The cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155) is highly expressed on tumor cells and augments or inhibits the cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells and T cells through its receptor ligands DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), respectively. Although CD155 is heavily glycosylated, the role of glycosylation of CD155 in the cytotoxic activity of effector lymphocytes remains unknown. Here, we show that the N-linked glycosylation at residue 105 (N105 glycosylation) in the first Ig-like domain of CD155 is involved in the binding of CD155 to both DNAM-1 and TIGIT. The N105 glycosylation also plays an essential role to induce signaling in both DNAM-1 and TIGIT reporter cells. Moreover, we show that the N105 glycosylation of CD155 contributes preferentially to the DNAM-1-mediated activating signal over the TIGIT-mediated inhibitory signal in NK cells. Our results demonstrated the important role of the N105 glycosylation of CD155 in DNAM-1 and TIGIT functions and shed new light on the understanding of tumor immune responses.
{"title":"Essential role of CD155 glycosylation in functional binding to DNAM-1 on natural killer cells.","authors":"Saeko Tahara, Genki Okumura, Tomohei Matsuo, Akira Shibuya, Kazuko Shibuya","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155) is highly expressed on tumor cells and augments or inhibits the cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells and T cells through its receptor ligands DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT), respectively. Although CD155 is heavily glycosylated, the role of glycosylation of CD155 in the cytotoxic activity of effector lymphocytes remains unknown. Here, we show that the N-linked glycosylation at residue 105 (N105 glycosylation) in the first Ig-like domain of CD155 is involved in the binding of CD155 to both DNAM-1 and TIGIT. The N105 glycosylation also plays an essential role to induce signaling in both DNAM-1 and TIGIT reporter cells. Moreover, we show that the N105 glycosylation of CD155 contributes preferentially to the DNAM-1-mediated activating signal over the TIGIT-mediated inhibitory signal in NK cells. Our results demonstrated the important role of the N105 glycosylation of CD155 in DNAM-1 and TIGIT functions and shed new light on the understanding of tumor immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"317-325"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139642082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) is critical for immune surveillance. However, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) can occur due to excessive immune responses in the PLN. Here we show that 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (6-sulfo sLex) glycans on high endothelial venules that function as ligands for l-selectin on lymphocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 double-knockout mice lacking the expression of 6-sulfo sLeX glycans, the EAE symptoms and the numbers of effector Th1 and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) and spinal cords (SC) were significantly reduced. To determine whether 6-sulfo sLeX could serve as a target for MS, we also examined the effects of anti-glycan monoclonal antibody (mAb) SF1 against 6-sulfo sLeX in EAE. Administration of mAb SF1 significantly reduced EAE symptoms and the numbers of antigen-specific effector T cells in the dLN and SC in association with suppression of critical genes including Il17a and Il17f that are involved in the pathogenesis of EAE. Taken together, these results suggest that 6-sulfo sLeX glycan would serve as a novel target for MS.
淋巴细胞归巢到外周淋巴结(PLN)对于免疫监视至关重要。然而,多发性硬化症(MS)等自身免疫性疾病的发生可能是由于外周淋巴结的过度免疫反应。我们在这里发现,内皮高位静脉上的 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X(6-sulfo sLex)聚糖是淋巴细胞上 L 选择素的配体,在多发性硬化症的动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的发病机制中起着关键作用。在缺乏6-sulfo sLeX聚糖表达的N-乙酰葡糖胺-6-O-磺基转移酶(GlcNAc6ST)-1和GlcNAc6ST-2双基因敲除小鼠中,EAE症状以及引流淋巴结(dLN)和脊髓(SC)中Th1和Th17效应细胞的数量明显减少。为了确定 6-sulfo sLeX 是否可作为多发性硬化症的靶点,我们还研究了抗糖单克隆抗体(mAb)SF1 对 6-sulfo sLeX 在 EAE 中的作用。给予 mAb SF1 能明显减轻 EAE 症状,减少 dLN 和 SC 中抗原特异性效应 T 细胞的数量,同时抑制参与 EAE 发病机制的关键基因(包括 Il17a 和 Il17f)。综上所述,这些结果表明 6-sulfo sLeX 聚糖可作为治疗多发性硬化症的新靶点。
