Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter34
Eric Hoberg, Kaylen Marie Soudachanh, vetlana K. Bondarenko
In the biosphere, limits for diversity among species, communities, and biomes are revealed through intensive and extensive field-based inventory and assembly of voucher specimens and associated informatics examined in a phylogenetic, historical, ecological, and biogeographic arena. Archival resources for specimens and information contribute to a cumulative view of faunal structure and assembly under a comparative umbrella. Ultimately, species definitions, and inclusive partitions among populations and lineages, are fundamental in articulating hypotheses that examine interactions about evolution, the nature of organisms, and the condition of environments across space and time. We conclude our proposals establishing species limits for tapeworms of the cryptic complex historically accommodated in Tetrabothrius jagerskioeldi Nybelin, 1916 among Alcidae seabirds (Charadriiformes). Explorations of this facet of marine diversity summarize inventory data for species of Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819 from field collections among 1,976 seabirds of 41 species representing 3 avian orders (Charadriiformes, Suliformes, Procellariiformes) examined across 58 oceanic/geographic localities from the greater North Pacific basin between 1949 and 2019, or over the past 70 years. Cestodes of the complex including T. jagerskioeldi sensu stricto, T. alcae Hoberg and Soudachanh, 2021, and T. sinistralis Hoberg and Soudachanh, 2021, along with 2 previously unrecognized taxa, are documented, occurring in 128 of 1976 seabirds examined (6%) and 17 of 41 marine avian species from 23 insular, coastal, and pelagic sites spanning the North Pacific. In completing an evaluation of this assemblage, we focus on those cestodes among 8 species of medium- to small-bodied alcids, subfamily Fraterculinae. Specimens designated as Tetrabothrius fraterculus n. sp. were observed among puffins (2 species of Fraterculus and Cerorhinca), whereas Tetrabothrius aithuia n. sp. is proposed for tapeworms in auklets (4 species of Aethia and Ptychoramphus) and a puffin (Cerorhinca); both cestodes are currently unknown among the Alcinae species of Cepphus, Uria, Brachyramphus, and Synthliboramphus based on the North Pacific inventory collections. These large-bodied cestodes, typical of the 5 species in the complex, are characterized among 46 currently valid species of Tetrabothrius in avian hosts, based on unique configurations of the genital atrium; male and female genital papillae; terminal genital ducts; numbers of testes; and the structure, position, and dimensions of the vaginal and atrial seminal receptacles. Ancillary characters contributing to differentiation include attributes of the scolex, structure, dimensions, and position of the vitelline gland and relative position of the dorsal and ventral osmoregulatory canals. A suite of complex attributes unequivocally separates 5 respective species that had historically been relegated to a single geographically widespread and morphologically variable t
{"title":"Resolution of the Tetrabothrius jagerskioeldi Cryptic Species Complex among Holarctic Alcidae (Charadriiformes): Cestodes among Fraterculinae—Exploring Marine Diversity, Host Range, and Dynamic Oceanography in the Greater North Pacific","authors":"Eric Hoberg, Kaylen Marie Soudachanh, vetlana K. Bondarenko","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter34","url":null,"abstract":"In the biosphere, limits for diversity among species, communities, and biomes are revealed through intensive and extensive field-based inventory and assembly of voucher specimens and associated informatics examined in a phylogenetic, historical, ecological, and biogeographic arena. Archival resources for specimens and information contribute to a cumulative view of faunal structure and assembly under a comparative umbrella. Ultimately, species definitions, and inclusive partitions among populations and lineages, are fundamental in articulating hypotheses that examine interactions about evolution, the nature of organisms, and the condition of environments across space and time. We conclude our proposals establishing species limits for tapeworms of the cryptic complex historically accommodated in Tetrabothrius jagerskioeldi Nybelin, 1916 among Alcidae seabirds (Charadriiformes). Explorations of this facet of marine diversity summarize inventory data for species of Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819 from field collections among 1,976 seabirds of 41 species representing 3 avian orders (Charadriiformes, Suliformes, Procellariiformes) examined