Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106487
Fathima Shahna A S , Heena Sharma , Ashish Kumar Singh , Deep Narayan Yadav , Diwas Pradhan , Ankit Bihola , Ajay Kumar Dang
This study investigates the impact of somatic cell count (SCC) levels in raw cow milk on the quality characteristics of dahi, a traditional Indian fermented milk product. Milk samples were categorized into healthy (HM), subclinical mastitis (SCM), and clinical mastitis (CM) groups based on SCC. Dahi was prepared using three starter cultures ((Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Mesophilic mixed strain dahi culture NCDC 167) and two temperature-time combinations (85 °C/30 min and 90 °C/15 min). Physicochemical, textural, and microbiological analyses were performed to assess the resulting dahi quality. Results indicated that increased SCC levels in raw milk led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein and ash content in dahi, while lactose content decreased. Whey syneresis was substantially affected by SCC, culture type, and temperature-time combination. Dahi prepared from milk from healthy cows using 90 °C/15 min treatment and Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus culture had the lowest whey syneresis (25.95 ± 0.93 %), highest firmness (1.63 ± 0.02 N) and acidification rate (4.87 × 10−3 pH units/min). Furthermore, metabolomics analysis revealed distinct metabolite profiles among the SCC groups as indicated by Principal Component Analysis and VIP score plot analysis thereby, highlighting differentially expressed (p < 0.05) metabolites in milk and dahi related to mastitis. Specifically, increased SCC was associated with alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing dahi production by considering SCC levels in raw milk and selecting appropriate starter cultures and processing conditions.
{"title":"Impact of somatic cell count on milk and dahi: Changes in physico-chemical, microbiological, rheological and metabolic characteristics","authors":"Fathima Shahna A S , Heena Sharma , Ashish Kumar Singh , Deep Narayan Yadav , Diwas Pradhan , Ankit Bihola , Ajay Kumar Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of somatic cell count (SCC) levels in raw cow milk on the quality characteristics of <em>dahi</em>, a traditional Indian fermented milk product. Milk samples were categorized into healthy (HM), subclinical mastitis (SCM), and clinical mastitis (CM) groups based on SCC. <em>Dahi</em> was prepared using three starter cultures ((<em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em>, <em>Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus</em>, and Mesophilic mixed strain <em>dahi</em> culture NCDC 167) and two temperature-time combinations (85 °C/30 min and 90 °C/15 min). Physicochemical, textural, and microbiological analyses were performed to assess the resulting <em>dahi</em> quality. Results indicated that increased SCC levels in raw milk led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein and ash content in <em>dahi</em>, while lactose content decreased. Whey syneresis was substantially affected by SCC, culture type, and temperature-time combination. <em>Dahi</em> prepared from milk from healthy cows using 90 °C/15 min treatment and <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> and <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> culture had the lowest whey syneresis (25.95 ± 0.93 %), highest firmness (1.63 ± 0.02 N) and acidification rate (4.87 × 10<sup>−3</sup> pH units/min). Furthermore, metabolomics analysis revealed distinct metabolite profiles among the SCC groups as indicated by Principal Component Analysis and VIP score plot analysis thereby, highlighting differentially expressed (p < 0.05) metabolites in milk and <em>dahi</em> related to mastitis. Specifically, increased SCC was associated with alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing <em>dahi</em> production by considering SCC levels in raw milk and selecting appropriate starter cultures and processing conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acinetobacter spp. are opportunistic bacteria that are increasingly found in raw milk in dairy farms, posing a public health risk due to their propensity to acquire and transmit antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The purpose of this study was to characterize Acinetobacter isolates from dairy cattle raw milk and milk products in Anand, Gujarat, India, using both phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approaches. A total of 120 raw milk and milk product samples were collected and analysed, from which 20 samples exhibiting Acinetobacter spp were 80 % MDR (Multidrug resistance) While two Extensively drug Resistance (XDR) These isolates were identified using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques, revealing oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and non-fermentative profile. Species-level identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed the isolates as Acinetobacter schindleri SKN291 and Acinetobacter indicus SKN436. Both isolates were further analysed through whole-genome sequencing, and phenotypic analysis revealed that a high proportion of the Acinetobacter spp. isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR).