{"title":"Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X glycans involved in lymphocyte homing.","authors":"Qianqian Liu, Wei Xiong, Sachiyo Obara, Hirohito Abo, Hiroko Nakatsukasa, Hiroto Kawashima","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) is critical for immune surveillance. However, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) can occur due to excessive immune responses in the PLN. Here we show that 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (6-sulfo sLex) glycans on high endothelial venules that function as ligands for l-selectin on lymphocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 double-knockout mice lacking the expression of 6-sulfo sLeX glycans, the EAE symptoms and the numbers of effector Th1 and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) and spinal cords (SC) were significantly reduced. To determine whether 6-sulfo sLeX could serve as a target for MS, we also examined the effects of anti-glycan monoclonal antibody (mAb) SF1 against 6-sulfo sLeX in EAE. Administration of mAb SF1 significantly reduced EAE symptoms and the numbers of antigen-specific effector T cells in the dLN and SC in association with suppression of critical genes including Il17a and Il17f that are involved in the pathogenesis of EAE. Taken together, these results suggest that 6-sulfo sLeX glycan would serve as a novel target for MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"303-316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139931040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous observational and experimental studies have suggested a relationship between statin treatments and the augmentation of immunotherapy effects; however, the causal role of statin usage in promoting antitumor immunity remains largely unexplored. Utilizing large-scale genome-wide association studies, we conducted a Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to examine the association between genetically proxied inhibition of the gene for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), a specific target of statins, and 524 immunotherapy-related profiles, encompassing immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, immune checkpoints, and gut microbiota. Our findings indicated a suggestive association between statin therapy and proinflammatory as well as antitumor effects; notably, inhibition of HMGCR demonstrated a robust link with increased susceptibility of various immune cell types, including basophil cells, white blood cells, eosinophil cells, neutrophil cells, activated CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells; furthermore, a causal relationship was observed between statin use and a decrease in terminal CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells; genetically proxied statin usage was also significantly associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and immunotherapy-related gut microbiota; importantly, the potential inhibition of HMGCR in influencing the response to immunotherapy was confirmed in the real-world cohorts. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory role of HMGCR inhibition in antitumor immunity, suggesting that strategies targeting HMGCR or lipid regulation may hold therapeutic potential for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
背景:以往的观察性和实验性研究表明,他汀类药物治疗与增强免疫治疗效果之间存在关系;然而,他汀类药物的使用在促进抗肿瘤免疫方面的因果作用在很大程度上仍未得到探讨。方法:利用大规模全基因组关联研究,我们进行了孟德尔随机化(MR)分析,研究他汀类药物的特异性靶点--3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)的基因代理抑制与524个免疫疗法相关特征(包括免疫细胞、炎症细胞因子、免疫检查点和肠道微生物群)之间的关联。结果我们的研究结果表明,他汀类药物治疗与促炎症和抗肿瘤作用之间存在提示性关联;特别是,抑制 HMGCR 与各种免疫细胞类型(包括嗜碱性粒细胞、白细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、活化的 CD8+ T 细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞)的易感性增加有密切联系;此外,还观察到他汀类药物的使用与终末 CD8+ T 细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞和髓源性抑制细胞的减少之间存在因果关系;基因替代他汀类药物的使用还与促炎细胞因子和免疫疗法相关肠道微生物群水平的升高显著相关;重要的是,HMGCR 在影响免疫疗法反应方面的潜在抑制作用在真实世界队列中得到了证实。结论:这项研究为HMGCR抑制在抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用提供了新的见解,表明针对HMGCR或脂质调节的策略可能具有提高免疫疗法疗效的治疗潜力。
{"title":"Causal modulation of lipid metabolism may shape the inflammatory microenvironment and potentially augment immunotherapy: a comprehensive genetic landscape revealed by Mendelian randomization analysis.","authors":"Wenjie Li, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous observational and experimental studies have suggested a relationship between statin treatments and the augmentation of immunotherapy effects; however, the causal role of statin usage in promoting antitumor immunity remains largely unexplored. Utilizing large-scale genome-wide association studies, we conducted a Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to examine the association between genetically proxied inhibition of the gene for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), a specific target of statins, and 524 immunotherapy-related profiles, encompassing immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, immune checkpoints, and gut microbiota. Our findings indicated a suggestive association between statin therapy and proinflammatory as well as antitumor effects; notably, inhibition of HMGCR demonstrated a robust link with increased susceptibility of various immune cell types, including basophil cells, white blood cells, eosinophil cells, neutrophil cells, activated CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells; furthermore, a causal relationship was observed between statin use and a decrease in terminal CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells; genetically proxied statin usage was also significantly associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and immunotherapy-related gut microbiota; importantly, the potential inhibition of HMGCR in influencing the response to immunotherapy was confirmed in the real-world cohorts. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory role of HMGCR inhibition in antitumor immunity, suggesting that strategies targeting HMGCR or lipid regulation may hold therapeutic potential for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"291-302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140049409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an immunotherapeutic approach that involves isolating T cells from a patient, culturing them ex vivo, then reinfusing the cells back into the patient. Although this strategy has shown remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies, the solid-tumour microenvironment (TME) has presented serious challenges for therapy efficacy. Particularly, the TME has immunosuppressive signalling and presents a metabolically challenging environment that leads to T-cell suppression. T-cell metabolism is an expanding field of research with a focus on understanding its inherent link to T-cell function. Here, we review the current model of T-cell metabolism from naïve cells through effector and memory life stages, as well as updates to the model from recent literature. These models of metabolism have provided us with the tools and understanding to explore T-cell metabolic and mitochondrial insufficiency in the TME. We discuss manipulations that can be made to these mitochondrial and metabolic pathways to enhance the persistence of infused T cells, overcome the metabolically challenging TME and improve the efficacy of therapy in ACT models. Further understanding and investigation of the impact of metabolic pathways on T-cell performance could contribute to improving therapy efficacy for patients.
适应性细胞疗法(ACT)是一种免疫治疗方法,包括从患者体内分离出 T 细胞,对其进行体外培养,然后再将细胞回输到患者体内。虽然这种策略在血液恶性肿瘤中显示出显著疗效,但实体瘤微环境(TME)对疗效提出了严峻挑战。尤其是,实体瘤微环境具有免疫抑制信号传导作用,并提供了一个具有挑战性的代谢环境,从而导致 T 细胞抑制。T 细胞新陈代谢是一个不断扩展的研究领域,重点是了解其与 T 细胞功能的内在联系。在此,我们回顾了目前从幼稚细胞到效应细胞和记忆细胞生命阶段的 T 细胞代谢模型,以及近期文献对该模型的更新。这些新陈代谢模型为我们提供了探索 TME 中 T 细胞新陈代谢和线粒体不足的工具和认识。我们讨论了可以对这些线粒体和代谢途径进行的操作,以提高输注 T 细胞的持久性、克服代谢挑战性 TME 并改善 ACT 模型的疗效。进一步了解和研究代谢途径对 T 细胞性能的影响有助于提高患者的疗效。
{"title":"Reprogramming T-cell metabolism to enhance adoptive cell therapies.","authors":"Meghan Kates, Samuel D Saibil","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an immunotherapeutic approach that involves isolating T cells from a patient, culturing them ex vivo, then reinfusing the cells back into the patient. Although this strategy has shown remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies, the solid-tumour microenvironment (TME) has presented serious challenges for therapy efficacy. Particularly, the TME has immunosuppressive signalling and presents a metabolically challenging environment that leads to T-cell suppression. T-cell metabolism is an expanding field of research with a focus on understanding its inherent link to T-cell function. Here, we review the current model of T-cell metabolism from naïve cells through effector and memory life stages, as well as updates to the model from recent literature. These models of metabolism have provided us with the tools and understanding to explore T-cell metabolic and mitochondrial insufficiency in the TME. We discuss manipulations that can be made to these mitochondrial and metabolic pathways to enhance the persistence of infused T cells, overcome the metabolically challenging TME and improve the efficacy of therapy in ACT models. Further understanding and investigation of the impact of metabolic pathways on T-cell performance could contribute to improving therapy efficacy for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"261-278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139746610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors, which detect a broad spectrum of ligands via small carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). CLEC12A is an inhibitory CLR that recognizes crystalline structures such as monosodium urate crystals. CLEC12A also recognizes mycolic acid, a major component of mycobacterial cell walls, and suppresses host immune responses. Although CLEC12A could be a therapeutic target for mycobacterial infection, structural information on CLEC12A was not available. We report here the crystal structures of human CLEC12A (hCLEC12A) in ligand-free form and in complex with 50C1, its inhibitory antibody. 50C1 recognizes human-specific residues on the top face of hCLEC12A CRD. A comprehensive alanine scan demonstrated that the ligand-binding sites of mycolic acid and monosodium urate crystals may overlap with each other, suggesting that CLEC12A utilizes a common interface to recognize different types of ligands. Our results provide atomic insights into the blocking and ligand-recognition mechanisms of CLEC12A and leads to the design of CLR-specific inhibitors.
