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Planetary geodynamics and age constraints on circumstellar habitable zones around main sequence stars 主序星周围星周宜居带的行星地球动力学和年龄约束
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550423000083
Fernando de Sousa Mello, A. Friaça
Planetary geodynamics may have an important influence over planetary habitability and the boundaries of the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) in space and time. To investigate this we use a minimal parameterized model of the co-evolution of the geosphere and atmosphere of Earth-like planets around F, G, K and M main sequence stars. We found the CHZ for the present Solar System located between 0.92 and 1.09 au for a 1.0 M $_{oplus }$ Earth-like planet, extendible to 1.36 au for a 4.0 M $_{oplus }$ planet. In the literature, the CHZ varies considerably in width and border location, but the outer edges tend to be more spread out than the inner edges, showing a higher difficulty in determining the outer edge. Planetary mass has a considerable effect on planetary geodynamics, with low-mass planets cooling down faster and being less capable of maintaining a rich carbon dioxide atmosphere for several billions of years. Age plays a particularly important role in the width of the CHZ as the CHZ contracts in both directions: from the inner edge (as stellar luminosity increases with time), and from the outer edge (as planetary heat flux and seafloor spreading rate decrease with time). This strongly affects long-lived habitability as the 5 Gyr continuous CHZ may be very narrow or even non-existent for low-mass planets (<0.5 M $_{oplus }$ ) and fast-evolving high-mass stars (>1.1 M $_{odot }$ ). Because of this, the mean age of habitable terrestrial planets in our Galaxy today may be younger than Earth's age. Our results suggest that the best targets for future surveys of biosphere signatures may be planets between 0.5 and 4.0 M $_{oplus }$ , in systems younger than the Solar System. These planets may present the widest and long-lived CHZ.
行星地球动力学可能对行星的可居住性和星周可居住带的时空边界产生重要影响。为了研究这一点,我们使用了F、G、K和M主序星周围类地行星地圈和大气共同演化的最小参数化模型。我们发现,对于1.0 M $_{oplus }$类地行星,当前太阳系的CHZ介于0.92和1.09 au之间,对于4.0 M $_{oplus }$类地行星,CHZ可扩展到1.36 au。在文献中,CHZ的宽度和边界位置变化很大,但外缘往往比内缘更分散,表明确定外缘的难度更高。行星质量对行星地球动力学有相当大的影响,低质量的行星冷却得更快,在几十亿年的时间里维持富含二氧化碳的大气层的能力也更弱。年龄对CHZ的宽度起着特别重要的作用,因为CHZ从两个方向收缩:从内缘(随着恒星光度随时间增加)和从外缘(随着行星热通量和海底扩散率随时间减少)。这强烈影响了长期的可居住性,因为对于低质量行星(1.1 M $_{odot }$), 5 Gyr连续CHZ可能非常狭窄甚至不存在。正因为如此,我们银河系中适宜居住的类地行星的平均年龄可能比地球的年龄要小。我们的结果表明,未来生物圈特征调查的最佳目标可能是0.5到4.0 M $_{oplus }$之间的行星,在比太阳系年轻的系统中。这些行星可能呈现出最宽、寿命最长的CHZ。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Telerobot Personalization for Children: Exploring Qualitative Coding of Artwork. 儿童远程机器人个性化研究:探索艺术作品的定性编码。
IF 5.1 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1145/3568294.3580142
Veronica Ahumada-Newhart, Taffeta S Wood, Erin R Taylor, Francesca O Johnson, Siena Saltzen, Sanjay S Joshi

Social telepresence robots (i.e., telerobots) are used for social and learning experiences by children. However, most (if not all) commercially available telerobot bodies were designed for adults in corporate or healthcare settings. Due to an adult-focused market, telerobot design has typically not considered important factors such as age and physical aspect in the design of robot bodies. To better understand how peer interactants can facilitate the identities of remote children through personalization of robot bodies, we conducted an exploratory study to evaluate collaborative robot personalization. In this study, child participants (N=28) attended an interactive lesson on robots in our society. After the lesson, participants interacted with two telerobots for personalization activities and a robot fashion show. Finally, participants completed an artwork activity on robot design. Initial findings from this study will inform our continued work on telepresence robots for virtual inclusion and improved educational experiences of remote children and their peers.