According to CLSI recommendations, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to numerous types of antibiotics but still showed susceptibility to important last-resort medications like colistin and imipenem. WGS of A. schindleri SKN291 and A. indicus SKN436 produced high-quality genome assemblies (3.20 Mb and 2.85 Mb, respectively). These assemblies showed a wide range of AMR genes, including ones that make bacteria resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and tetracyclines, as well as mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Both isolates carried efflux pumps (MacA,MacB,MdfA/Cmr,TolC/OpmH), multiple antibiotic target site genes, and target replacement proteins (FabG,HtdX), with SKN291 lackinggidBand SKN436 harboring additional determinants includingOXA-134,KatG,BcrC,GdpD,PgsA, and the regulatorOxyR. Phylogenetic research validated the correct taxonomic classification and indicated evolutionary links with other Acinetobacter species. The identification of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in the dairy environment emphasizes the necessity of genomic surveillance, enhanced milk handling hygiene, and sensible antimicrobial usage in mitigating AMR concerns within a One Health framework.
不动杆菌是一种机会性细菌，越来越多地在奶牛场的原料奶中发现，由于它们倾向于获得和传播抗菌素耐药性（AMR），对公众健康构成风险。本研究的目的是利用表型和全基因组测序（WGS）方法对印度古吉拉特邦阿南德奶牛原料奶和乳制品中分离的不动杆菌进行鉴定。共收集和分析了120份原料奶和乳制品样品，其中20份样品显示不动杆菌spp为80%的MDR（多重耐药），而2份为广泛耐药（XDR）。使用标准微生物学和生化技术对这些分离株进行了鉴定，显示氧化酶阴性，过氧化氢酶阳性和非发酵特征。MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定证实分离物为辛德勒不动杆菌SKN291和indicus不动杆菌SKN436。通过全基因组测序对两株分离株进行进一步分析，表型分析显示，大部分不动杆菌分离株具有广泛耐药（XDR）。根据CLSI的建议，表型抗菌药物敏感性测试显示对多种抗生素有耐药性，但对粘菌素和亚胺培南等重要的最后手段药物仍有敏感性。schindler A. SKN291和A. indicus SKN436的WGS分别产生了3.20 Mb和2.85 Mb的高质量基因组片段。这些组合显示了广泛的AMR基因，包括使细菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和四环素类耐药的基因，以及促进水平基因转移的移动遗传元件（MGEs）。这两个分离株都携带外排泵（MacA、MacB、MdfA/Cmr、TolC/OpmH）、多个抗生素靶点基因和靶点替代蛋白（FabG、HtdX），其中SKN291缺乏gidB， SKN436含有其他决定因子，包括OXA-134、KatG、BcrC、GdpD、PgsA和调节因子OxyR。系统发育研究证实了其正确的分类学分类，并指出了与其他不动杆菌物种的进化联系。乳制品环境中多重耐药和广泛耐药细菌的鉴定强调了基因组监测、加强牛奶处理卫生和合理使用抗菌素在“同一个健康”框架内减轻抗菌素耐药性问题的必要性。
{"title":"Whole-genome sequencing analysis of extensively-drug resistance (XDR) and virulence determinants of Acinetobacter spp. isolated and characterized from milk and milk products in Anand, Gujarat, India","authors":"Subrota Hati , Shirin Vahora , Sandip Patel , Janki Panchal , Arun Patel , Harshad Chauhan , Kishan Sharma , Pritesh Sabara , Sejal Antiya","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acinetobacter spp. are opportunistic bacteria that are increasingly found in raw milk in dairy farms, posing a public health risk due to their propensity to acquire and transmit antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The purpose of this study was to characterize <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates from dairy cattle raw milk and milk products in Anand, Gujarat, India, using both phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approaches. A total of 120 raw milk and milk product samples were collected and analysed, from which 20 samples exhibiting <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp were 80 % MDR (Multidrug resistance) While two Extensively drug Resistance (XDR) These isolates were identified using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques, revealing oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and non-fermentative profile. Species-level identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed the isolates as <em>Acinetobacter schindleri</em> SKN291 and <em>Acinetobacter indicus</em> SKN436. Both isolates were further analysed through whole-genome sequencing, and phenotypic analysis revealed that a high proportion of the <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp. isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR).</div><div>According to CLSI recommendations, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to numerous types of antibiotics but still showed susceptibility to important last-resort medications like colistin and imipenem. WGS of <em>A. schindleri</em> SKN291 and <em>A. indicus</em> SKN436 produced high-quality genome assemblies (3.20 Mb and 2.85 Mb, respectively). These assemblies showed a wide range of AMR genes, including ones that make bacteria resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and tetracyclines, as well as mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that facilitate horizontal gene transfer. <strong>Both isolates carried efflux pumps (</strong><em>MacA</em><strong>,</strong> <em>MacB</em><strong>,</strong> <em>MdfA/Cmr</em><strong>,</strong> <em>TolC/OpmH</em><strong>), multiple antibiotic target site genes, and target replacement proteins (</strong><em>FabG</em><strong>,</strong> <em>HtdX</em><strong>), with SKN291 lacking</strong> <em>gidB</em> <strong>and SKN436 harboring additional determinants including</strong> <em>OXA-134</em><strong>,</strong> <em>KatG</em><strong>,</strong> <em>BcrC</em><strong>,</strong> <em>GdpD</em><strong>,</strong> <em>PgsA</em><strong>, and the regulator</strong> <em>OxyR</em><strong>.</strong> Phylogenetic research validated the correct taxonomic classification and indicated evolutionary links with other <em>Acinetobacter species</em>. The identification of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in the dairy environment emphasizes the necessity of genomic surveillance, enhanced milk handling hygiene, and sensible antimicrobial usage in mitigating AMR concerns within a One Health framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106485