across 58 oceanic/geographic localities from the greater North Pacific basin between 1949 and 2019, or over the past 70 years. Cestodes of the complex including T. jagerskioeldi sensu stricto, T. alcae Hoberg and Soudachanh, 2021, and T. sinistralis Hoberg and Soudachanh, 2021, along with 2 previously unrecognized taxa, are documented, occurring in 128 of 1976 seabirds examined (6%) and 17 of 41 marine avian species from 23 insular, coastal, and pelagic sites spanning the North Pacific. In completing an evaluation of this assemblage, we focus on those cestodes among 8 species of medium- to small-bodied alcids, subfamily Fraterculinae. Specimens designated as Tetrabothrius fraterculus n. sp. were observed among puffins (2 species of Fraterculus and Cerorhinca), whereas Tetrabothrius aithuia n. sp. is proposed for tapeworms in auklets (4 species of Aethia and Ptychoramphus) and a puffin (Cerorhinca); both cestodes are currently unknown among the Alcinae species of Cepphus, Uria, Brachyramphus, and Synthliboramphus based on the North Pacific inventory collections. These large-bodied cestodes, typical of the 5 species in the complex, are characterized among 46 currently valid species of Tetrabothrius in avian hosts, based on unique configurations of the genital atrium; male and female genital papillae; terminal genital ducts; numbers of testes; and the structure, position, and dimensions of the vaginal and atrial seminal receptacles. Ancillary characters contributing to differentiation include attributes of the scolex, structure, dimensions, and position of the vitelline gland and relative position of the dorsal and ventral osmoregulatory canals. A suite of complex attributes unequivocally separates 5 respective species that had historically been relegated to a single geographically widespread and morphologically variable t","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"2 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter30
V. Trivellone
A prevalent concept for colonization and evolution among plant pathogens and their hosts stems from a post-Darwinian paradigm rooted in the formalized assumption of “specialized parasitism.” Seminal studies on rust fungi of socioeconomic importance integrated such an evolutionary perspective driven by the assumption of strict coevolution among pathogens and their plant hosts. Following this fundamentally unfalsifiable assumption, theories regarding host-switching for parasites were dismissed. If colonization occurred, this process would depend upon the origin of specific and novel mutations that allow infections of previously unexploited hosts or host groups, the acquisition of a broader host range. After a specific mutation arose, parasites and hosts would be locked into an eventual evolutionary dead end (e.g., codified under Dietel’s Law). Accordingly, if the parasites are highly specialized (one parasite, one plant), then new associations are rare or otherwise unpredictable. Similar schools of thought became dominant for animal pathogens and were established during the same period (i.e., Müller’s rule, Fuhrmann’s rule, and Fahrenholz’s rule). Other studies that focused on plant pathogens took the one host–one parasite idea for granted and only tentatively included evolutionary insights in subsequent development of plant pathogen scientific frameworks. Later, emerging from neo-Darwinian views, the paradigm of strict cospeciation was conflated with the gene-for-gene rule postulated in 1956 and which has persisted among phytopathologists even to the present day. In a parallel history, conceptual development among plant pathologists and parasitologists has assumed that colonization is rare and cannot be predicted, given the dependence on the origin of the elusive special mutation. In contrast, current impacts and increasing frequency of emerging pathogens and epidemics across the globe, which influence health and food security, suggest that this historical approach fails in describing a complex biosphere in dynamic change. The Stockholm paradigm (SP) provides a powerful alternative to what may be regarded as the standard model of coevolutionary diversification. The SP creates a theoretical workbench from which emergence of new associations can be evaluated and predicted. The SP provides a new perspective in exploring the dynamics among the phytoplasmas, an emergent group of plant pathogens with substantial risk for food security. New insights are examined, pushing for resolution of the internal conflicts generated by assumptions of the standard coevolutionary model, which has dominated the scientific reasoning for more than a century of plant pathology research.
