Bijan Fallah, Iulii Didovets, Masoud Rostami, Mehdi Hamidi
Central Asia (CA) is among the world's most vulnerable regions to climate change. Increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations (GHGs) are the primary forcing of the current and future climate system for the time scale of a century. By analysing observation datasets, we show that a warming of 1.2°C led to a decrease of 20% in snow-depth CA during the last 70 years, especially over the mountains. In recent decades, longer summer times and fewer icing days (more than 20 days·year−1) have exposed unprecedented shock to CA's climate system's components. Furthermore, we analyse 442 model simulations from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5, CMIP6) and show that CMIP6 simulations are generally warmer and wetter than the CMIP5 ones in CA. For instance, under the highest emission scenarios (RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5), CMIP6 projects a 6.1°C increase, while CMIP5 projects a 5.3°C increase, suggesting CMIP6 anticipates greater warming with high emissions. In contrast to CMIP6, the CMIP5 precipitation trends suggest a potential nonlinear relationship between increased greenhouse gas emissions and changes in precipitation, though the impact is much less pronounced than the temperature changes. Our analysis shows that CMIP6 models are more sensitive to temperature rise than CMIP5 ones. Both simulation sets' ensemble means capture well the observed warming trend. The imposed snow-melting leads to an increase in the run-off in the vicinity of glaciers. Such climatic shifts lead to more flooding events in CA. Given the projected warming range of 2–6°C in CA at the end of the century in various scenarios and models, such warming trends might be catastrophic in this region. The seasonal cycle of the temperature change indicates an extension of the glacier's melting period under future scenarios with fossil-fueled development. The models' uncertainty increases for the far-future time-slice, and warming larger than 4°C in CA is very likely among all the models and during all the seasons if no sustainable action is taken. This study also incorporates a detailed Köppen climate classification analysis, revealing significant shifts towards warmer climate categories in Central Asia, which may have profound implications for regional hydrological cycles and water resource management, particularly in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins under warmer scenario by the end of the century. The Tundra and ice cap climate categories will lose more than 60% of their coverage at the end of the century compared to the historical period in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on Central Asia: Trends, extremes and future projections","authors":"Bijan Fallah, Iulii Didovets, Masoud Rostami, Mehdi Hamidi","doi":"10.1002/joc.8519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Central Asia (CA) is among the world's most vulnerable regions to climate change. Increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations (GHGs) are the primary forcing of the current and future climate system for the time scale of a century. By analysing observation datasets, we show that a warming of 1.2°C led to a decrease of 20% in snow-depth CA during the last 70 years, especially over the mountains. In recent decades, longer summer times and fewer icing days (more than 20 days·year<sup>−1</sup>) have exposed unprecedented shock to CA's climate system's components. Furthermore, we analyse 442 model simulations from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5, CMIP6) and show that CMIP6 simulations are generally warmer and wetter than the CMIP5 ones in CA. For instance, under the highest emission scenarios (RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5), CMIP6 projects a 6.1°C increase, while CMIP5 projects a 5.3°C increase, suggesting CMIP6 anticipates greater warming with high emissions. In contrast to CMIP6, the CMIP5 precipitation trends suggest a potential nonlinear relationship between increased greenhouse gas emissions and changes in precipitation, though the impact is much less pronounced than the temperature changes. Our analysis shows that CMIP6 models are more sensitive to temperature rise than CMIP5 ones. Both simulation sets' ensemble means capture well the observed warming trend. The imposed snow-melting leads to an increase in the run-off in the vicinity of glaciers. Such climatic shifts lead to more flooding events in CA. Given the projected warming range of 2–6°C in CA at the end of the century in various scenarios and models, such warming trends might be catastrophic in this region. The seasonal cycle of the temperature change indicates an extension of the glacier's melting period under future