Ahmed Rabiea Abdelgawad , Anna Zamora , Hosam-Eddin Mahmoud El- Garhi , Fatma Ali , Manuel Castillo
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) affects milk's optical properties and cheesemaking performance without altering its gross composition. This study evaluated the influence of SCM on milk coagulation kinetics, curd syneresis, cheese yield, and whey composition using inline light backscatter-based measurements and predictive modelling at pilot-plant scale. Although fat, protein, and casein contents did not differ between subclinically infected (various coagulase negative staphylococci) and uninfected ewes' milks, SCM significantly reduced initial light backscatter (V0), prolonged coagulation, and impaired curd firmness, likely due to casein micelle demineralization and enzymatic degradation. Large field of view (LFV) sensor data revealed accelerated and enhanced syneresis in subclinically infected milks, correlating with increased whey expulsion and lower cheese yields. Significant correlations were observed between somatic cell counts and optical coagulation indicators (R2 = 0.97–0.99, P < 0.01). Predictive models validated from previous studies accurately estimated cutting times (R2 = 0.94–0.98), while new algorithms incorporating optical and compositional parameters effectively predicted cheese composition, yield, and whey properties (R2 up to 0.998). These findings confirm that optical sensing technologies, combined with multivariate regression, offer powerful tools for real-time monitoring and prediction of cheesemaking parameters, even in milk compromised by SCM.
亚临床乳腺炎（SCM）影响牛奶的光学性质和奶酪制作性能，但不改变其总成分。本研究在中试工厂规模上使用基于线性光背散射的测量和预测模型，评估了SCM对牛奶凝固动力学、凝乳协同作用、奶酪产量和乳清成分的影响。虽然脂肪、蛋白质和酪蛋白含量在亚临床感染（各种凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌）和未感染的羊奶之间没有差异，但SCM显著降低了初始光散射（V0）、凝固时间延长和凝乳硬度受损，可能是由于酪蛋白胶束脱矿和酶降解。大视场（LFV）传感器数据显示，亚临床感染牛奶的协同作用加速和增强，与乳清排出量增加和奶酪产量降低相关。体细胞计数与光凝指标呈显著相关（R2 = 0.97-0.99, P < 0.01）。先前研究验证的预测模型准确地预测了切割时间（R2 = 0.94-0.98），而结合光学和成分参数的新算法有效地预测了奶酪的成分、产量和乳清性质（R2高达0.998）。这些发现证实，光学传感技术与多元回归相结合，为实时监测和预测奶酪制作参数提供了强大的工具，即使是在被SCM污染的牛奶中。
{"title":"NIR cheese-vat monitoring of milk coagulation and curd syneresis in sheep with subclinical mastitis. A preliminary inline study","authors":"Ahmed Rabiea Abdelgawad , Anna Zamora , Hosam-Eddin Mahmoud El- Garhi , Fatma Ali , Manuel Castillo","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subclinical mastitis (SCM) affects milk's optical properties and cheesemaking performance without altering its gross composition. This study evaluated the influence of SCM on milk coagulation kinetics, curd syneresis, cheese yield, and whey composition using inline light backscatter-based measurements and predictive modelling at pilot-plant scale. Although fat, protein, and casein contents did not differ between subclinically infected (various coagulase negative staphylococci) and uninfected ewes' milks, SCM significantly reduced initial light backscatter (V<sub>0</sub>), prolonged coagulation, and impaired curd firmness, likely due to casein micelle demineralization and enzymatic degradation. Large field of view (LFV) sensor data revealed accelerated and enhanced syneresis in subclinically infected milks, correlating with increased whey expulsion and lower cheese yields. Significant correlations were observed between somatic cell counts and optical coagulation indicators (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97–0.99, <em>P</em> < 0.01). Predictive models validated from previous studies accurately estimated cutting times (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94–0.98), while new algorithms incorporating optical and compositional parameters effectively predicted cheese composition, yield, and whey properties (R<sup>2</sup> up to 0.998). These findings confirm that optical sensing technologies, combined with multivariate regression, offer powerful tools for real-time monitoring and prediction of cheesemaking parameters, even in milk compromised by SCM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milk is rich in bioactive compounds, including proteins, oligosaccharides, and peptides, which possess superior nutritional and functional properties. Membrane technology has emerged as a versatile technique for the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds, offering precise and efficient fractionations. This review aims to evaluate the role of membrane techniques in the selective separation and enrichment of bioactive compounds from milk. Key focus areas include the isolation of β-casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, glycol-macro-peptides