社交远程呈现机器人(即远程机器人)用于儿童的社交和学习体验。然而,大多数(如果不是全部的话)商用远程呈现机器人都是为企业或医疗机构中的成年人设计的。由于市场以成人为主,远程机器人的设计通常不考虑年龄和身体状况等重要因素。为了更好地了解同伴互动者如何通过机器人身体的个性化来促进远程儿童的身份认同,我们进行了一项探索性研究,以评估协作机器人个性化。在这项研究中,儿童参与者(28 人)上了一堂关于社会中的机器人的互动课。课后,参与者与两个远程机器人进行了个性化活动和机器人时装秀。最后,参与者完成了一项关于机器人设计的艺术活动。这项研究的初步结果将为我们继续研究远程呈现机器人以实现虚拟融入和改善偏远地区儿童及其同伴的教育体验提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Feminism and gender in thinking about extraterrestrial intelligence 思考外星智慧的女权主义和性别
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550423000034
K. Szocik, Rakhat Abylkasymova
In this paper, we offer an outline of a feminist approach to considering the issue of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). Dominant ways of discussing ETI, particularly first-contact scenarios and protocols, are characterized by what feminism terms male bias. As with other cultural texts and disciplines, ETI studies can also be enriched by a feminist perspective. In this paper, we propose two possible applications of a feminist approach to considering ETI, such as using feminist categories to analyse our discourse about ETI, as well as understanding ETI in terms of sex and gender. We also propose a vision of ETI as genderless.
在本文中,我们提供了一个女权主义的方法来考虑外星智慧(ETI)的问题概述。讨论ETI的主要方式,特别是第一次接触的场景和协议,以女权主义所说的男性偏见为特征。与其他文化文本和学科一样,ETI研究也可以通过女权主义的视角来丰富。在本文中,我们提出了女权主义方法在考虑ETI方面的两种可能应用,例如使用女权主义类别来分析我们关于ETI的话语,以及从性别和社会性别的角度来理解ETI。我们还提出了一个无性别的ETI愿景。
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引用次数: 0
Heat-induced changes in molecular biosignatures and the influence of Mars-relevant minerals 热诱导的分子生物特征变化和火星相关矿物的影响
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550423000022
B. Haezeleer, S. Fox, H. Strasdeit
The search for signs of life is a major objective in the exploration of Mars. Of particular interest are chemical biosignatures such as biomolecules. However, molecular biosignatures are susceptible to extreme environmental conditions such as heat, ionising radiation and strong oxidants. Therefore, a knowledge of the stability of possible biosignature molecules under present and past conditions on Mars is important, as well as the nature of possible alteration products. In the light of the long volcanically active history of Mars, we have studied the thermal behaviour of selected biological compounds, namely, haemin (an iron porphyrin closely related to the haem prosthetic group), cytochrome c (a small protein) and lecithin (a mixture of phospholipids). Samples were exposed to temperatures up to 900°C under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, either in neat form or in mineral matrices. The matrix materials used were sodium chloride, gypsum (CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O), Ca-montmorillonite (STx-1b), the Martian regolith simulant JSC Mars-1A and some mixtures thereof. Key results are: (1) The onset of significant decomposition for haemin, cytochrome c and lecithin occurs around 240°C. At slightly higher temperatures the disappearance of all characteristic infrared spectral bands indicates complete decomposition and loss of the primary biosignatures. (2) Haemin stoichiometrically releases CO2 and HCl during the initial thermal decomposition phase, at the end of which the iron porphyrin core is still intact. High-temperature products of haemin include graphite, α-iron and cementite (Fe3C). (3) Neat lecithin forms long-chain polyphosphates at 500°C, whereas lecithin‒NaCl mixtures form diphosphate (pyrophosphate). As these anions are absent and rare, respectively, in minerals, they may potentially serve as secondary biosignatures. (4) Heating a mixture of NaCl and JSC Mars-1A at 800°C in the presence of lecithin produces the aluminosilicate mineral sodalite (Na8[AlSiO4]6Cl2), which however appears to be of limited use as a secondary biosignature.