scenarios with fossil-fueled development. The models' uncertainty increases for the far-future time-slice, and warming larger than 4°C in CA is <i>very likely</i> among all the models and during all the seasons if no sustainable action is taken. This study also incorporates a detailed Köppen climate classification analysis, revealing significant shifts towards warmer climate categories in Central Asia, which may have profound implications for regional hydrological cycles and water resource management, particularly in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins under warmer scenario by the end of the century. The Tundra and ice cap climate categories will lose more than 60% of their coverage at the end of the century compared to the historical period in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on three large ensemble (LE) historical simulations, this study explored the contribution of low-frequency internal variability (IV) modes to global mean sea surface temperature anomaly (GmSST) during 1920–2010. The dominant contributions of low-frequency IV modes to GmSST in the three large ensembles are quite different. The low-frequency IV modes in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (i.e., IPO and IOBW) dominate the low-frequency GmSST signal for the CESM2 and MPI LEs (the ensemble median contribution value reaches 70%–80%), while the low-frequency IV modes in the North Atlantic dominate for the FGOALS-g3 LE (contribute more than 50%). CESM2 LE and MPI LE can reasonably reproduce the impact of low-frequency modes in the Indo-Pacific ocean as observed, but FGOALS-g3 LE underestimates this impact and overestimates the extratropical impact (on GmSST) of the North Atlantic. After removing the external forcing, it still retains the excessive signs in low-frequency IV modes in FGOALS-g3 LE over the North Atlantic. Furthermore, we used a pattern adjustment approach to revise the surplus effect in the North Atlantic. After revision, the contribution of decadal IVs in the North Atlantic to GmSST is reduced by 30%. Meanwhile, the tropical contribution in the Indo-Pacific Ocean is increased and that is closer to the observed one. This approach can be employed to revise the weak or strong IV signals in other regions or LEs, which is meaningful for reducing the uncertainty of IV signals.
本研究基于三个大型集合(LE)历史模拟,探讨了 1920-2010 年间低频内部变率(IV)模式对全球平均海面温度异常(GmSST)的贡献。在三个大型集合中,低频 IV 模式对 GmSST 的主要贡献截然不同。印度-太平洋低频 IV 模式(即 IPO 和 IOBW)在 CESM2 和 MPI 低频序列的低频 GmSST 信号中占主导地位(序列贡献中值达到 70%-80%),而北大西洋低频 IV 模式在 FGOALS-g3 低频序列中占主导地位(贡献超过 50%)。CESM2 LE 和 MPI LE 可以合理地再现观测到的印度洋-太平洋低频模式的影响,但 FGOALS-g3 LE 低估了这种影响,并高估了北大西洋的外热带影响(对 GmSST 的影响)。在去除外部强迫后,它仍然保留了 FGOALS-g3 LE 在北大西洋上空低频 IV 模式的过度迹象。此外,我们使用模式调整方法修正了北大西洋的盈余效应。修正后,北大西洋十年期 IV 对 GmSST 的贡献减少了 30%。同时,印度洋-太平洋的热带贡献增加,更接近观测值。这种方法可用于订正其他区域或 LE 的弱或强 IV 信号,这对减少 IV 信号的不确定性很有意义。
{"title":"Exploring the contribution of low-frequency internal variability modes to global mean sea surface temperature variability based on large ensembles","authors":"Lu Yang, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Bowen Zhao","doi":"10.1002/joc.8515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on three large ensemble (LE) historical simulations, this study explored the contribution of low-frequency internal variability (IV) modes to global mean sea surface temperature anomaly (GmSST) during 1920–2010. The dominant contributions of low-frequency IV modes to GmSST in the three large ensembles are quite different. The low-frequency IV modes in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (i.e., IPO and IOBW) dominate the low-frequency GmSST signal for the CESM2 and MPI LEs (the ensemble median contribution value reaches 70%–80%), while the low-frequency IV modes in the North Atlantic dominate for the FGOALS-g3 LE (contribute more than 50%). CESM2 LE and MPI LE can reasonably reproduce the impact of low-frequency modes in the Indo-Pacific ocean as observed, but FGOALS-g3 LE underestimates this impact and overestimates the extratropical impact (on GmSST) of the North Atlantic. After removing the external forcing, it still retains the excessive signs in low-frequency IV modes in FGOALS-g3 LE over the North Atlantic. Furthermore, we used a pattern adjustment approach to revise the surplus effect in the North Atlantic. After revision, the contribution of decadal IVs in the North Atlantic to GmSST is reduced by 30%. Meanwhile, the tropical contribution in the Indo-Pacific Ocean is increased and that is closer to the observed one. This approach can be employed to revise the weak or strong IV signals in other regions or LEs, which is meaningful for reducing the uncertainty of IV signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Antunes Custódio da Costa, Rita Valéria Andreoli, Mary Toshie Kayano, Itamara Parente de Souza, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, Wilmar L. Cerón