{"title":"Let Emerging Plant Diseases Be Predictable","authors":"V. Trivellone","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter30","url":null,"abstract":"A prevalent concept for colonization and evolution among plant pathogens and their hosts stems from a post-Darwinian paradigm rooted in the formalized assumption of “specialized parasitism.” Seminal studies on rust fungi of socioeconomic importance integrated such an evolutionary perspective driven by the assumption of strict coevolution among pathogens and their plant hosts. Following this fundamentally unfalsifiable assumption, theories regarding host-switching for parasites were dismissed. If colonization occurred, this process would depend upon the origin of specific and novel mutations that allow infections of previously unexploited hosts or host groups, the acquisition of a broader host range. After a specific mutation arose, parasites and hosts would be locked into an eventual evolutionary dead end (e.g., codified under Dietel’s Law). Accordingly, if the parasites are highly specialized (one parasite, one plant), then new associations are rare or otherwise unpredictable. Similar schools of thought became dominant for animal pathogens and were established during the same period (i.e., Müller’s rule, Fuhrmann’s rule, and Fahrenholz’s rule). Other studies that focused on plant pathogens took the one host–one parasite idea for granted and only tentatively included evolutionary insights in subsequent development of plant pathogen scientific frameworks. Later, emerging from neo-Darwinian views, the paradigm of strict cospeciation was conflated with the gene-for-gene rule postulated in 1956 and which has persisted among phytopathologists even to the present day. In a parallel history, conceptual development among plant pathologists and parasitologists has assumed that colonization is rare and cannot be predicted, given the dependence on the origin of the elusive special mutation. In contrast, current impacts and increasing frequency of emerging pathogens and epidemics across the globe, which influence health and food security, suggest that this historical approach fails in describing a complex biosphere in dynamic change. The Stockholm paradigm (SP) provides a powerful alternative to what may be regarded as the standard model of coevolutionary diversification. The SP creates a theoretical workbench from which emergence of new associations can be evaluated and predicted. The SP provides a new perspective in exploring the dynamics among the phytoplasmas, an emergent group of plant pathogens with substantial risk for food security. New insights are examined, pushing for resolution of the internal conflicts generated by assumptions of the standard coevolutionary model, which has dominated the scientific reasoning for more than a century of plant pathology research.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127778888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter29
E. Ortíz, Alicia Juarrero
Current vector surveillance programs are insufficient for coping with the emerging infectious disease crisis. In particular, current practices do not deploy sufficient information technology (IT) tools to generate actionable insights that can inform interventions and contain and mitigate the spread of vector-borne diseases. VectorAnalytica has developed a highly configurable and adaptable IT platform that imports, harmonizes, and integrates a range of data sources. The state-of-the-art backend development allows users to fully appreciate and understand the complexity of infectious disease dynamics without having to resort to additional statistical and GIS software packages. The platform yields actionable insights into outbreak patterns of vector-borne diseases that could not have been obtained without integrating pertinent contextual information at a granular spatiotemporal scale. Such integration empowers local scientists to participate actively in an ongoing manner in protecting their communities. The platform can also empower regional and national scientists and other scholars and agencies by providing them with a shared platform through which they can access continuously updated real-time data with which to formulate, validate, and update new dynamic forecasting and simulating models that support timely and appropriate decision-making and interventions on a wide range of scales. VectorAnalytica’s effectiveness is described in three cases studies for which integrating and visualizing unexpected but pertinent variables (in addition to those traditionally studied for vector disease monitoring and management) yielded critical information about significant correlations between weather variables and disease incidence, and between complaints to local call centers, weather conditions, and emergent vector hotspots.