{"title":"Crystal structure of the complex of CLEC12A and an antibody that interferes with binding of diverse ligands.","authors":"Shotaro Mori, Masamichi Nagae, Sho Yamasaki","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors, which detect a broad spectrum of ligands via small carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). CLEC12A is an inhibitory CLR that recognizes crystalline structures such as monosodium urate crystals. CLEC12A also recognizes mycolic acid, a major component of mycobacterial cell walls, and suppresses host immune responses. Although CLEC12A could be a therapeutic target for mycobacterial infection, structural information on CLEC12A was not available. We report here the crystal structures of human CLEC12A (hCLEC12A) in ligand-free form and in complex with 50C1, its inhibitory antibody. 50C1 recognizes human-specific residues on the top face of hCLEC12A CRD. A comprehensive alanine scan demonstrated that the ligand-binding sites of mycolic acid and monosodium urate crystals may overlap with each other, suggesting that CLEC12A utilizes a common interface to recognize different types of ligands. Our results provide atomic insights into the blocking and ligand-recognition mechanisms of CLEC12A and leads to the design of CLR-specific inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139931039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yagiz Pat, Duygu Yazici, Paolo D'Avino, Manru Li, Sena Ardicli, Ozge Ardicli, Yasutaka Mitamura, Mübeccel Akdis, Raja Dhir, Kari Nadeau, Ioana Agache, Ismail Ogulur, Cezmi A Akdis
The epithelial barrier theory links the recent rise in chronic non-communicable diseases, notably autoimmune and allergic disorders, to environmental agents disrupting the epithelial barrier. Global pollution and environmental toxic agent exposure have worsened over six decades because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization, affecting human health. Introducing new chemicals without any reasonable control of their health effects through these years has led to documented adverse effects, especially on the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers. These substances, such as particulate matter, detergents, surfactants, food emulsifiers, micro- and nano-plastics, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and ozone, have been shown to compromise the epithelial barrier integrity. This disruption is linked to the opening of the tight-junction barriers, inflammation, cell death, oxidative stress, and metabolic regulation. Consideration must be given to the interplay of toxic substances, underlying inflammatory diseases, and medications, especially in affected tissues. This review article discusses the detrimental effect of environmental barrier-damaging compounds on human health and involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.
{"title":"Recent advances in the epithelial barrier theory.","authors":"Yagiz Pat, Duygu Yazici, Paolo D'Avino, Manru Li, Sena Ardicli, Ozge Ardicli, Yasutaka Mitamura, Mübeccel Akdis, Raja Dhir, Kari Nadeau, Ioana Agache, Ismail Ogulur, Cezmi A Akdis","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epithelial barrier theory links the recent rise in chronic non-communicable diseases, notably autoimmune and allergic disorders, to environmental agents disrupting the epithelial barrier. Global pollution and environmental toxic agent exposure have worsened over six decades because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization, affecting human health. Introducing new chemicals without any reasonable control of their health effects through these years has led to documented adverse effects, especially on the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers. These substances, such as particulate matter, detergents, surfactants, food emulsifiers, micro- and nano-plastics, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and ozone, have been shown to compromise the epithelial barrier integrity. This disruption is linked to the opening of the tight-junction barriers, inflammation, cell death, oxidative stress, and metabolic regulation. Consideration must be given to the interplay of toxic substances, underlying inflammatory diseases, and medications, especially in affected tissues. This review article discusses the detrimental effect of environmental barrier-damaging compounds on human health and involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"211-222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10989673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139477727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan parasite of the Apicomplexa family that affects approximately 30% of the world's population. Symptoms are usually mild in immunocompetent hosts, but it can pose significant health risks to immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. Current treatment options are limited, and new therapies and vaccines are needed. The innate immune system is the first to recognize T. gondii infection and activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to promote acquired immunity. The IL-12/IFN-γ axis is particularly important, and when this pathway is inhibited, infection becomes uncontrolled and lethal. In mice, receptors such as Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11), TLR12, and chemokine receptors are involved in T. gondii recognition and the modulation of immune responses. In humans, where TLR11 and TLR12 are absent, other mechanisms have been reported as the innate immune sensing system in T. gondii infection. Immune cells activated in response to infection produce interleukin (IL)-12, which stimulates the proliferation of natural killer cells and T cells and promotes the production of interferon (IFN)-γ. Several IFN-γ-induced anti-T. gondii defense mechanisms inhibit parasite growth. These include nitric oxide (NO) production, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and the destruction of parasitophorous vacuoles by IFN-γ-inducible immunity related GTPase groups (IRGs and GBPs). Recent studies focusing on the diversity of IRGs in rodents and effector molecules in T. gondii suggest that host immune mechanisms and pathogen immune evasion mechanisms have co-evolved. Furthermore, it has been suggested that cysts are not simply dormant during chronic infection. This review summarizes recent findings on anti-T. gondii innate, adaptive, and cell-autonomous immune responses.