The precipitation trend patterns in South America (SA) are determined using trend empirical orthogonal function analysis for the 1951–2016 period. The associated large-scale tropical and extratropical anomalous circulation patterns are also examined. The words “total” and “residual” refer to the monthly anomalies and monthly anomalies without the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects, respectively. The total precipitation features a positive trend in southeastern SA (SESA, southern Brazil, Uruguay, most of eastern Argentina) and northern Chile, and a negative trend over central-eastern Brazil and central Amazonia. The residual precipitation shows an increased positive trend over most of the coastal extension of northern SA and Colombia; a weak positive trend over southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and northern Chile; and a negative trend over central-eastern SA and western Amazonia. The differences between the total and residual precipitation trend patterns in tropical SA is explained as responses to total and residual zonally asymmetric anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, respectively. The total SST pattern along the equatorial Pacific configures the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which impacts ENSO variability and as response intensifies the Walker circulation. Without the ENSO, the Walker cell is mainly driven by the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans, which configure residual asymmetric anomalous warming. Furthermore, the warming in the equatorial Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans, in the presence of ENSO, induces a Rossby wave train-type anomalous pattern that extends across the South Pacific into SA and modulates the atmospheric anomalous circulation over SESA. In this region, an anomalous anticyclonic accompanied by an intensified South American Low-Level Jet induces a moisture transport to SESA. This anticyclone is also observed in the absence of ENSO but is weaker. The results suggest the importance of ocean warming in the western Pacific-Indian in the modulation of extratropical teleconnections to SESA in the tropical ocean warming scenario.
{"title":"The South American precipitation trends under (or not) El Niño-Southern Oscillation influences and relationship with large-scale circulation","authors":"Jean Antunes Custódio da Costa, Rita Valéria Andreoli, Mary Toshie Kayano, Itamara Parente de Souza, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, Wilmar L. Cerón","doi":"10.1002/joc.8518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The precipitation trend patterns in South America (SA) are determined using trend empirical orthogonal function analysis for the 1951–2016 period. The associated large-scale tropical and extratropical anomalous circulation patterns are also examined. The words “total” and “residual” refer to the monthly anomalies and monthly anomalies without the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects, respectively. The total precipitation features a positive trend in southeastern SA (SESA, southern Brazil, Uruguay, most of eastern Argentina) and northern Chile, and a negative trend over central-eastern Brazil and central Amazonia. The residual precipitation shows an increased positive trend over most of the coastal extension of northern SA and Colombia; a weak positive trend over southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and northern Chile; and a negative trend over central-eastern SA and western Amazonia. The differences between the total and residual precipitation trend patterns in tropical SA is explained as responses to total and residual zonally asymmetric anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, respectively. The total SST pattern along the equatorial Pacific configures the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which impacts ENSO variability and as response intensifies the Walker circulation. Without the ENSO, the Walker cell is mainly driven by the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans, which configure residual asymmetric anomalous warming. Furthermore, the warming in the equatorial Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans, in the presence of ENSO, induces a Rossby wave train-type anomalous pattern that extends across the South Pacific into SA and modulates the atmospheric anomalous circulation over SESA. In this region, an anomalous anticyclonic accompanied by an intensified South American Low-Level Jet induces a moisture transport to SESA. This anticyclone is also observed in the absence of ENSO but is weaker. The results suggest the importance of ocean warming in the western Pacific-Indian in the modulation of extratropical teleconnections to SESA in the tropical ocean warming scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Zheng, Yuxun Li, Jianhui Chen, Wei Huang, Cheng Sun