{"title":"An Emerging Infectious Disease Surveillance Platform for the 21st Century","authors":"E. Ortíz, Alicia Juarrero","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter29","url":null,"abstract":"Current vector surveillance programs are insufficient for coping with the emerging infectious disease crisis. In particular, current practices do not deploy sufficient information technology (IT) tools to generate actionable insights that can inform interventions and contain and mitigate the spread of vector-borne diseases. VectorAnalytica has developed a highly configurable and adaptable IT platform that imports, harmonizes, and integrates a range of data sources. The state-of-the-art backend development allows users to fully appreciate and understand the complexity of infectious disease dynamics without having to resort to additional statistical and GIS software packages. The platform yields actionable insights into outbreak patterns of vector-borne diseases that could not have been obtained without integrating pertinent contextual information at a granular spatiotemporal scale. Such integration empowers local scientists to participate actively in an ongoing manner in protecting their communities. The platform can also empower regional and national scientists and other scholars and agencies by providing them with a shared platform through which they can access continuously updated real-time data with which to formulate, validate, and update new dynamic forecasting and simulating models that support timely and appropriate decision-making and interventions on a wide range of scales. VectorAnalytica’s effectiveness is described in three cases studies for which integrating and visualizing unexpected but pertinent variables (in addition to those traditionally studied for vector disease monitoring and management) yielded critical information about significant correlations between weather variables and disease incidence, and between complaints to local call centers, weather conditions, and emergent vector hotspots.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127233016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter28
O. Molnár, Marina Knickel, Christine Marizzi
The emerging infectious disease (EID) crisis has been challenging global health security for decades, dealing substantial damage to all socioeconomic landscapes. Control measures have failed to prevent or even mitigate damages from an accelerating wave of EIDs, leading to the emergence and devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the wake of the pandemic, we must critically review our public health policies and approaches. Current health security measures are based on the evolutionary theorem of host-parasite coevolution, which falsely deems EIDs as rare and unpredictable. The DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) is nested in a novel evolutionary framework that describes how emergence can be prevented before the onset of an outbreak. In this paper, we discuss the importance of establishing efficient communication channels between various stakeholders affected by EIDs. We describe implementation strategies for preventive interventions on global, regional, and local scales and provide guidelines for using such strategies in the relevant policy environments of human, livestock, and crop diseases.
{"title":"Taking Action: Turning Evolutionary Theory into Preventive Policies","authors":"O. Molnár, Marina Knickel, Christine Marizzi","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter28","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging infectious disease (EID) crisis has been challenging global health security for decades, dealing substantial damage to all socioeconomic landscapes. Control measures have failed to prevent or even mitigate damages from an accelerating wave of EIDs, leading to the emergence and devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the wake of the pandemic, we must critically review our public health policies and approaches. Current health security measures are based on the evolutionary theorem of host-parasite coevolution, which falsely deems EIDs as rare and unpredictable. The DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) is nested in a novel evolutionary framework that describes how emergence can be prevented before the onset of an outbreak. In this paper, we discuss the importance of establishing efficient communication channels between various stakeholders affected by EIDs. We describe implementation strategies for preventive interventions on global, regional, and local scales and provide guidelines for using such strategies in the relevant policy environments of human, livestock, and crop diseases.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129479017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter27
S. Agosta
Pathogens and their hosts are embedded within the larger biosphere, what Darwin called the “entangled bank.” Emerging infectious disease occurs when a parasite “switches” to a new host. Understanding the dynamics of emerging disease requires understanding the dynamics of host-switching, which requires a more general understanding of how the biosphere and its constituent members cope when conditions change. The Stockholm paradigm is an integrative evolutionary framework that describes how living systems cope with change by oscillating between exploiting and exploring the geographical and functional dimensions of their environments. It combines organismal capacity, ecological opportunity, and the repeated external perturbations to the conditions that drive the interaction between capacity and opportunity, catalyzing the dynamics of the entangled bank. The Stockholm paradigm makes clear that emerging disease is an expected outcome of the expression of the same evolutionary potential that governs the response of the rest of the biosphere when conditions change.