{"title":"The role of IFN-γ-mediated host immune responses in monitoring and the elimination of Toxoplasma gondii infection.","authors":"Fumiaki Ihara, Masahiro Yamamoto","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan parasite of the Apicomplexa family that affects approximately 30% of the world's population. Symptoms are usually mild in immunocompetent hosts, but it can pose significant health risks to immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. Current treatment options are limited, and new therapies and vaccines are needed. The innate immune system is the first to recognize T. gondii infection and activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to promote acquired immunity. The IL-12/IFN-γ axis is particularly important, and when this pathway is inhibited, infection becomes uncontrolled and lethal. In mice, receptors such as Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11), TLR12, and chemokine receptors are involved in T. gondii recognition and the modulation of immune responses. In humans, where TLR11 and TLR12 are absent, other mechanisms have been reported as the innate immune sensing system in T. gondii infection. Immune cells activated in response to infection produce interleukin (IL)-12, which stimulates the proliferation of natural killer cells and T cells and promotes the production of interferon (IFN)-γ. Several IFN-γ-induced anti-T. gondii defense mechanisms inhibit parasite growth. These include nitric oxide (NO) production, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and the destruction of parasitophorous vacuoles by IFN-γ-inducible immunity related GTPase groups (IRGs and GBPs). Recent studies focusing on the diversity of IRGs in rodents and effector molecules in T. gondii suggest that host immune mechanisms and pathogen immune evasion mechanisms have co-evolved. Furthermore, it has been suggested that cysts are not simply dormant during chronic infection. This review summarizes recent findings on anti-T. gondii innate, adaptive, and cell-autonomous immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"199-210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10989675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139086749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier function. Although multiple studies have demonstrated the significance of dietary factors on the gut microbiota and mucosal barrier function, the impact of a purified diet, which has long been used in various animal experiments, on intestinal homeostasis remains to be elucidated. Here, we compared the impact of two different types of diets, a crude diet and an AIN-93G-formula purified diet, on epithelial integrity and the gut microbiota. Purified diet-fed mice exhibited shorter villi and crypt lengths and slower epithelial turnover, particularly in the ileum. In addition, antimicrobial products, including REG3γ, were substantially decreased in purified diet-fed mice. Purified diet feeding also suppressed α1,2-fucosylation on the epithelial surface. Furthermore, the purified diet induced metabolic rewiring to fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the ileal contents and mucus layer revealed distinct gut microbiota compositions between the purified and crude diet-fed mice. Purified diet feeding reduced the abundance of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), which potently upregulate REG3γ and fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2) by stimulating group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) to produce IL-22. These observations illustrate that the intake of a crude diet secures epithelial barrier function by facilitating SFB colonization, whereas a purified diet insufficiently establishes the epithelial barrier, at least partly owing to the loss of SFB. Our data suggest that the influence of purified diets on the epithelial barrier integrity should be considered in experiments using purified diets.