寻找生命的迹象是火星探索的一个主要目标。特别令人感兴趣的是化学生物特征,如生物分子。然而,分子生物特征易受极端环境条件的影响,如热、电离辐射和强氧化剂。因此,了解火星上可能的生物特征分子在现在和过去条件下的稳定性,以及可能的改变产物的性质,是很重要的。鉴于火星长期的火山活动历史,我们研究了选定的生物化合物的热行为,即血红蛋白(与血红素假体基团密切相关的铁卟啉),细胞色素c(一种小蛋白质)和卵磷脂(磷脂的混合物)。样品在氮气惰性气氛下暴露在高达900°C的温度下,或以纯形式或以矿物基质形式。所用的基体材料为氯化钠、石膏(CaSO4⋅2H2O)、钙蒙脱土(STx-1b)、火星风化模拟物JSC Mars-1A及其混合物。主要结果是:(1)血红蛋白、细胞色素c和卵磷脂的显著分解发生在240°c左右。在稍高的温度下,所有特征红外光谱带的消失表明完全分解和原始生物特征的丧失。(2)在初始热分解阶段,血红蛋白化学计量释放CO2和HCl,在热分解结束时,铁卟啉核心仍然完整。血红蛋白的高温产物包括石墨、α-铁和渗碳体(Fe3C)。(3)纯卵磷脂在500℃下形成长链多磷酸,而卵磷脂- nacl混合物形成二磷酸(焦磷酸)。由于这些阴离子分别在矿物中不存在和罕见,它们可能潜在地作为次级生物特征。(4)在卵磷脂存在的情况下,在800℃下加热NaCl和JSC火星- 1a的混合物会产生铝硅酸盐矿物钠石矿(Na8[AlSiO4]6Cl2),然而,作为二级生物标志,它的用途有限。
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引用次数: 0
Presence of liquid water during the evolution of exomoons orbiting ejected free-floating planets 围绕喷出的自由漂浮行星运行的外卫星演化过程中液态水的存在
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550423000046
Giulia Roccetti, T. Grassi, B. Ercolano, K. Molaverdikhani, A. Crida, D. Braun, A. Chiavassa
Free-floating planets (FFPs) can result from dynamical scattering processes happening in the first few million years of a planetary system's life. Several models predict the possibility, for these isolated planetary-mass objects, to retain exomoons after their ejection. The tidal heating mechanism and the presence of an atmosphere with a relatively high optical thickness may support the formation and maintenance of oceans of liquid water on the surface of these satellites. In order to study the timescales over which liquid water can be maintained, we perform dynamical simulations of the ejection process and infer the resulting statistics of the population of surviving exomoons around FFPs. The subsequent tidal evolution of the moons’ orbital parameters is a pivotal step to determine when the orbits will circularize, with a consequential decay of the tidal heating. We find that close-in ( $a lesssim 25$ RJ) Earth-mass moons with carbon dioxide-dominated atmospheres could retain liquid water on their surfaces for long timescales, depending on the mass of the atmospheric envelope and the surface pressure assumed. Massive atmospheres are needed to trap the heat produced by tidal friction that makes these moons habitable. For Earth-like pressure conditions (p0 = 1 bar), satellites could sustain liquid water on their surfaces up to 52 Myr. For higher surface pressures (10 and 100 bar), moons could be habitable up to 276 Myr and 1.6 Gyr, respectively. Close-in satellites experience habitable conditions for long timescales, and during the ejection of the FFP remain bound with the escaping planet, being less affected by the close encounter.