{"title":"The Stockholm Paradigm Explains the Dynamics of Darwin’s Entangled Bank, Including Emerging Infectious Disease","authors":"S. Agosta","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter27","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogens and their hosts are embedded within the larger biosphere, what Darwin called the “entangled bank.” Emerging infectious disease occurs when a parasite “switches” to a new host. Understanding the dynamics of emerging disease requires understanding the dynamics of host-switching, which requires a more general understanding of how the biosphere and its constituent members cope when conditions change. The Stockholm paradigm is an integrative evolutionary framework that describes how living systems cope with change by oscillating between exploiting and exploring the geographical and functional dimensions of their environments. It combines organismal capacity, ecological opportunity, and the repeated external perturbations to the conditions that drive the interaction between capacity and opportunity, catalyzing the dynamics of the entangled bank. The Stockholm paradigm makes clear that emerging disease is an expected outcome of the expression of the same evolutionary potential that governs the response of the rest of the biosphere when conditions change.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128580205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter26
Eric P. Hoberg, V. Trivellone, J. Cook, J. Dunnum, W. Boeger, Daniel R. Brooks, S. Agosta, J. P. Colella
One Health programs and trajectories are now the apparent standard for exploring the occurrence and distribution of emerging pathogens and disease. By definition, One Health has been characterized as a broadly inclusive, collaborative, and transdisciplinary approach with connectivity across local to global scales, which integrates the medical and veterinary community to recognize health outcomes emerging at the environmental nexus for people, animals, plants, and their shared landscapes. One Health has been an incomplete model, conceptually and operationally, focused on reactive and response-based foundations, to limit the impact of emerging pathogens and emerging infectious diseases and, as such, lacks a powerful proactive capacity. A proactive, predictive One Health is necessary, emanating in part from geographically/taxonomically broad and temporally deep biological collections of pathogen-host assemblages. The DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act), the operational extension of the Stockholm paradigm (SP), accomplishes this task by encompassing holistic and strategic biological sampling of reservoir host assemblages and pathogens at environmental interfaces and more extensively through resurveys, with development of informatics resources digitally linked to physical specimens held in publicly accessible museum biorepositories. Archives of specimens are the foundations for accumulating interrelated archives of information (the baselines against which change can be identified and tracked), with collections serving as fundamental resources for biodiversity informatics under the conceptual evolutionary and ecological umbrella of the SP. A cultural and conceptual transformation is essential among the diverse practitioners in the One Health community, one that recognizes the necessity of placing pathogens in an evolutionary, ecological, and environmental context by integrating specimens and associated informatics into an infrastructure and networks for actionable information. As a community, it is essential to abandon response-based business as usual while looking forward toward proactive transboundary approaches that maximize our conceptual and taxonomic view of diversity across interconnected planetary scales that influence the complexity of pathogen-host interfaces. Evolution, where the past always influences the present and the future, defines our trajectory, as the need for sustained archives that describe the biosphere becomes more acute with each passing day.
{"title":"Knowing the Biosphere: Documentation, Specimens, Archives, and Names Reveal Environmental Change and Emerging Pathogens","authors":"Eric P. Hoberg, V. Trivellone, J. Cook, J. Dunnum, W. Boeger, Daniel R. Brooks, S. Agosta, J. P. Colella","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter26","url":null,"abstract":"One Health programs and trajectories are now the apparent standard for exploring the occurrence and distribution of emerging pathogens and disease. By definition, One Health has been characterized as a broadly inclusive, collaborative, and transdisciplinary approach with connectivity across local to global scales, which integrates the medical and veterinary community to recognize health outcomes emerging at the environmental nexus for people, animals, plants, and their shared landscapes. One Health has been an incomplete model, conceptually and operationally, focused on reactive and response-based foundations, to limit the impact of emerging pathogens and emerging infectious diseases and, as such, lacks a powerful proactive capacity. A proactive, predictive One Health is necessary, emanating in part from geographically/taxonomically broad and temporally deep biological collections of pathogen-host assemblages. The DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act), the operational extension of the Stockholm paradigm (SP), accomplishes this task by encompassing holistic and strategic biological sampling of reservoir host assemblages and pathogens at environmental interfaces and more extensively through resurveys, with development of informatics resources digitally linked to physical specimens held in publicly accessible