{"title":"A purified diet affects intestinal epithelial proliferation and barrier functions through gut microbial alterations.","authors":"Hiroaki Shiratori, Kisara M Hattori, Kazuaki Nakata, Takuma Okawa, Seiga Komiyama, Yusuke Kinashi, Yuma Kabumoto, Yuria Kaneko, Motoyoshi Nagai, Tomoko Shindo, Nobuko Moritoki, Yuki I Kawamura, Taeko Dohi, Daisuke Takahashi, Shunsuke Kimura, Koji Hase","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxae003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxae003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier function. Although multiple studies have demonstrated the significance of dietary factors on the gut microbiota and mucosal barrier function, the impact of a purified diet, which has long been used in various animal experiments, on intestinal homeostasis remains to be elucidated. Here, we compared the impact of two different types of diets, a crude diet and an AIN-93G-formula purified diet, on epithelial integrity and the gut microbiota. Purified diet-fed mice exhibited shorter villi and crypt lengths and slower epithelial turnover, particularly in the ileum. In addition, antimicrobial products, including REG3γ, were substantially decreased in purified diet-fed mice. Purified diet feeding also suppressed α1,2-fucosylation on the epithelial surface. Furthermore, the purified diet induced metabolic rewiring to fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the ileal contents and mucus layer revealed distinct gut microbiota compositions between the purified and crude diet-fed mice. Purified diet feeding reduced the abundance of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), which potently upregulate REG3γ and fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2) by stimulating group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) to produce IL-22. These observations illustrate that the intake of a crude diet secures epithelial barrier function by facilitating SFB colonization, whereas a purified diet insufficiently establishes the epithelial barrier, at least partly owing to the loss of SFB. Our data suggest that the influence of purified diets on the epithelial barrier integrity should be considered in experiments using purified diets.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"223-240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10989658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Although IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells are thought to be one of the exacerbating factors in MS, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is incompletely understood. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) deficient T cells exhibited enhanced Th17 cell differentiation, however, the physiological relevance of TRAF6 in T cells remains unknown. Here, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in T cell-specific TRAF6 deficient (TRAF6ΔT) mice to investigate the role of TRAF6 in T cells during the course of MS using an EAE model. Although Th17 cell differentiation was enhanced in TRAF6ΔT mice, mutant mice were resistant to EAE. In contrast, TRAF6 loss did not affect regulatory T-cell differentiation. Consistent with the severity of EAE, a small number of infiltrating T cells and a small area of demyelination were observed in the CNS of TRAF6ΔT mice. Moreover, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced IL-17 production in TRAF6-deficient T cells was significantly suppressed. We further confirmed lower levels of CD69 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in Th17 cells of TRAF6ΔT mice than in wild-type mice. In contrast, the expression of IL-10 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 in T cells was significantly elevated in the absence of TRAF6 because of enhanced T-cell receptor signaling. Collectively, TRAF6 signaling in T cells contributes to the pathogenesis of EAE by regulating the pathogenicity and autoantigen reactivity of Th17 cells.
多发性硬化症(MS)是一种影响中枢神经系统(CNS)的无法治愈的慢性自身免疫性疾病。尽管产生IL-17的辅助T细胞(Th17)被认为是多发性硬化症的恶化因素之一,但其潜在的致病机制仍不完全清楚。TNF受体相关因子6(TRAF6)缺陷的T细胞表现出Th17细胞分化增强,然而,TRAF6在T细胞中的生理相关性仍然未知。在这里,我们用T细胞特异性TRAF6缺陷(TRAF6ΔT)小鼠诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE),利用EAE模型研究TRAF6在多发性硬化症病程中对T细胞的作用。虽然THAF6ΔT小鼠的Th17细胞分化增强,但突变小鼠对EAE有抵抗力。相反,TRAF6 的缺失并不影响调节性 T 细胞的分化。与 EAE 的严重程度一致,在 TRAF6ΔT 小鼠的中枢神经系统中观察到少量浸润性 T 细胞和小面积脱髓鞘。此外,TRAF6缺陷T细胞中髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白诱导的IL-17生成明显受到抑制。我们进一步证实,与野生型小鼠相比,TRAF6ΔT 小鼠 Th17 细胞中 CD69 和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的水平较低。相反,在 TRAF6 缺失的情况下,由于 T 细胞受体信号的增强,T 细胞中 IL-10 和细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4 的表达明显升高。总之,T细胞中的TRAF6信号通过调节Th17细胞的致病性和自身抗原反应性,有助于EAE的发病机制。