自由漂浮行星(FFP)可能是行星系统生命最初几百万年发生的动力学散射过程的结果。一些模型预测了这些孤立的行星质量物体在弹射后保留外卫星的可能性。潮汐加热机制和具有相对高光学厚度的大气层的存在可以支持在这些卫星表面形成和维持液态水海洋。为了研究液态水可以维持的时间尺度,我们对喷射过程进行了动力学模拟,并推断出FFP周围幸存外卫星数量的统计结果。随后卫星轨道参数的潮汐演变是确定轨道何时圆形的关键步骤,潮汐加热会随之衰减。我们发现,大气层以二氧化碳为主的近地球质量卫星($alesssim 25$RJ)可以在长时间内将液态水保留在其表面,这取决于大气包层的质量和假设的表面压力。需要大质量的大气层来捕获潮汐摩擦产生的热量,使这些卫星适合居住。对于类似地球的压力条件(p0=1巴),卫星可以在其表面维持高达52Myr的液态水。对于更高的表面压力(10和100巴),卫星的宜居性可能分别高达276 Myr和1.6 Gyr。近距离卫星经历了长时间的宜居条件,在FFP弹出期间,它与逃逸的行星保持联系,受近距离相遇的影响较小。
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引用次数: 2
Frontiers of astrobiology and the humanities 天体生物学和人文科学的前沿
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000453
J. Chela-Flores
One of the main objectives of astrobiology is to understand the distribution of life in the universe, for microbial life, as well as for the search of extra-terrestrial intelligence, both of which would force upon us new problems in philosophy, including ethics and theology. The question of astrobiology and the humanities being such a broad topic, in the present paper we have limited our discussion of the Frontiers of Astrobiology and the Humanities to the single topic: ‘Independence of science (astrobiology) from philosophy and theology’. We have argued along the lines of this narrower thesis, but restricting our theological discussion strictly to a Judeo-Christian perspective.
天体生物学的主要目标之一是了解宇宙中生命的分布、微生物生命以及寻找地外智慧,这两者都会给我们带来哲学上的新问题,包括伦理学和神学。天体生物学和人文学科是一个如此广泛的话题,在本文中,我们将对天体生物学和人文学前沿的讨论局限于一个主题:“科学(天体生物学)与哲学和神学的独立性”。我们已经沿着这个较窄的论点进行了争论,但将我们的神学讨论严格限制在犹太-基督教的角度。
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引用次数: 0
A philosophical perspective about the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe 关于宇宙中生命的起源、演化和分布的哲学观点
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-01-25 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550423000010
B. Nascimento-Dias
The main idea is to present the general aspects of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe from a Philosophy of Science perspective. The methodology used to develop this paper was through the intersection of favourable and unfavourable arguments from practitioners of science in the field of modern Astrobiology. The results were quite interesting and the historical crossover between the different arguments provides a great perspective on the research programme for the search for extraterrestrial life. Finally, although there is in fact no evidence that extraterrestrial life exists, the search for extraterrestrial life should not be considered as mere speculation. In the end, there are increasing indications that something extraordinary may be about to be found, whether on Mars, Europa, Enceladus or on some exoplanet.
其主要思想是从科学哲学的角度介绍宇宙中生命的起源、进化和分布的一般方面。用于发展这篇论文的方法是通过现代天体生物学领域科学从业者的有利和不利论点的交叉。研究结果非常有趣,不同论点之间的历史交叉为寻找外星生命的研究计划提供了一个很好的视角。最后,尽管事实上没有证据表明外星生命存在,但寻找外星生命不应被视为纯粹的猜测。最终,越来越多的迹象表明,无论是在火星、木卫二、恩克拉多斯还是在一些系外行星上,都可能会发现一些非同寻常的东西。
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引用次数: 0
Particle motion determines the types of bioaerosol particles in the stratosphere 粒子运动决定了平流层中生物气溶胶粒子的类型
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000441
K. Miki
Bioaerosol particles in the stratosphere are topics of interest for aerobiological and astrobiological studies. Although various studies have succeeded in sampling bioaerosol particles in the stratosphere, limited research has been conducted to evaluate how and why these bioaerosol particles can lift up to as high as the stratospheric level. This study tested different driving forces acting on particles in the stratosphere in order to simulate the motion of particles with various bioaerosol characteristics. The findings show that small pollen-sized particles can scarcely levitate in the stratosphere, although spore-sized and dust particles attached to microorganisms such as bacteria or fungus might be able to do so.