and milk oligosaccharides. The review discusses various membrane processes, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, and their combinations, as applied to milk. Parameters such as membrane pore size, molecular weight cut-off, temperature, and process duration are discussed in relation to their impact on yield and purity. The integration of ultrafiltration with other techniques, such as ion-exchange chromatography and enzymatic hydrolysis, is also discussed. β-casein achieved up to 92.64 % purity and 18.07 % yield using cold microfiltration-diafiltration followed by warm ultrafiltration with specific membrane configurations. α-lactalbumin was obtained with purities exceeding 90 % through ultrafiltration combined with thermal precipitation or enzymatic hydrolysis. Lactoferrin yielded 94.20 % purity with high recovery using a two-step ultrafiltration process coupled with cation exchange chromatography. Ultrafiltration processes demonstrated potential for isolating milk oligosaccharides, though challenges such as low molecular weight differences with lactose reduced efficiency. Among all membrane techniques, ultrafiltration is a highly effective method for isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from milk. While it offers scalability and efficiency, optimization of process parameters and integration with complementary techniques to address limitations such as membrane fouling and low selectivity for smaller molecules.
{"title":"Membrane-based isolation of milk bioactive compounds: Technological advances, nutritional and biological significance","authors":"Ankit Bihola, Ashish Kumar Singh, Gaurav Kr Deshwal, Heena Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk is rich in bioactive compounds, including proteins, oligosaccharides, and peptides, which possess superior nutritional and functional properties. Membrane technology has emerged as a versatile technique for the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds, offering precise and efficient fractionations. This review aims to evaluate the role of membrane techniques in the selective separation and enrichment of bioactive compounds from milk. Key focus areas include the isolation of β-casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, glycol-macro-peptides and milk oligosaccharides. The review discusses various membrane processes, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, and their combinations, as applied to milk. Parameters such as membrane pore size, molecular weight cut-off, temperature, and process duration are discussed in relation to their impact on yield and purity. The integration of ultrafiltration with other techniques, such as ion-exchange chromatography and enzymatic hydrolysis, is also discussed. β-casein achieved up to 92.64 % purity and 18.07 % yield using cold microfiltration-diafiltration followed by warm ultrafiltration with specific membrane configurations. α-lactalbumin was obtained with purities exceeding 90 % through ultrafiltration combined with thermal precipitation or enzymatic hydrolysis. Lactoferrin yielded 94.20 % purity with high recovery using a two-step ultrafiltration process coupled with cation exchange chromatography. Ultrafiltration processes demonstrated potential for isolating milk oligosaccharides, though challenges such as low molecular weight differences with lactose reduced efficiency. Among all membrane techniques, ultrafiltration is a highly effective method for isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from milk. While it offers scalability and efficiency, optimization of process parameters and integration with complementary techniques to address limitations such as membrane fouling and low selectivity for smaller molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effects of ultrasound and thermal treatment on the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B5, and derivatives of B6, as well as the fat-soluble vitamins A and E in cow milk. Raw cow milk was subjected to ultrasound at varying amplitude levels, high-temperature short-time pasteurization (72 °C for 15 s), and mild-heating treatment (55 °C for 15 min). Losses of vitamins A, B1, B2, B5, B6 derivatives, and E in cow milk were quantified using a chromatographic technique. Additionally, peroxide value and hydrogen peroxide content in milk were evaluated by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Results demonstrated that ultrasound treatment and pasteurization did not significantly reduce the levels of vitamins B1, B2, and B5 in raw milk. However, both treatments significantly influenced total vitamin B6 and pyridoxal + pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The concentrations of vitamins A and E remained unchanged in raw, pasteurized, and mild-heated milk samples, whereas ultrasound treatment caused notable reductions in these vitamins, particularly at higher amplitudes. Specifically, milk treated with ultrasound at 50 % amplitude (US4) showed a marked decline in vitamin A content compared to raw milk. Pasteurized and ultrasound-treated samples exhibited similar peroxide values. A reduction in hydrogen peroxide content was observed in pasteurized and heat-treated milk samples. Among ultrasound-treated samples, hydrogen peroxide levels increased with increasing ultrasound amplitude. Overall, the findings suggest that ultrasound application to milk and dairy products is advantageous with respect to preserving water-soluble vitamins such as B1, B2, and B5.