museum biorepositories. Archives of specimens are the foundations for accumulating interrelated archives of information (the baselines against which change can be identified and tracked), with collections serving as fundamental resources for biodiversity informatics under the conceptual evolutionary and ecological umbrella of the SP. A cultural and conceptual transformation is essential among the diverse practitioners in the One Health community, one that recognizes the necessity of placing pathogens in an evolutionary, ecological, and environmental context by integrating specimens and associated informatics into an infrastructure and networks for actionable information. As a community, it is essential to abandon response-based business as usual while looking forward toward proactive transboundary approaches that maximize our conceptual and taxonomic view of diversity across interconnected planetary scales that influence the complexity of pathogen-host interfaces. Evolution, where the past always influences the present and the future, defines our trajectory, as the need for sustained archives that describe the biosphere becomes more acute with each passing day.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121106305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter25
A. Souza, Sabrina B. L. Araujo, W. Boeger
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are, besides a question of food safety and public health, an ecological and evolutionary issue. The recognition of this condition combined with the accumulation of evidence that pathogens are not specialists in their original hosts evidences the need for understanding how the dynamics of interaction between pathogens and hosts occurs. The Stockholm Paradigm (SP) provides the theoretical fundaments to understand the dynamics of diseases and design proactive measures to avoid the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. In this review, we revisit the models that evaluate several aspects of the proposed dynamics of the SP, including the complexity nature of the elements that have been associated with this new framework for the evolution of associations. We integrate the results from these studies into a putative dynamic of infectious diseases, discuss subordinate elements of this dynamic, and provide suggestions on how to integrate these findings into the DAMA (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) protocol.
{"title":"The Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases on an Unstable Planet: Insights from Modeling the Stockholm Paradigm","authors":"A. Souza, Sabrina B. L. Araujo, W. Boeger","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter25","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are, besides a question of food safety and public health, an ecological and evolutionary issue. The recognition of this condition combined with the accumulation of evidence that pathogens are not specialists in their original hosts evidences the need for understanding how the dynamics of interaction between pathogens and hosts occurs. The Stockholm Paradigm (SP) provides the theoretical fundaments to understand the dynamics of diseases and design proactive measures to avoid the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. In this review, we revisit the models that evaluate several aspects of the proposed dynamics of the SP, including the complexity nature of the elements that have been associated with this new framework for the evolution of associations. We integrate the results from these studies into a putative dynamic of infectious diseases, discuss subordinate elements of this dynamic, and provide suggestions on how to integrate these findings into the DAMA (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) protocol.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122535431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter24
Valeria Trivelloni, B. Panassiti
We conducted a field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis of studies that carried out cophylogenetic analyses using algorithms and available software. We evaluated the influence of three factors—namely, cophylogenetic method, association, and ecosystem type—on the outcome of the analyses, that is, the degree of congruence between phylogenies of interacting species. The published papers were identified using 4 different databases and 13 keywords; we included all studies for which statistical approaches to compare phylogenies (cophylogenetic analyses) of interacting lineages were used. After the initial screening, 296 studies were selected to extract response variable (outcome of the cophylogenetic analyses, i.e., congruent, incongruent, or both) and coded information of the three selected factors (method of analyses, association, and ecosystem type). The final dataset included 485 entries. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and regression techniques. We provided evidence for the outcome to be strongly dependent on the method; in particular, we are confident in expecting that phylogenies in mutualistic associations are congruent when using global-fit methods and in parasitic associations are incongruent when using event-based methods. Using a mixed-model approach, the most parsimonious model includes a non-nested structure of two factors (method and association), with a higher probability for parasites, herbivores, and pollinators to provide incongruent results. We discuss the use of an alternative theoretical framework, the Stockholm paradigm (SP), to reanalyze published raw data, and the integration of the cophylogenetic analyses into a workbench (DAMA protocol, the policy extension of SP) aimed to anticipate emerging infectious diseases.