The North China Plain, a crucial region for winter wheat cultivation, exhibits yield deeply affected by the variability of winter precipitation. This study examines the interdecadal variation in the relationship between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and winter precipitation in the North China Plain (WPNC). Utilizing the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) as an intermediary, we have observed an interdecadal variation in the relationship between WPNC and NPO after the late-1990s. Before 1994, the relationship between NPO and EAWM/WPNC both exhibited a significant positive correlation, while after 1998, their correlation decreased and became insignificant. This interdecadal variation can be attributed to the eastward shift of the winter NPO's location after the late-1990s. Our investigation found that the eastward shift of the NPO's location is closely linked to the phase transition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phase after the late-1990s. The warm sea surface temperatures (SST) over the North Atlantic cause ascending motion, and the outflows induce a compensatory anticyclonic circulation over the North Pacific. The easterlies anomaly on the south side of the anticyclone weakens climatological westerlies, increasing SST and upper-level air temperatures in the North Pacific through the wind–evaporation–SST–longwave radiation effect. The resulting warmer air strengthens the atmospheric temperature gradient, enhancing the vertical integration of baroclinic energy conversion and shifting the NPO eastward, reducing its correlation with WPNC.
{"title":"Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation modulates the relationship between North Pacific Oscillation and winter precipitation in North China Plain","authors":"Fei Zheng, Yuxun Li, Jianhui Chen, Wei Huang, Cheng Sun","doi":"10.1002/joc.8522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The North China Plain, a crucial region for winter wheat cultivation, exhibits yield deeply affected by the variability of winter precipitation. This study examines the interdecadal variation in the relationship between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and winter precipitation in the North China Plain (WPNC). Utilizing the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) as an intermediary, we have observed an interdecadal variation in the relationship between WPNC and NPO after the late-1990s. Before 1994, the relationship between NPO and EAWM/WPNC both exhibited a significant positive correlation, while after 1998, their correlation decreased and became insignificant. This interdecadal variation can be attributed to the eastward shift of the winter NPO's location after the late-1990s. Our investigation found that the eastward shift of the NPO's location is closely linked to the phase transition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phase after the late-1990s. The warm sea surface temperatures (SST) over the North Atlantic cause ascending motion, and the outflows induce a compensatory anticyclonic circulation over the North Pacific. The easterlies anomaly on the south side of the anticyclone weakens climatological westerlies, increasing SST and upper-level air temperatures in the North Pacific through the wind–evaporation–SST–longwave radiation effect. The resulting warmer air strengthens the atmospheric temperature gradient, enhancing the vertical integration of baroclinic energy conversion and shifting the NPO eastward, reducing its correlation with WPNC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate precipitation records are an essential component when monitoring the climate and studying its changes. However, analysis is typically limited by the large quantities of missing values present. This article proposes two new imputation techniques for incomplete monthly data collected from a rainfall monitoring network in the Republic of Ireland from 1981 to 2010. The data considered is high-dimensional due to the large number of over 1100 rain gauge stations present, and the methods presented are designed to handle such cases. These are Elastic-Net Chained Equations (ENCE) and Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations with Direct use of Regularized Regression by elastic-net (MICE DURR). Both methods predict missing data by a series of regularized regression models, where MICE DURR differs from ENCE by also using multiple imputation. Through various evaluations across different levels of missingness, ENCE and MICE DURR consistently outperformed existing imputation methods in terms of RMSE and