{"title":"TRAF6 signaling in T cells is crucial for the pathogenicity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.","authors":"Naganori Kamiyama, Benjawan Saechue, Nozomi Sachi, Astri Dewayani, Thanyakorn Chalalai, Sotaro Ozaka, Shimpei Ariki, Yasuhiro Soga, Yomei Kagoshima, Supanuch Ekronarongchai, Shinya Hidano, Takashi Kobayashi","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxad055","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxad055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Although IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells are thought to be one of the exacerbating factors in MS, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is incompletely understood. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) deficient T cells exhibited enhanced Th17 cell differentiation, however, the physiological relevance of TRAF6 in T cells remains unknown. Here, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in T cell-specific TRAF6 deficient (TRAF6ΔT) mice to investigate the role of TRAF6 in T cells during the course of MS using an EAE model. Although Th17 cell differentiation was enhanced in TRAF6ΔT mice, mutant mice were resistant to EAE. In contrast, TRAF6 loss did not affect regulatory T-cell differentiation. Consistent with the severity of EAE, a small number of infiltrating T cells and a small area of demyelination were observed in the CNS of TRAF6ΔT mice. Moreover, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced IL-17 production in TRAF6-deficient T cells was significantly suppressed. We further confirmed lower levels of CD69 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in Th17 cells of TRAF6ΔT mice than in wild-type mice. In contrast, the expression of IL-10 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 in T cells was significantly elevated in the absence of TRAF6 because of enhanced T-cell receptor signaling. Collectively, TRAF6 signaling in T cells contributes to the pathogenesis of EAE by regulating the pathogenicity and autoantigen reactivity of Th17 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"241-256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139048715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disorder of the large intestine with inflammation and ulceration. The incidence and prevalence of UC have been rapidly increasing worldwide, but its etiology remains unknown. In patients with UC, the accumulation of eosinophils in the large intestinal mucosa is associated with increased disease activity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the promotion of intestinal eosinophilia in patients with UC remains poorly understood. Here, we show that uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose mediates the eosinophil-dependent promotion of colonic inflammation via the purinergic receptor P2Y14. The expression of P2RY14 mRNA was upregulated in the large intestinal mucosa of patients with UC. The P2Y14 receptor ligand UDP-glucose was increased in the large intestinal tissue of mice administered dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In addition, P2ry14 deficiency and P2Y14 receptor blockade mitigated DSS-induced colitis. Among the large intestinal immune cells and epithelial cells, eosinophils highly expressed P2ry14 mRNA. P2ry14-/- mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow eosinophils developed more severe DSS-induced colitis compared with P2ry14-/- mice that received P2ry14-deficient eosinophils. UDP-glucose prolonged the lifespan of eosinophils and promoted gene transcription in the cells through P2Y14 receptor-mediated activation of ERK1/2 signaling. Thus, the UDP-glucose/P2Y14 receptor axis aggravates large intestinal inflammation by accelerating the accumulation and activation of eosinophils.
{"title":"The UDP-glucose/P2Y14 receptor axis promotes eosinophil-dependent large intestinal inflammation.","authors":"Li Liu, Takayoshi Ito, Bo Li, Haruka Tani, Daisuke Okuzaki, Daisuke Motooka, Hazuki Miyazaki, Takayuki Ogino, Shota Nakamura, Kiyoshi Takeda, Hisako Kayama","doi":"10.1093/intimm/dxad050","DOIUrl":"10.1093/intimm/dxad050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disorder of the large intestine with inflammation and ulceration. The incidence and prevalence of UC have been rapidly increasing worldwide, but its etiology remains unknown. In patients with UC, the accumulation of eosinophils in the large intestinal mucosa is associated with increased disease activity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the promotion of intestinal eosinophilia in patients with UC remains poorly understood. Here, we show that uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose mediates the eosinophil-dependent promotion of colonic inflammation via the purinergic receptor P2Y14. The expression of P2RY14 mRNA was upregulated in the large intestinal mucosa of patients with UC. The P2Y14 receptor ligand UDP-glucose was increased in the large intestinal tissue of mice administered dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In addition, P2ry14 deficiency and P2Y14 receptor blockade mitigated DSS-induced colitis. Among the large intestinal immune cells and epithelial cells, eosinophils highly expressed P2ry14 mRNA. P2ry14-/- mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow eosinophils developed more severe DSS-induced colitis compared with P2ry14-/- mice that received P2ry14-deficient eosinophils. UDP-glucose prolonged the lifespan of eosinophils and promoted gene transcription in the cells through P2Y14 receptor-mediated activation of ERK1/2 signaling. Thus, the UDP-glucose/P2Y14 receptor axis aggravates large intestinal inflammation by accelerating the accumulation and activation of eosinophils.</p>","PeriodicalId":13743,"journal":{"name":"International immunology","volume":" ","pages":"155-166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}