{"title":"A Field Synopsis, Systematic Review, and Meta-analyses of Cophylogenetic Studies: What Is Affecting Congruence between Phylogenies?","authors":"Valeria Trivelloni, B. Panassiti","doi":"10.32873/unl.dc.manter24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.manter24","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis of studies that carried out cophylogenetic analyses using algorithms and available software. We evaluated the influence of three factors—namely, cophylogenetic method, association, and ecosystem type—on the outcome of the analyses, that is, the degree of congruence between phylogenies of interacting species.\u0000\u0000The published papers were identified using 4 different databases and 13 keywords; we included all studies for which statistical approaches to compare phylogenies (cophylogenetic analyses) of interacting lineages were used. After the initial screening, 296 studies were selected to extract response variable (outcome of the cophylogenetic analyses, i.e., congruent, incongruent, or both) and coded information of the three selected factors (method of analyses, association, and ecosystem type). The final dataset included 485 entries. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and regression techniques.\u0000\u0000We provided evidence for the outcome to be strongly dependent on the method; in particular, we are confident in expecting that phylogenies in mutualistic associations are congruent when using global-fit methods and in parasitic associations are incongruent when using event-based methods. Using a mixed-model approach, the most parsimonious model includes a non-nested structure of two factors (method and association), with a higher probability for parasites, herbivores, and pollinators to provide incongruent results.\u0000\u0000We discuss the use of an alternative theoretical framework, the Stockholm paradigm (SP), to reanalyze published raw data, and the integration of the cophylogenetic analyses into a workbench (DAMA protocol, the policy extension of SP) aimed to anticipate emerging infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":137854,"journal":{"name":"MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116462494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-05DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter22
Daniel Brooks, W. Boeger, Eric P. Hoberg
The emerging infectious disease (EID) crisis represents an immediate existential threat to modern humanity. Current policies aimed at coping with the EID crisis are ineffective and unsustainably expensive. They have failed because they are based on a scientific paradigm that produced the parasite paradox. The Stockholm paradigm (SP) resolves the paradox by integrating four elements of evolutionary biology: ecological fitting, sloppy fitness space, coevolution, and responses to environmental perturbations. It explains why and how the EID crisis occurs and is expanding and what happens after an EID emerges that sets the stage for future EIDs. The SP provides a number of critical insights for changing scientific and public policy in a manner that allows us to begin coping with the EID crisis in an effective manner. It provides hope that we can anticipate EIDs and prevent them or at least mitigate their impacts. This article has been produced in support of and with appreciation for the efforts by Gábor Földvári of the Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, and the Centre for Eco-Epidemiology, National Laboratory for Health Security (both located at 1121 Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary). Through his untiring efforts, team building, and leadership, he has secured the first EU-wide team research grant. This work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006) and the COST Action CA21170 “Prevention, anticipation and mitigation of tick-borne disease risk applying the DAMA protocol (PRAGMATICK),” which represent the first funded efforts to apply the principles of the DAMA protocol.