{"title":"The impact of ultrasonic processing on the stability of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in milk","authors":"Onur Guneser , Buket Aydeniz Guneser , Muge Isleten Hosoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of ultrasound and thermal treatment on the water-soluble vitamins B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>5</sub>, and derivatives of B<sub>6</sub>, as well as the fat-soluble vitamins A and E in cow milk. Raw cow milk was subjected to ultrasound at varying amplitude levels, high-temperature short-time pasteurization (72 °C for 15 s), and mild-heating treatment (55 °C for 15 min). Losses of vitamins A, B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>5</sub>, B<sub>6</sub> derivatives, and E in cow milk were quantified using a chromatographic technique. Additionally, peroxide value and hydrogen peroxide content in milk were evaluated by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Results demonstrated that ultrasound treatment and pasteurization did not significantly reduce the levels of vitamins B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, and B<sub>5</sub> in raw milk. However, both treatments significantly influenced total vitamin B<sub>6</sub> and pyridoxal + pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The concentrations of vitamins A and E remained unchanged in raw, pasteurized, and mild-heated milk samples, whereas ultrasound treatment caused notable reductions in these vitamins, particularly at higher amplitudes. Specifically, milk treated with ultrasound at 50 % amplitude (US4) showed a marked decline in vitamin A content compared to raw milk. Pasteurized and ultrasound-treated samples exhibited similar peroxide values. A reduction in hydrogen peroxide content was observed in pasteurized and heat-treated milk samples. Among ultrasound-treated samples, hydrogen peroxide levels increased with increasing ultrasound amplitude. Overall, the findings suggest that ultrasound application to milk and dairy products is advantageous with respect to preserving water-soluble vitamins such as B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, and B<sub>5</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immunomodulatory potential of Proline rich polypeptides (PRPs) isolated from colostrum of indigenous (Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar), exotic (Holstein Friesian) and crossbred (Karan Fries) cattle were evaluated and compared. Swiss male albino mice were orally administered PRPs at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight per day for seven consecutive days. An immunoreactive model was established by orally administering 100 μL of Escherichia coli MTCC 723 (1 × 107 cells/mL) per mouse on the 3rd and 4th day. The effects were assessed through changes in body weight, immune organ indices (spleen, liver, small and large intestine), phagocytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide (B cell mitogen) and Concanavalin A (T cell mitogen), secretory immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) concentrations and serum cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ & IL-10) levels on the 8th day. No significant adverse effect on body weight was observed. Spleen indices were more significant (p < 0.05) in the negative control group, whereas Gir PRPs and Sahiwal PRPs treated groups were able to moderately restrict the enlargement. PRPs fed groups especially from indigenous cattle breeds Gir and Sahiwal exhibited significantly higher phagocytic activity, increased secretory immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) levels, enhanced anti-inflammatory responses (elevated IL-10) and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α and IFN-γ). Conversely, animals fed with PRPs derived from exotic and crossbred cattle demonstrated comparatively better lymphocyte proliferation activity in response to both B-cell (LPS) and T-cell (Con A) stimulation. Observed differences in the immunomodulatory potential of the chosen breeds could be attributed to breed specific variations in peptide profiles such as amino acid composition (notably higher proline content in indigenous breeds) and peptide sequence of PRPs.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory activity of proline rich polypeptides of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus family) and Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus) and their crossbred Karan Fries cattle: A comparative study","authors":"Vivek Kumawat , Gunjan Sadera , Satish Kumar , Shubhalaxmi Pande , N. Sandeep , Usha Devi , Suman Kapila , M.H. Sathish Kumar , S.A. Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immunomodulatory potential of Proline rich polypeptides (PRPs) isolated from colostrum of indigenous (Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar), exotic (Holstein Friesian) and crossbred (Karan Fries) cattle were evaluated and compared. Swiss male albino mice were orally administered PRPs at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight per day for seven consecutive days. An immunoreactive model was established by orally administering 100 μL of <em>Escherichia coli</em> MTCC 723 (1 × 10<sup>7</sup> cells/mL) per mouse on the 3rd and 4th day. The effects were assessed through changes in body weight, immune organ indices (spleen, liver, small and large intestine), phagocytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide (B cell mitogen) and Concanavalin A (T cell mitogen), secretory immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) concentrations and serum cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ & IL-10) levels on the 8th day. No significant adverse effect on body weight was observed. Spleen indices were more significant (p < 0.05) in the negative control group, whereas Gir PRPs and Sahiwal PRPs treated groups were able to moderately restrict the enlargement. PRPs fed groups especially from indigenous cattle breeds Gir and Sahiwal exhibited significantly higher phagocytic activity, increased secretory immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) levels, enhanced anti-inflammatory responses (elevated IL-10) and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α and IFN-γ). Conversely, animals fed with PRPs derived from exotic and crossbred cattle demonstrated comparatively better lymphocyte proliferation activity in response to both B-cell (LPS) and T-cell (Con A) stimulation. Observed differences in the immunomodulatory potential of the chosen breeds could be attributed to breed specific variations in peptide profiles such as amino acid composition (notably higher proline content in indigenous breeds) and peptide sequence of PRPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106479
Dima Alkadri , Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of processing and storage on the reduction of AFs in processed cheese. The cheese products were processed at 90 °C and 140 °C and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for one month. The best result of AFM1 reduction level was 100 % in processed cheese using cheddar processed at 140 °C. Besides that, the best result was a 97 % reduction level of AFB1 in processed cheese using cheddar cheese at 90 °C and stored at 4 °C and in those processed at 140 °C and stored at 25 °C. For cheese processed from fresh cheese, the best result of AFM1 reduction level was 97 % at 90 °C while the best result of AFB1 was 100 % reduction at 90 °C and 140 °C followed by storage at 25 °C and in samples at 140 °C stored at 4 °C.
{"title":"Assessment of aflatoxins B1 and M1 levels in processed cheese under different heat regimes","authors":"Dima Alkadri , Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to assess the effect of processing and storage on the reduction of AFs in processed cheese. The cheese products were processed at 90 °C and 140 °C and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for one month. The best result of AFM1 reduction level was 100 % in processed cheese using cheddar processed at 140 °C. Besides that, the best result was a 97 % reduction level of AFB1 in processed cheese using cheddar cheese at 90 °C and stored at 4 °C and in those processed at 140 °C and stored at 25 °C. For cheese processed from fresh cheese, the best result of AFM1 reduction level was 97 % at 90 °C while the best result of AFB1 was 100 % reduction at 90 °C and 140 °C followed by storage at 25 °C and in samples at 140 °C stored at 4 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106478
Hongxiu Zeng , Bini Wang , Zhenquan Huo , Fuxin Zhang , Yufang Liu
Oxidative stress is intricately associated with aging process and multiple aging-related diseases. This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of goat milk fermented by two novel L. paracasei strains, Z33 and Z45, in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Compared to normal yogurt, DPPH radical scavenging capacities of Z33 and Z45 yogurts significantly increased by 78.79 % and 48.52 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Liver activities of SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, CAT, and IL-10 were significantly increased in mice consuming Z33-or Z45-fermented goat milk, while malondialdehyde and proinflammatory factor levels decreased. Z33-fermented goat milk was more effective than Z45 in modulating gut microbiota. Correlation analysis revealed positive links between Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Gordonibacter with IL-10, T-AOC, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and negative correlations with MDA. In conclusion, both Z33 and Z45 fermented goat milk could regulate the intestinal microbiota homeostasis, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation responses to varying degrees in an aging mouse model.
