estrada-Rico, Geovanni Hernandez-Gomez
Recent advances in the acquisition of in-vivo high resolution retinal images through the use of Adaptive Optics (AO) have allowed the identification of cellular structures such as cones and rods, in and out of the fovea, in such a way that their histological characteristics can be studied in-vivo and later compared to data obtained post-mortem. In this work, an algorithm is proposed for the detection of photoreceptors; it consists of two stages: Early Cell Detection (ECD), to detect all candidate cells, and Refinement of Cell Detection (RCD), to reduce over-detection of photoreceptors. The algorithm has been tested using synthetic and real images, the latter acquired with an Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). The proposed algorithm was compared against the one developed by Li and Roorda, and both algorithms were tested on synthetic and real images, yielding similar algorithm performance on both kinds of images when they had only cones; however, the algorithm developed by Li and Roorda, when applied to real images having cones and rods, identifies photoreceptors in vascular tissue, in addition to showing low rod detection.
{"title":"Identification of retinal cells in in-vivo high resolution images","authors":"P. Rangel-Fonseca, A. Gómez-Vieyra, D. Malacara-hernández, Julio C. Estrada-Rico, Geovanni Hernandez-Gomez","doi":"10.1117/12.2027265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027265","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in the acquisition of in-vivo high resolution retinal images through the use of Adaptive Optics (AO) have allowed the identification of cellular structures such as cones and rods, in and out of the fovea, in such a way that their histological characteristics can be studied in-vivo and later compared to data obtained post-mortem. In this work, an algorithm is proposed for the detection of photoreceptors; it consists of two stages: Early Cell Detection (ECD), to detect all candidate cells, and Refinement of Cell Detection (RCD), to reduce over-detection of photoreceptors. The algorithm has been tested using synthetic and real images, the latter acquired with an Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). The proposed algorithm was compared against the one developed by Li and Roorda, and both algorithms were tested on synthetic and real images, yielding similar algorithm performance on both kinds of images when they had only cones; however, the algorithm developed by Li and Roorda, when applied to real images having cones and rods, identifies photoreceptors in vascular tissue, in addition to showing low rod detection.","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122565722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Lusquiños, F. Arias-González, J. Penide, J. del Val, R. Comesaña, F. Quintero, A. Riveiro, M. Boutinguiza, M. Pascual, A. Durán, J. Pou
Osseointegration is the mean challenge when surgical treatments fight against load-bearing bone diseases. Absolute bone replacement by a synthetic implant has to be completed not only from the mechanics point of view, but also from a biological approach. Suitable strength, resilience and stress distribution of titanium alloy implants are spoiled by the lack of optimal biological characteristics. The inert quality of extra low interstitial titanium alloy, which make it the most attractive metallic alloy for biomedical applications, oppose to an ideal surface with bone cell affinity, and capable to stimulate bone attachment bone growth. Diverse laser treatments have been proven as effective tools to modify surface properties, such as wettability in contact to physiological fluids, or osteoblast guided and slightly enhanced attachment. The laser surface cladding can go beyond by providing titanium alloy surfaces with osteoconduction and osteoinduction properties. In this research work, the laser radiation is used to produce bioactive glass coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy substrates. Specific silicate bioactive glass compositions has been investigated to achieve suitable surface tension and viscosity temperature behavior during processing, and to provide with the required release of bone growth gene up regulation agents in the course of resorption mediated by physiological fluids. The produced coatings and interfaces, the surface osteoconduction properties, and the chemical species release in simulated physiological fluid were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hot stage microscopy (HSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
{"title":"Laser bioengineering of glass-titanium implants surface","authors":"F. Lusquiños, F. Arias-González, J. Penide, J. del Val, R. Comesaña, F. Quintero, A. Riveiro, M. Boutinguiza, M. Pascual, A. Durán, J. Pou","doi":"10.1117/12.2026115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026115","url":null,"abstract":"Osseointegration is the mean challenge when surgical treatments fight against load-bearing bone diseases. Absolute bone replacement by a synthetic implant has to be completed not only from the mechanics point of view, but also from a biological approach. Suitable strength, resilience and stress distribution of titanium alloy implants are spoiled by the lack of optimal biological characteristics. The inert quality of extra low interstitial titanium alloy, which make it the most attractive metallic alloy for biomedical applications, oppose to an ideal surface with bone cell affinity, and capable to stimulate bone attachment bone growth. Diverse laser treatments have been proven as effective tools to modify surface properties, such as wettability in contact to physiological fluids, or osteoblast guided and slightly enhanced attachment. The laser surface cladding can go beyond by providing titanium alloy surfaces with osteoconduction and osteoinduction properties. In this research work, the laser radiation is used to produce bioactive glass coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy substrates. Specific silicate bioactive glass compositions has been investigated to achieve suitable surface tension and viscosity temperature behavior during processing, and to provide with the required release of bone growth gene up regulation agents in the course of resorption mediated by physiological fluids. The produced coatings and interfaces, the surface osteoconduction properties, and the chemical species release in simulated physiological fluid were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hot stage microscopy (HSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).","PeriodicalId":135913,"journal":{"name":"Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122509415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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