平流层中的生物气溶胶颗粒是航空生物学和天体生物学研究的热点。尽管各种研究已经成功地对平流层中的生物气溶胶颗粒进行了采样,但评估这些生物气溶胶颗粒如何以及为什么能够上升到平流层水平的研究有限。这项研究测试了作用在平流层颗粒上的不同驱动力,以模拟具有各种生物气溶胶特征的颗粒的运动。研究结果表明,花粉大小的小颗粒几乎不能悬浮在平流层中,尽管附着在细菌或真菌等微生物上的孢子大小的灰尘颗粒可能能够做到这一点。
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引用次数: 1
Alien technology, conjunction and ergodicity 外星技术,连接和遍历性
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1017/s147355042200043x
M. Ćirković
In a recent refreshing paper, Cowie (2022, The Philosophical Quarterly) analyses the hypothesis of artificial origin of the mysterious interstellar object 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua, as well as the wider question of justification of the artefactual origin explanation for anomalous astronomical phenomena. This highly commendable philosophical project should be further developed in order to establish more general methodology for dealing with traces and manifestations of extraterrestrial intentional actors. In the present note, I demonstrate a couple of weaknesses of the standard account, mainly dealing with philosophy of technology, and suggest ways of improving upon it.
在最近的一篇令人耳目一新的论文中,Cowie (2022, The Philosophical Quarterly)分析了神秘星际物体1I/2017 U1 Oumuamua的人工起源假设,以及对异常天文现象的人工起源解释的更广泛的证明问题。应该进一步发展这一值得高度赞扬的哲学项目,以便建立更普遍的方法来处理外星有意行为者的痕迹和表现。在本文中,我展示了标准描述的几个弱点,主要涉及技术哲学,并提出了改进它的方法。
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引用次数: 1
On the first probe to transit between two interstellar civilizations 在第一个穿越两个星际文明的探测器上
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000428
Graeme H. Smith
If a space-faring civilization embarks on a program to send probes to interstellar destinations, the first probe to arrive at such a destination is not likely to be one of the earliest probes, but one of much more advanced capability. This conclusion is based on a scenario in which an extraterrestrial civilization (ETC) embarks upon an interstellar program during which it launches increasingly sophisticated probes whose departure speed increases as a function of time throughout the program. Two back-of-the-envelope models are considered: one in which the launch velocity of an outgoing vehicle increases linearly with the time of launch, and a second in which the increase is exponential with launch date. In this paper consideration is directed to an hypothesized probe arriving within the Solar System from a non-terrestrial civilization. Within the above scenarios, a first-encounter probe will be one that was launched well after the initiation of an interstellar program by an ETC. Consequently, such a probe would be the product of a relatively advanced phase of that ETC's technology. The more distant the site from which an ETC is launching probes, the greater will be the technology gap between a first-encounter probe and terrestrial technology. One possible ramification may pertain to interpreting the nature of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). Are flight characteristics of any UAP singular enough as to be consistent with an origin from a distant ETC?
如果一个太空文明开始了向星际目的地发送探测器的计划,那么第一个到达星际目的地的探测器不太可能是最早的探测器之一,而是一个更先进的探测器。这一结论是基于一个场景得出的,在这个场景中,外星文明(ETC)开始了一项星际计划,在此期间,它发射了越来越复杂的探测器,在整个计划中,探测器的离开速度随着时间的推移而增加。考虑了两个包络线后模型:一个模型中,发射车辆的发射速度随发射时间线性增加,另一个模型则随发射日期呈指数增长。在本文中,考虑的是一个来自非陆地文明的假设探测器到达太阳系。在上述场景中,首次相遇探测器将是在ETC启动星际计划后很久发射的。因此,这样的探测器将是ETC技术相对先进阶段的产物。ETC发射探测器的地点越远,首次相遇探测器与地面技术之间的技术差距就越大。一个可能的分支可能与解释不明飞行现象(UAP)的性质有关。任何UAP的飞行特征是否足够单一,足以与来自遥远ETC的起源相一致?
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Astrobiology
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