{"title":"Antioxidant effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei fermented goat milk on D-galactose-induced oxidative aging in mice","authors":"Hongxiu Zeng , Bini Wang , Zhenquan Huo , Fuxin Zhang , Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxidative stress is intricately associated with aging process and multiple aging-related diseases. This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of goat milk fermented by two novel <em>L. paracasei</em> strains, Z33 and Z45, in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Compared to normal yogurt, DPPH radical scavenging capacities of Z33 and Z45 yogurts significantly increased by 78.79 % and 48.52 %, respectively (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Liver activities of SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, CAT, and IL-10 were significantly increased in mice consuming Z33-or Z45-fermented goat milk, while malondialdehyde and proinflammatory factor levels decreased. Z33-fermented goat milk was more effective than Z45 in modulating gut microbiota. Correlation analysis revealed positive links between <em>Lactobacillus, Akkermansia,</em> and <em>Gordonibacter</em> with IL-10, T-AOC, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and negative correlations with MDA. In conclusion, both Z33 and Z45 fermented goat milk could regulate the intestinal microbiota homeostasis, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation responses to varying degrees in an aging mouse model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106476
Mariana Romana Correia Santos, Heliara Caires Sousa, Amanda Beatriz Sales de Lima, Josane Cardim de Jesus, Samara Silva Santos, Leandro Soares Santos, Sibelli Passini Barbosa Ferrão
The study aimed to investigate the adulteration of yogurt by starch using a combination of mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. To create standard samples for developing classification and prediction models, nine yogurt formulations with starch concentrations ranging from 0 % to 2.0 % were produced. Both the starches and yogurts were characterized and analyzed using MIR and NIR spectroscopy, with the data further examined through multivariate techniques. After developing the multivariate models, 42 commercial samples were analyzed to ensure compliance with regulations regarding the concentration of added starch. The application of PCA to spectroscopic data was effective in the exploratory screening of commercial yogurt samples for starch concentration. The prediction models showed excellent performance, identifying starch adulteration >1 % in 38 % of commercial samples using MIR and 19 % using NIR. The results obtained showed that the techniques were effective in classifying and quantifying starch concentrations in ≤1 % and >1 %, with emphasis on the models adjusted with MIR data, which provided more reliable parameters. MIR spectroscopy proved to be a fast and accurate alternative for predicting starch concentration.
{"title":"Identification of starch adulteration in commercial yogurts by infrared spectroscopy associated with chemometry","authors":"Mariana Romana Correia Santos, Heliara Caires Sousa, Amanda Beatriz Sales de Lima, Josane Cardim de Jesus, Samara Silva Santos, Leandro Soares Santos, Sibelli Passini Barbosa Ferrão","doi":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to investigate the adulteration of yogurt by starch using a combination of mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. To create standard samples for developing classification and prediction models, nine yogurt formulations with starch concentrations ranging from 0 % to 2.0 % were produced. Both the starches and yogurts were characterized and analyzed using MIR and NIR spectroscopy, with the data further examined through multivariate techniques. After developing the multivariate models, 42 commercial samples were analyzed to ensure compliance with regulations regarding the concentration of added starch. The application of PCA to spectroscopic data was effective in the exploratory screening of commercial yogurt samples for starch concentration. The prediction models showed excellent performance, identifying starch adulteration >1 % in 38 % of commercial samples using MIR and 19 % using NIR. The results obtained showed that the techniques were effective in classifying and quantifying starch concentrations in ≤1 % and >1 %, with emphasis on the models adjusted with MIR data, which provided more reliable parameters. MIR spectroscopy proved to be a fast and accurate alternative for predicting starch concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13854,"journal":{"name":"International Dairy Journal","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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