新发传染病(EID)危机对现代人类构成了直接的生存威胁。目前旨在应对EID危机的政策是无效的，而且昂贵得不可持续。它们之所以失败，是因为它们建立在产生寄生虫悖论的科学范式之上。斯德哥尔摩范式(SP)通过整合进化生物学的四个要素来解决这个悖论:生态拟合、草率适应度空间、共同进化和对环境扰动的响应。它解释了EID危机发生的原因和方式，并正在扩大，以及EID出现后会发生什么，为未来的EID奠定了基础。SP为改变科学和公共政策提供了一些重要的见解，使我们能够开始以有效的方式应对EID危机。它给我们带来了希望，我们可以预测并预防它们，或者至少减轻它们的影响。本文的编写是为了支持并感谢生态研究中心进化研究所Gábor Földvári和卫生安全国家实验室生态流行病学中心(均位于匈牙利Konkoly-Thege布达佩斯1121号Miklós út - 29-33)所做的努力。通过他的不懈努力，团队建设和领导，他获得了第一个欧盟范围内的团队研究资助。这项工作得到了匈牙利国家研究、发展和创新办公室(RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006)和成本行动CA21170“应用DAMA协议预防、预测和减轻蜱传疾病风险(pragatick)”的支持，这是应用DAMA协议原则的首次资助努力。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-05DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.manter21
Eric P. Hoberg
Globally, humanity is coming to recognize the magnitude of the interactive crisis for emerging infectious disease (EID). Strategies for coping with EID have been largely in the form of reactive measures for crisis response. The DAMA protocol (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act), the operational policy extension of the Stockholm paradigm, constitutes a preventive/proactive dimension to those efforts. DAMA is aimed at focusing and extending human and material resources devoted to coping with the accelerating wave of EID. DAMA is integrative, combining efforts to strategically document the distribution of complex pathogen and host assemblages in the biosphere in the context of dynamic environmental interfaces that provide the opportunities for pathogen exchange and emergence. Movement of habitats and animals (a breakdown in ecological isolation) catalyzed by climate change and broader anthropogenic trajectories of environmental disruption provide the landscape of opportunity for emergence. Evolutionarily and ecologically conserved capacities for exploitation of host-based resources allow pathogens to persist in one place or among a particular spectrum of hosts and provide insights to predict outcomes of persistence and emergence in novel conditions and across changing ecological interfaces. DAMA trajectories combine “boots on the ground” contributions of citizen scientists working with field biologists in development and application of sophisticated archival repositories, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and satellite surveillance. DAMA is a focus for anticipation, mitigation, and prevention of EID through knowledge of pathogens present in the environment and actions necessary to diminish risk space for their emergence. DAMA can be an effective strategy for buying time in the arena of accelerating environmental and socioeconomic disturbance and expanding EID linked to a future of climate change. Information + action = prediction and lives saved in a realm of EID. This article has been produced in support of and with appreciation for the efforts by Gábor Földvári of the Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, and the Centre for Eco-Epidemiology, National Laboratory for Health Security (both located at 1121 Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary). Through his untiring efforts, team building, and leadership, he has secured the first EU-wide team research grant. This work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006) and the COST Action CA21170 “Prevention, anticipation and mitigation of tick-borne disease risk applying the DAMA protocol (PRAGMATICK),” which represent the first funded efforts to apply the principles of the DAMA protocol.
在全球范围内，人类开始认识到新发传染病相互作用危机的严重性。应对EID的战略主要是应对危机的反应性措施。DAMA议定书(文件、评估、监测、行动)是斯德哥尔摩范例的业务政策延伸，是这些努力的预防性/前瞻性方面。DAMA的目的是集中和扩大人力和物力资源，专门用于应对不断加速的EID浪潮。DAMA是综合性的，在动态环境界面的背景下战略性地记录复杂病原体和宿主组合在生物圈中的分布，为病原体交换和出现提供机会。气候变化和更广泛的环境破坏的人为轨迹所催化的生境和动物的移动(生态隔离的破裂)为出现提供了机会。利用宿主资源的进化和生态保守能力使病原体能够在一个地方或特定宿主中持续存在，并为预测在新条件下和在不断变化的生态界面中持续存在和出现的结果提供了见解。DAMA轨迹结合了公民科学家与实地生物学家在开发和应用复杂档案库、生物信息学、分子生物学和卫星监视方面的“地面”贡献。DAMA是通过了解环境中存在的病原体和采取必要行动减少其出现的风险空间来预测、减轻和预防EID的重点。在加速环境和社会经济扰动以及扩大与未来气候变化相关的EID领域，DAMA可以成为争取时间的有效策略。在EID领域，信息+行动=预测和挽救生命。本文的编写是为了支持并感谢生态研究中心进化研究所Gábor Földvári和卫生安全国家实验室生态流行病学中心(均位于匈牙利Konkoly-Thege布达佩斯1121号Miklós út - 29-33)所做的努力。通过他的不懈努力，团队建设和领导，他获得了第一个欧盟范围内的团队研究资助。这项工作得到了匈牙利国家研究、发展和创新办公室(RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006)和成本行动CA21170“应用DAMA协议预防、预测和减轻蜱传疾病风险(pragatick)”的支持，这是应用DAMA协议原则的首次资助努力。
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